基于优先级指数的土壤采样设计方法研究
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摘要
建立了一种可赋权、信息传递完整、包容性强(可涵盖定性、定量两类协同因子)的基于优先级指数的土壤采样设计方法。结果表明,优先级指数采样法得到的点集所携带的信息相较于分层采样点集和随机采样点集更接近于总样本点集;协同因子的权重是优先级指数采样法的重要参数,空间分布趋势和插值误差对结果有一定的影响。研究的采样设计方法能够满足区域采样需求,提高采样效率和质量,可为其他土壤采样方案的设计提供参考。
The optimal sampling strategy is the balance between sampling intensity,cost analysis and research accuracy,namely,getting optimal precision through minimum cost. Sampling designs at home and abroad mostly use the model to optimize the sampling strategy. Based on the results of the traditional preliminary sampling method, it is not suitable for the preliminary sampling design. The existing representative grade method ignores the influence of the different coordination factors,which cannot use information of qualitative factors, and the results were affected by subjective parameters such as membership thresholds. In order to overcome these shortcomings,a method of soil sampling design based on priority was proposed,which was able to empower each synergistic factor, transfer information completely and accommodate a wide range of qualitative and quantitative synergistic factors in aided design. The results showed that the information carried by the priority sampling point set was closer to the total sample point set than the hierarchical sampling point set and the random sampling point set. The weight of the coordination factor was an important parameter of the soil sampling design based on sample priority,which had a certain influence on the result in terms of spatial distribution trend and interpolation error. The sampling design method can meet the needs of region sampling,improve the sampling efficiency and quality,and provide references for the designs of the other soil sampling schemes.Additionally,sampling benefit( ratio of variation in sampling accuracy to variation in sampling cost) can provide guidance for further determination of reasonable sampling numbers to some extent.
The optimal sampling strategy is the balance between sampling intensity,cost analysis and research accuracy,namely,getting optimal precision through minimum cost. Sampling designs at home and abroad mostly use the model to optimize the sampling strategy. Based on the results of the traditional preliminary sampling method, it is not suitable for the preliminary sampling design. The existing representative grade method ignores the influence of the different coordination factors,which cannot use information of qualitative factors, and the results were affected by subjective parameters such as membership thresholds. In order to overcome these shortcomings,a method of soil sampling design based on priority was proposed,which was able to empower each synergistic factor, transfer information completely and accommodate a wide range of qualitative and quantitative synergistic factors in aided design. The results showed that the information carried by the priority sampling point set was closer to the total sample point set than the hierarchical sampling point set and the random sampling point set. The weight of the coordination factor was an important parameter of the soil sampling design based on sample priority,which had a certain influence on the result in terms of spatial distribution trend and interpolation error. The sampling design method can meet the needs of region sampling,improve the sampling efficiency and quality,and provide references for the designs of the other soil sampling schemes.Additionally,sampling benefit( ratio of variation in sampling accuracy to variation in sampling cost) can provide guidance for further determination of reasonable sampling numbers to some extent.
引文
[1]李连发,王劲峰.地理数据空间抽样模型[J].自然科学进展,2002(5):99-102.LI Lianfa,WANG Jinfeng.Spatial sampling model for geographic data[J].Progress in Natural Science,2002(5):99-102.(in Chinese)
2郝向东.浅谈系统抽样和分层抽样[J].统计与信息论坛,1996(4):62-65.HAO Xiangdong.System sampling and stratified sampling[J].Statistics&Information Forum,1996(4):62-65.(in Chinese)
3 HAVLIN J L,JACOBSEN J S.Soil testing:prospects for improving nutrient recommendations[J].Scientia Horticulturae,1995,64(1-2):139-140.
4 GALLEGO J,BAMPS C.Using CORINE land cover and the point survey LUCAS for area estimation[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information,2008,10(4):467-475.
5 WEINDORF D C.Spatial variability of soil properties at Capulin Volcano,New Mexico,USA:implications for sampling strategy[J].Pedosphere,2010,20(2):185-197.
