两种不同保护模式下坡垒种群发育特征
|
摘要
自20世纪60年代以来,坡垒种群的保护与恢复一直是海南地方林业工作者关注的内容,采用的保护与恢复方式主要有原地保护和迁地保护,历经50多年,该种群在原生境发育状况一直得不到有效的改善,一直被列为国家Ⅰ级保护植物,IUCN的极危种群,2012年又列入国家种极小种群(全国120种)。因此,该种群的有效保护方式一直在探索中。通过野外调查和数据统计分析,比较研究了海南霸王岭自然保护区野生坡垒种群与枫木林场迁地保护后形成的坡垒种群的发育状况。结果表明,迁地保护与原地保护的种群均属于增长型,幼龄个体占优势,中龄和老龄个体相对较少,迁地保护的种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅰ型,原地保护的种群存活曲线趋于Deevey-Ⅲ型;时间序列预测分析表明,枫木迁地保护种群具备一定的恢复潜能,霸王岭种群正常更新难以维持,种群面临衰退。据生命表分析其主要原因是种群第Ⅰ龄级幼苗死亡率高达99.5%,生境对第Ⅰ龄级个体的环境筛选作用强,幼苗阶段数量仅0.53%能过渡到幼树阶段,迁地保护形成的小种群第Ⅰ龄级幼苗死亡率为90.3%,但幼苗阶段数量的8.85%能过渡到幼树阶段,具有充足的幼树个体数量,能够维持坡垒种群的稳定性,枫木林场地区更适宜坡垒的生存。因此,在原地保护的自然保护区内模拟迁地保护的环境特点,创造出适合的海南坡垒种群发育的环境条件,或许能缓解野生坡垒濒危状态。
Hopea hainanensis is one of the National Key Protected Plants in China and was classified as an Extremely Small Population(120 in total in the country) in 2012. It was also classified as a Critically Endangered Population by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). The protection and restoration patterns of H. hainanensis populations has been the focus of local forestry work in Hainan Province since the 1960 s. Traditional methods are mainly in-situ and ex-situ conservation, which have been used over 50 years but still have little effect on improving the original habitat of the population. Therefore, exploring effective population protection modes is of great significance to change this predicament. In this paper, we compared the development status of two Hopea hainanensis populations: the in-situ population from Bawangling Preserve and the ex-situ population in Fengmu Woodland, based on field investigations and statistical analysis. Our study revealed that the populations under both ex-situ and in-situ protections the growth type: young individuals made up the overwhelming majority, while middle-aged and elderly individuals were relatively few. Further, ex-situ protection population survival curves tended to be Deevey-I type, while the in-situ population survival curves tended to be Deevey-III. Time-series prediction analysis showed that the ex-situ population of Maple had a certain recovery potential, while in-situ population regeneration of the Bawangling population was difficult to maintain and is, thus, facing decline. According to analysis results, habitat has a strong environmental screening effect on the I age individuals and thus resulted in seedling mortality rates up to 99.5%—meaning only 0.53% can transition to young tree stage. Despite high seedling mortality rates(90.3%) in ex-situ populations, 8.85% seedlings can transition to the young tree stage, demonstrating a more stable population. Therefore, Fengmu Woodland is a more suitable option for the survival of Hopea hainanensis populations. We suggest simulating the environmental conditions of ex-situ conservation in in-situ conservation areas to create a suitable environment to alleviate the endangered state of Hopea hainanensis populations in Hainan Province.
Hopea hainanensis is one of the National Key Protected Plants in China and was classified as an Extremely Small Population(120 in total in the country) in 2012. It was also classified as a Critically Endangered Population by the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN). The protection and restoration patterns of H. hainanensis populations has been the focus of local forestry work in Hainan Province since the 1960 s. Traditional methods are mainly in-situ and ex-situ conservation, which have been used over 50 years but still have little effect on improving the original habitat of the population. Therefore, exploring effective population protection modes is of great significance to change this predicament. In this paper, we compared the development status of two Hopea hainanensis populations: the in-situ population from Bawangling Preserve and the ex-situ population in Fengmu Woodland, based on field investigations and statistical analysis. Our study revealed that the populations under both ex-situ and in-situ protections the growth type: young individuals made up the overwhelming majority, while middle-aged and elderly individuals were relatively few. Further, ex-situ protection population survival curves tended to be Deevey-I type, while the in-situ population survival curves tended to be Deevey-III. Time-series prediction analysis showed that the ex-situ population of Maple had a certain recovery potential, while in-situ population regeneration of the Bawangling population was difficult to maintain and is, thus, facing decline. According to analysis results, habitat has a strong environmental screening effect on the I age individuals and thus resulted in seedling mortality rates up to 99.5%—meaning only 0.53% can transition to young tree stage. Despite high seedling mortality rates(90.3%) in ex-situ populations, 8.85% seedlings can transition to the young tree stage, demonstrating a more stable population. Therefore, Fengmu Woodland is a more suitable option for the survival of Hopea hainanensis populations. We suggest simulating the environmental conditions of ex-situ conservation in in-situ conservation areas to create a suitable environment to alleviate the endangered state of Hopea hainanensis populations in Hainan Province.
