美国《海洋界限:中国南海海洋主张》报告评析
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摘要
美国国务院海洋、国际环境和科学事务局海洋和极地事务办公室2014年12月5日发布报告《海洋界限:中国南海海洋主张》,对中国的南海U形线可能的性质做出评论。该报告挑选在中菲仲裁案和南海争端处于非常微妙的时刻发布,无疑具有明显的指向性和针对性,其意图耐人寻味。一方面,该报告力图通过理性分析方式建立自己的"公正、客观"立场;另一方面,通过抹黑中国合理诉求的方式支持和偏袒菲律宾的不合理诉求。本文针对该报告在国际法、尤其是国际海洋法方面出现的错误进行辨析和驳斥,以正视听。
On 5th December 2014,the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs under the U.S.Department of State issued " Limits in the Seas,No.143—China:Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",which comments on the possible nature of the U-shaped line drawn by China in the South China Sea.If the general background is taken into consideration,this act has a strong implication on the pending arbitration brought up by the Philippines against China.Seemingly objective and impartial,Report No.143 tries to portray Chinese legitimate rights as an excessive and unfounded claim.To achieve this goal,the report has misinterpreted,to a large extent,the international law,including the law of the sea.The present article aims at pointing out the mistakes in the argumentation of Report No.143 and correcting the wrongs.
On 5th December 2014,the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs under the U.S.Department of State issued " Limits in the Seas,No.143—China:Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",which comments on the possible nature of the U-shaped line drawn by China in the South China Sea.If the general background is taken into consideration,this act has a strong implication on the pending arbitration brought up by the Philippines against China.Seemingly objective and impartial,Report No.143 tries to portray Chinese legitimate rights as an excessive and unfounded claim.To achieve this goal,the report has misinterpreted,to a large extent,the international law,including the law of the sea.The present article aims at pointing out the mistakes in the argumentation of Report No.143 and correcting the wrongs.
引文
②http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=2848,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
③http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=2848,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
④Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①《中华人民共和国政府关于菲律宾共和国所提南海仲裁案管辖权问题的立场文件》,2014年12月7日,http://www.finprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/tl217143.shtml,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
②Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",p.9,p.13,http://www.state,gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①Sourabh Gupta,"Testing China's and the State Department's-nine-dash line claims",PacNet,No.88,Pacific Forum CSIS,Honolulu,Hawaii,December,2014.
①Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",pp.9-20,hltp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①傅崐成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版。
②傅崐成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版。
③傅崐成:南海历史性权利与《联合国海洋法公约》的兼容性,内部报告。
④Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affaire,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affaire,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",pp.21-22,http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①Ministry of Foreign Affaire,People's Republic of China,"The Issue of South China Sea",June 2000,http://fas.org/news/china/2000/china-000600.htm,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
②傅崐成:南海历史性权利与《联合国海洋法公约》的兼容性,内部报告,另见傅蝇成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版,第3页。
③*《初中中国地理》,第一册(华侨适用课本),中华书局,商务印书馆出版,椰城印华联合出版社发行,一九五七年修订本(印度尼西亚版)页2—3。*同上书,第二册,页84。*蓝孟博编,《高中历史》,第一册,正中书局印行,1950年8月台初版,1952年9月港一版,页130—132。以上三书均于书本首页印有印度尼西亚国徽及‘THE DIPERIKDAOLEH:KEMENTERIAN P.P.&K./R.I.印度尼西亚共和国教育部审定'…等字样。傅崐成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版.第5页。
①Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea,p.18,http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
②Ministry of Foreign Affairs,People's Republic of China,"The Issue of South China Sea",June 2000,http://fas.org/news/china/2000/china-000600.htm,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
③PCA,Eritrea v.Yemen Arbitration,Award of Arbitral Tribunal,p.526,另见贾宇:《试论历史性权利的构成要件》,载《国际法研究》,2014年第2期,第47页。
③http://www.pca-cpa.org/showfile.asp?fil_id=2848,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
④Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①《中华人民共和国政府关于菲律宾共和国所提南海仲裁案管辖权问题的立场文件》,2014年12月7日,http://www.finprc.gov.cn/mfa_chn/zyxw_602251/tl217143.shtml,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
②Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",p.9,p.13,http://www.state,gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①Sourabh Gupta,"Testing China's and the State Department's-nine-dash line claims",PacNet,No.88,Pacific Forum CSIS,Honolulu,Hawaii,December,2014.
①Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",pp.9-20,hltp://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①傅崐成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版。
②傅崐成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版。
③傅崐成:南海历史性权利与《联合国海洋法公约》的兼容性,内部报告。
④Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affaire,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affaire,"Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea",pp.21-22,http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
①Ministry of Foreign Affaire,People's Republic of China,"The Issue of South China Sea",June 2000,http://fas.org/news/china/2000/china-000600.htm,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
②傅崐成:南海历史性权利与《联合国海洋法公约》的兼容性,内部报告,另见傅蝇成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版,第3页。
③*《初中中国地理》,第一册(华侨适用课本),中华书局,商务印书馆出版,椰城印华联合出版社发行,一九五七年修订本(印度尼西亚版)页2—3。*同上书,第二册,页84。*蓝孟博编,《高中历史》,第一册,正中书局印行,1950年8月台初版,1952年9月港一版,页130—132。以上三书均于书本首页印有印度尼西亚国徽及‘THE DIPERIKDAOLEH:KEMENTERIAN P.P.&K./R.I.印度尼西亚共和国教育部审定'…等字样。傅崐成:《南(中国)海法律地位的研究》,台北:123资讯公司1995版.第5页。
①Department of State,Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs,Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs,Limits in the Seas,No.143 China's Maritime Claims in the South China Sea,p.18,http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/234936.pdf,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
②Ministry of Foreign Affairs,People's Republic of China,"The Issue of South China Sea",June 2000,http://fas.org/news/china/2000/china-000600.htm,登录时间:2015年6月24日。
③PCA,Eritrea v.Yemen Arbitration,Award of Arbitral Tribunal,p.526,另见贾宇:《试论历史性权利的构成要件》,载《国际法研究》,2014年第2期,第47页。