6朱爽,张锦水.面向省级农作物种植面积遥感估算的分层方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(2):184-191.ZHU Shuang,ZHANG Jinshui.Provincial agricultural stratification method for crop area estimation by remote sensing[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(2):184-191.(in Chinese)
7张锦水,潘耀忠,胡潭高,等.冬小麦种植面积空间抽样效率影响因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):169-173.ZHANG Jinshui,PAN Yaozhong,HU Tan'gao,et al.Analysis of influence factors about space sampling efficiency of winter wheat planting area[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(8):169-173.(in Chinese)
8王迪,周清波,陈仲新,等.玉米种植面积空间抽样调查方案优化设计[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):117-125.WANG Di,ZHOU Qingbo,CHEN Zhongxin,et al.Optimization of spatial sampling schemes for maize planting acreage estimation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(8):117-125.(in Chinese)
9 LI Q Q,YUE T X,WANG C Q,et al.Spatially distributed modeling of soil organic matter across China:an application of artificial neural network approach[J].CATENA,2013,104(2):210-218.
10李润林,姚艳敏,唐鹏钦,等.县域耕地土壤锌含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):830-838.LI Runlin,YAO Yanmin,TANG Pengqin,et al.Optimization of spatial interpolation and sampling size for soil zinc content in cultivated land at county scale using Co Kriging method[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2013,44(4):830-838.(in Chinese)
11李楠,徐东瑞,吴杨洁.土壤养分含量的协同克里格法插值研究[J].浙江农业学报,2011,23(5):1001-1006.LI Nan,XU Dongrui,WU Yangjie.Spatial distribution with different sampling numbers of soil nutrient using Co Kriging[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2011,23(5):1001-1006.(in Chinese)
12 VASAT R,HEUVELINK G B M,BOR 7)UVKA L.Sampling design optimization for multivariate soil mapping[J].Geoderma,2010,155(3):147-153.
13韩宗伟,黄魏,罗云,等.基于路网的土壤采样布局优化---模拟退火神经网络算法[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):891-900.HAN Zongwei,HUANG Wei,LUO Yun,et al.Application of simulated annealing method and neural network on optimizing soil sampling schemes based on road distribution[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(3):891-900.(in Chinese)
14侯建花,周国模,王国英,等.面向区域土壤碳通量估算的多向插值空间采样策略[J].生态学报,2015,35(18):6070-6077.HOU Jianhua,ZHOU Guomo,WANG Guoying,et al.Spatial sampling layout strategy for regional soil carbon flux estimation based on multiple directional interpolation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(18):6070-6077.(in Chinese)
15曾也鲁,李静,柳钦火,等.基于NDVI先验知识的LAI地面采样方法[J].遥感学报,2013,17(1):107-121.ZENG Yelu,LI Jing,LIU Qinhuo,et al.A sampling strategy based on NDVI prior knowledge for LAI ground measurements[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2013,17(1):107-121.(in Chinese)
16江雨佳,王国英,莫路锋.基于湿度分布特征的小尺度土壤碳通量空间采样策略[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):6246-6255.JIANG Yujia,WANG Guoying,MO Lufeng.A sampling strategy for fine-scale regional soil carbon flux estimation based on spatial distribution of soil moisture[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(19):6246-6255.(in Chinese)
17刘京,朱阿兴,张淑杰,等.基于样点个体代表性的大尺度土壤属性制图方法[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):12-20.LIU Jing,ZHU Axing,ZHANG Shujie,et al.Large-scaled soil attribute mapping method based on individual representativeness of sample sites[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(1):12-20.(in Chinese)
18 YANG L,ZHU A X,QI F,et al.An integrative hierarchical stepwise sampling strategy for spatial sampling and its application in digital soil mapping[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2013,27(1):1-23.