引文
[1] Satiraphan M,Pamonsinlapatham P,Sotanaphun U,Sittisombut C,Raynaud F,Garbay C,Michel S,Cachet X.Lupane triterpenes from the leaves of the tropical rain forest tree Hopea odorata Roxb.and their cytotoxic activities.Biochemical Systematics and Ecology,2012,(44):407- 412.
[2] 陈侯鑫,黄川腾,何芬,郑伟,冯家平.坡垒研究进展综述.热带林业,2015,43(4):4- 6.
[3] 王发国,张荣京,邢福武,吴世捷,叶育石,陈焕强.海南鹦哥岭自然保护区的珍稀濒危植物与保育.武汉植物学研究,2007,25(3):303- 309.
[4] 凡强,廖文波,苏文拔,李意生,吴昌魁.五指山自然保护区的保护植物和珍稀濒危植物.热带林业,2003,31(2):25- 29,21- 21.
[5] 莫锦华,李意德,许涵,陈德祥.海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区部分珍稀濒危植物的分布、生态与保护研究.热带林业,2007,35(4):22- 24,16- 16.
[6] 孙卫邦,韩春艳.论极小种群野生植物的研究及科学保护.生物多样性,2015,23(3):426- 429.
[7] 陈彧,方燕山,方发之,韩东苗,吴钟亲,陈修仁.海南霸王岭坡垒分布格局初步研究.热带林业,2016,44(3):40- 42.
[8] 裴学军,周晓芳,刘娜,洪小江,周照骊,成克武.野生极小种群植物坡垒幼苗分布与母树的关系.河北农业大学学报,2015,38(3):46- 51.
[9] 方发之,杨众养,吴钟亲,陈彧,韩东苗,陈修仁.坡垒种苗分级标准研究.热带林业,2016,44(1):22- 25.
[10] 杨德军,邱琼.海南坡垒引种初报.江西林业科技,2007,(2):27- 29.
[11] 李璟,段宗亮.海南坡垒扦插育苗试验.河北林业科技,2012,(6):21- 21,33- 33.
[12] Enβlin A,Sandner T M,Matthies D.Consequences of ex situ cultivation of plants:Genetic diversity,fitness and adaptation of the monocarpic Cynoglossum officinale L.in botanic gardens.Biological Conservation,2011,144(1):272- 278.
[13] 刘梦婷,魏新增,江明喜.濒危植物黄梅秤锤树野生与迁地保护种群的果实性状比较.植物科学学报,2018,36(3):354- 361.
[14] 骆文华,代文娟,刘建,胡兴华,李祥军,黄仕训.广西火桐自然种群和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性比较.中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(2):66- 71.
[15] 张志祥,刘鹏,蔡妙珍,康华靖,廖承川,刘春生,楼中华.九龙山珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量动态.植物生态学报,2008,32(5):1146- 1156.
[16] 张婕,上官铁梁,段毅豪,郭微,刘卫华,郭东罡.灵空山辽东栎种群年龄结构与动态.应用生态学报,2014,25(11):3125- 3130.
[17] 李博.生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[18] 何平.珍稀濒危植物保护生物学.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2005.
[19] 洪伟,王新功,吴承祯,何东进,廖成章,程煜,封磊.濒危植物南方红豆杉种群生命表及谱分析.应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1109- 1112.
[20] Hu Y J,Ding X Q.A study on the plant species diversity of tropical natural forest in Bawangling,Hainan Island.Biodiversity Science,2000,8(4):370- 377.
[21] 陈玉凯,杨琦,莫燕妮,杨小波,李东海,洪小江.海南岛霸王岭国家重点保护植物的生态位研究.植物生态学报,2014,38(6):576- 584.
[22] 何亚平,费世民,蒋俊明,陈秀明,张旭东,何飞.不同龄级划分方法对种群存活分析的影响——以水灾迹地油松和华山松种群生存分析为例.植物生态学报,2008,32(2):448- 455.