19孙孝林,王会利,宁源.样点代表性等级采样法在丘陵山区土壤表层有机质制图中的应用[J].土壤,2014,46(3):439-445.SUN Xiaolin,WANG Huili,NING Yuan.Application of sampling method based on representativeness grades of sampling points in topsoil organic matter mapping within hilly area[J].Soil,2014,46(3):439-445.(in Chinese)
20 HUGGETT R J.Soil landscape systems:a model of soil Genesis[J].Geoderma,1975,13(1):1-22.
21 HENGL T,ROSSITER D G,STEIN A.Soil sampling strategies for spatial prediction by correlation with auxiliary maps[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2003,41(8):1403-1422.
22 KERRY R,OLIVER M A.Variograms of ancillary data to aid sampling for soil surveys[J].Precision Agriculture,2003,4(3):261-278.
23 SIMBAHAN G C,DOBERMANN A.Sampling optimization based on secondary information and its utilization in soil carbon mapping[J].Geoderma,2006,133(3-4):345-362.
24 MINASNY B,MCBRATNEY A B.A conditioned latin hypercube method for sampling in the presence of ancillary information[J].Computers&Geosciences,2006,32(9):1378-1388.
25李启权,王昌全,岳天祥,等.基于定性和定量辅助变量的土壤有机质空间分布预测---以四川三台县为例[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(2):259-269.LI Qiquan,WANG Changquan,YUE Tianxiang,et al.Prediction of distribution of soil organic matter based on qualitative and quantitative auxiliary variables:a case study in Santai County in Sichuan Province[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(2):259-269.(in Chinese)
26 MAXTED J R,BARBOUR M T,GERRITSEN J,et al.Assessment framework for mid-Atlantic coastal plain streams using benthic macroinvertebrates[J].Freshwater Science,2000,19(1):128-144.
27周献中.不完备信息系统知识获取的粗糙集理论与方法[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2010.
28王子龙,陈伟杰,付强,等.土壤优化采样策略研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):205-212.WANG Zilong,CHEN Weijie,FU Qiang,et al.Research progress of soil sampling strategy optimization[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(5):205-212.(in Chinese)
29李涛,李晓琳,郝新梅,等.应用土壤质地预测干旱区葡萄园土壤饱和导水率空间分布[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(9):84-92.LI Tao,LI Xiaolin,HAO Xinmei,et al.Predicting spatial distribution of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity by soil texture on vineyard in arid region[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(9):84-92.(in Chinese)
30姚荣江,杨劲松,张同娟,等.滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(7):790-797.YAO Rongjiang,YANG Jinsong,ZHANG Tongjuan,et al.Influencing factors and pedo-transfer functions of topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity in the coastal farmlands of reclaimed tidal flats[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(7):790-797.(in Chinese)
31高泽永,王一博,刘国华.热融湖塘对青藏高原土壤饱和导水率的影响及因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):109-117.GAO Zeyong,WANG Yibo,LIU Guohua.Effect of thermokarst lake on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and analysis of its influenced factors[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(20):109-117.(in Chinese)
32姚淑霞,赵传成,张铜会.科尔沁不同沙地土壤饱和导水率比较研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(3):469-477.YAO Shuxia,ZHAO Chuancheng,ZHANG Tonghui.A comparison of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(Kfs)in different Horqin Sand Land[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(3):469-477.(in Chinese)
33 ZHAO P,SHAO M,WANG T.Spatial distributions of soil surface-layer saturated hydraulic conductivity and controlling factors on dam farmlands[J].Water Resources Management,2010,24(10):2247-2266.
34肖波,赵允格,邵明安.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12):35-40.XIAO Bo,ZHAO Yunge,SHAO Ming'an.Effects of biological soil crust on saturated hydraulic conductivity in water-wind erosion crisscross region,North of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(12):35-40.(in Chinese)
35王卫华,王全九.基于GPS与GE的土壤水力参数空间变异采样间距确定[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(3):97-100,106.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140317&flag=1&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j-issn.1000-1298.2014.03.017.WANG Weihua,WANG Quanjiu.Sample spacing of spatial variability of soil hydraulic parameters in basin scale on GPS and Google Earth[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(3):97-100,106.(in Chinese)
2郝向东.浅谈系统抽样和分层抽样[J].统计与信息论坛,1996(4):62-65.HAO Xiangdong.System sampling and stratified sampling[J].Statistics&Information Forum,1996(4):62-65.(in Chinese)
3 HAVLIN J L,JACOBSEN J S.Soil testing:prospects for improving nutrient recommendations[J].Scientia Horticulturae,1995,64(1-2):139-140.
4 GALLEGO J,BAMPS C.Using CORINE land cover and the point survey LUCAS for area estimation[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geo-information,2008,10(4):467-475.
5 WEINDORF D C.Spatial variability of soil properties at Capulin Volcano,New Mexico,USA:implications for sampling strategy[J].Pedosphere,2010,20(2):185-197.
6朱爽,张锦水.面向省级农作物种植面积遥感估算的分层方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(2):184-191.ZHU Shuang,ZHANG Jinshui.Provincial agricultural stratification method for crop area estimation by remote sensing[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(2):184-191.(in Chinese)
7张锦水,潘耀忠,胡潭高,等.冬小麦种植面积空间抽样效率影响因子分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(8):169-173.ZHANG Jinshui,PAN Yaozhong,HU Tan'gao,et al.Analysis of influence factors about space sampling efficiency of winter wheat planting area[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(8):169-173.(in Chinese)
8王迪,周清波,陈仲新,等.玉米种植面积空间抽样调查方案优化设计[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(8):117-125.WANG Di,ZHOU Qingbo,CHEN Zhongxin,et al.Optimization of spatial sampling schemes for maize planting acreage estimation[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(8):117-125.(in Chinese)
9 LI Q Q,YUE T X,WANG C Q,et al.Spatially distributed modeling of soil organic matter across China:an application of artificial neural network approach[J].CATENA,2013,104(2):210-218.
10李润林,姚艳敏,唐鹏钦,等.县域耕地土壤锌含量的协同克里格插值及采样数量优化[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):830-838.LI Runlin,YAO Yanmin,TANG Pengqin,et al.Optimization of spatial interpolation and sampling size for soil zinc content in cultivated land at county scale using Co Kriging method[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2013,44(4):830-838.(in Chinese)
11李楠,徐东瑞,吴杨洁.土壤养分含量的协同克里格法插值研究[J].浙江农业学报,2011,23(5):1001-1006.LI Nan,XU Dongrui,WU Yangjie.Spatial distribution with different sampling numbers of soil nutrient using Co Kriging[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2011,23(5):1001-1006.(in Chinese)
12 VASAT R,HEUVELINK G B M,BOR 7)UVKA L.Sampling design optimization for multivariate soil mapping[J].Geoderma,2010,155(3):147-153.
13韩宗伟,黄魏,罗云,等.基于路网的土壤采样布局优化---模拟退火神经网络算法[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(3):891-900.HAN Zongwei,HUANG Wei,LUO Yun,et al.Application of simulated annealing method and neural network on optimizing soil sampling schemes based on road distribution[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(3):891-900.(in Chinese)
14侯建花,周国模,王国英,等.面向区域土壤碳通量估算的多向插值空间采样策略[J].生态学报,2015,35(18):6070-6077.HOU Jianhua,ZHOU Guomo,WANG Guoying,et al.Spatial sampling layout strategy for regional soil carbon flux estimation based on multiple directional interpolation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(18):6070-6077.(in Chinese)
15曾也鲁,李静,柳钦火,等.基于NDVI先验知识的LAI地面采样方法[J].遥感学报,2013,17(1):107-121.ZENG Yelu,LI Jing,LIU Qinhuo,et al.A sampling strategy based on NDVI prior knowledge for LAI ground measurements[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,2013,17(1):107-121.(in Chinese)
16江雨佳,王国英,莫路锋.基于湿度分布特征的小尺度土壤碳通量空间采样策略[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):6246-6255.JIANG Yujia,WANG Guoying,MO Lufeng.A sampling strategy for fine-scale regional soil carbon flux estimation based on spatial distribution of soil moisture[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(19):6246-6255.(in Chinese)
17刘京,朱阿兴,张淑杰,等.基于样点个体代表性的大尺度土壤属性制图方法[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):12-20.LIU Jing,ZHU Axing,ZHANG Shujie,et al.Large-scaled soil attribute mapping method based on individual representativeness of sample sites[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(1):12-20.(in Chinese)
18 YANG L,ZHU A X,QI F,et al.An integrative hierarchical stepwise sampling strategy for spatial sampling and its application in digital soil mapping[J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2013,27(1):1-23.