[23] 康华靖,陈子林,刘鹏,郝朝运,韦福民.大盘山自然保护区香果树种群结构与分布格局.生态学报,2007,27(1):389- 396.
[24] 李丹,张萱蓉,杨小波,李东海,林泽钦,李苑菱.自然保护区对濒危植物种群的保护效果探索——以海南昌江县青梅种群为例.林业资源管理,2016,(1):118- 125.
[25] 易雪梅,张悦,王远遐,姬兰柱,吴培莉.长白山水曲柳种群动态.生态学报,2015,35(1):91- 97.
[26] 韩路,王家强,王海珍,宇振荣.塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态.生态学报,2014,34(16):4640- 4651.
[27] 申仕康,马海英,王跃华,王博轶,申国柱.濒危植物猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum H.T.Chang)自然种群结构及动态.生态学报,2008,28(5):2404- 2412.
[28] Silvertown J W.Introduction to Plant Population Ecology.London:Longman,1982.
[29] Arista M.The structure and dynamics of an Abies pinsapo forest in southern Spain.Forest Ecology and Management,1995,74(1/3):81- 89.
[30] 陈青度,宋学之,杨军,王东馥.不同温度贮藏对坡垒(Hopea hainanensis)种子活力的影响.热带林业科技,1982,(1):47- 50.
[31] Bebber D,Brown N,Speight M.Drought and root herbivory in understorey Parashorea Kurz (Dipterocarpaceae) seedlings in borneo.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2002,18(5):795- 804.
[32] 解婷婷,苏培玺,周紫鹃,张海娜,李善家.荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群结构及动态特征.生态学报,2014,34(15):4272- 4279.
[33] 杨小林,王秋菊,兰小中,李春燕.濒危植物大花黄牡丹(Paeonia ludlowii)种群数量动态.生态学报,2007,27(3):1242- 1247.
[34] 姜在民,和子森,宿昊,赵涵,蔡靖.濒危植物羽叶丁香种群结构与动态特征.生态学报,2018,38(7):2471- 2480.
[35] 杨凤翔,王顺庆,徐海根,李邦庆.生存分析理论及其在研究生命表中的应用.生态学报,1991,11(2):153- 158.
[36] 谢伟东,陈建华,赖家业,石海明,林少芳,刘宝,黎向东.珍稀濒危植物蒜头果种群生命表分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2009,29(2):73- 76.
[37] 刘海燕,杨乃坤,李媛媛,洪江,邹天才.稀有濒危植物长柱红山茶种群特征及数量动态研究.植物科学学报,2016,34(1):89- 98.
[38] 刘海洋,金晓玲,沈守云,张日清.湖南珍稀濒危植物——珙桐种群数量动态.生态学报,2012,32(24):7738- 7746.
[2] 陈侯鑫,黄川腾,何芬,郑伟,冯家平.坡垒研究进展综述.热带林业,2015,43(4):4- 6.
[3] 王发国,张荣京,邢福武,吴世捷,叶育石,陈焕强.海南鹦哥岭自然保护区的珍稀濒危植物与保育.武汉植物学研究,2007,25(3):303- 309.
[4] 凡强,廖文波,苏文拔,李意生,吴昌魁.五指山自然保护区的保护植物和珍稀濒危植物.热带林业,2003,31(2):25- 29,21- 21.
[5] 莫锦华,李意德,许涵,陈德祥.海南尖峰岭国家级自然保护区部分珍稀濒危植物的分布、生态与保护研究.热带林业,2007,35(4):22- 24,16- 16.
[6] 孙卫邦,韩春艳.论极小种群野生植物的研究及科学保护.生物多样性,2015,23(3):426- 429.
[7] 陈彧,方燕山,方发之,韩东苗,吴钟亲,陈修仁.海南霸王岭坡垒分布格局初步研究.热带林业,2016,44(3):40- 42.
[8] 裴学军,周晓芳,刘娜,洪小江,周照骊,成克武.野生极小种群植物坡垒幼苗分布与母树的关系.河北农业大学学报,2015,38(3):46- 51.
[9] 方发之,杨众养,吴钟亲,陈彧,韩东苗,陈修仁.坡垒种苗分级标准研究.热带林业,2016,44(1):22- 25.
[10] 杨德军,邱琼.海南坡垒引种初报.江西林业科技,2007,(2):27- 29.
[11] 李璟,段宗亮.海南坡垒扦插育苗试验.河北林业科技,2012,(6):21- 21,33- 33.
[12] Enβlin A,Sandner T M,Matthies D.Consequences of ex situ cultivation of plants:Genetic diversity,fitness and adaptation of the monocarpic Cynoglossum officinale L.in botanic gardens.Biological Conservation,2011,144(1):272- 278.
[13] 刘梦婷,魏新增,江明喜.濒危植物黄梅秤锤树野生与迁地保护种群的果实性状比较.植物科学学报,2018,36(3):354- 361.
[14] 骆文华,代文娟,刘建,胡兴华,李祥军,黄仕训.广西火桐自然种群和迁地保护种群的遗传多样性比较.中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(2):66- 71.
[15] 张志祥,刘鹏,蔡妙珍,康华靖,廖承川,刘春生,楼中华.九龙山珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量动态.植物生态学报,2008,32(5):1146- 1156.
[16] 张婕,上官铁梁,段毅豪,郭微,刘卫华,郭东罡.灵空山辽东栎种群年龄结构与动态.应用生态学报,2014,25(11):3125- 3130.
[17] 李博.生态学.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[18] 何平.珍稀濒危植物保护生物学.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2005.
[19] 洪伟,王新功,吴承祯,何东进,廖成章,程煜,封磊.濒危植物南方红豆杉种群生命表及谱分析.应用生态学报,2004,15(6):1109- 1112.
[20] Hu Y J,Ding X Q.A study on the plant species diversity of tropical natural forest in Bawangling,Hainan Island.Biodiversity Science,2000,8(4):370- 377.
[21] 陈玉凯,杨琦,莫燕妮,杨小波,李东海,洪小江.海南岛霸王岭国家重点保护植物的生态位研究.植物生态学报,2014,38(6):576- 584.
[22] 何亚平,费世民,蒋俊明,陈秀明,张旭东,何飞.不同龄级划分方法对种群存活分析的影响——以水灾迹地油松和华山松种群生存分析为例.植物生态学报,2008,32(2):448- 455.
[23] 康华靖,陈子林,刘鹏,郝朝运,韦福民.大盘山自然保护区香果树种群结构与分布格局.生态学报,2007,27(1):389- 396.
[24] 李丹,张萱蓉,杨小波,李东海,林泽钦,李苑菱.自然保护区对濒危植物种群的保护效果探索——以海南昌江县青梅种群为例.林业资源管理,2016,(1):118- 125.
[25] 易雪梅,张悦,王远遐,姬兰柱,吴培莉.长白山水曲柳种群动态.生态学报,2015,35(1):91- 97.
[26] 韩路,王家强,王海珍,宇振荣.塔里木河上游胡杨种群结构与动态.生态学报,2014,34(16):4640- 4651.
[27] 申仕康,马海英,王跃华,王博轶,申国柱.濒危植物猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum H.T.Chang)自然种群结构及动态.生态学报,2008,28(5):2404- 2412.
[28] Silvertown J W.Introduction to Plant Population Ecology.London:Longman,1982.
[29] Arista M.The structure and dynamics of an Abies pinsapo forest in southern Spain.Forest Ecology and Management,1995,74(1/3):81- 89.
[30] 陈青度,宋学之,杨军,王东馥.不同温度贮藏对坡垒(Hopea hainanensis)种子活力的影响.热带林业科技,1982,(1):47- 50.
[31] Bebber D,Brown N,Speight M.Drought and root herbivory in understorey Parashorea Kurz (Dipterocarpaceae) seedlings in borneo.Journal of Tropical Ecology,2002,18(5):795- 804.
[32] 解婷婷,苏培玺,周紫鹃,张海娜,李善家.荒漠绿洲过渡带沙拐枣种群结构及动态特征.生态学报,2014,34(15):4272- 4279.
[33] 杨小林,王秋菊,兰小中,李春燕.濒危植物大花黄牡丹(Paeonia ludlowii)种群数量动态.生态学报,2007,27(3):1242- 1247.
[34] 姜在民,和子森,宿昊,赵涵,蔡靖.濒危植物羽叶丁香种群结构与动态特征.生态学报,2018,38(7):2471- 2480.
[35] 杨凤翔,王顺庆,徐海根,李邦庆.生存分析理论及其在研究生命表中的应用.生态学报,1991,11(2):153- 158.
[36] 谢伟东,陈建华,赖家业,石海明,林少芳,刘宝,黎向东.珍稀濒危植物蒜头果种群生命表分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2009,29(2):73- 76.
[37] 刘海燕,杨乃坤,李媛媛,洪江,邹天才.稀有濒危植物长柱红山茶种群特征及数量动态研究.植物科学学报,2016,34(1):89- 98.
[38] 刘海洋,金晓玲,沈守云,张日清.湖南珍稀濒危植物——珙桐种群数量动态.生态学报,2012,32(24):7738- 7746.