19孙孝林,王会利,宁源.样点代表性等级采样法在丘陵山区土壤表层有机质制图中的应用[J].土壤,2014,46(3):439-445.SUN Xiaolin,WANG Huili,NING Yuan.Application of sampling method based on representativeness grades of sampling points in topsoil organic matter mapping within hilly area[J].Soil,2014,46(3):439-445.(in Chinese)
20 HUGGETT R J.Soil landscape systems:a model of soil Genesis[J].Geoderma,1975,13(1):1-22.
21 HENGL T,ROSSITER D G,STEIN A.Soil sampling strategies for spatial prediction by correlation with auxiliary maps[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,2003,41(8):1403-1422.
22 KERRY R,OLIVER M A.Variograms of ancillary data to aid sampling for soil surveys[J].Precision Agriculture,2003,4(3):261-278.
23 SIMBAHAN G C,DOBERMANN A.Sampling optimization based on secondary information and its utilization in soil carbon mapping[J].Geoderma,2006,133(3-4):345-362.
24 MINASNY B,MCBRATNEY A B.A conditioned latin hypercube method for sampling in the presence of ancillary information[J].Computers&Geosciences,2006,32(9):1378-1388.
25李启权,王昌全,岳天祥,等.基于定性和定量辅助变量的土壤有机质空间分布预测---以四川三台县为例[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(2):259-269.LI Qiquan,WANG Changquan,YUE Tianxiang,et al.Prediction of distribution of soil organic matter based on qualitative and quantitative auxiliary variables:a case study in Santai County in Sichuan Province[J].Progress in Geography,2014,33(2):259-269.(in Chinese)
26 MAXTED J R,BARBOUR M T,GERRITSEN J,et al.Assessment framework for mid-Atlantic coastal plain streams using benthic macroinvertebrates[J].Freshwater Science,2000,19(1):128-144.
27周献中.不完备信息系统知识获取的粗糙集理论与方法[M].南京:南京大学出版社,2010.
28王子龙,陈伟杰,付强,等.土壤优化采样策略研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(5):205-212.WANG Zilong,CHEN Weijie,FU Qiang,et al.Research progress of soil sampling strategy optimization[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,37(5):205-212.(in Chinese)
29李涛,李晓琳,郝新梅,等.应用土壤质地预测干旱区葡萄园土壤饱和导水率空间分布[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(9):84-92.LI Tao,LI Xiaolin,HAO Xinmei,et al.Predicting spatial distribution of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity by soil texture on vineyard in arid region[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(9):84-92.(in Chinese)
30姚荣江,杨劲松,张同娟,等.滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(7):790-797.YAO Rongjiang,YANG Jinsong,ZHANG Tongjuan,et al.Influencing factors and pedo-transfer functions of topsoil saturated hydraulic conductivity in the coastal farmlands of reclaimed tidal flats[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(7):790-797.(in Chinese)
31高泽永,王一博,刘国华.热融湖塘对青藏高原土壤饱和导水率的影响及因素分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(20):109-117.GAO Zeyong,WANG Yibo,LIU Guohua.Effect of thermokarst lake on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and analysis of its influenced factors[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2014,30(20):109-117.(in Chinese)
32姚淑霞,赵传成,张铜会.科尔沁不同沙地土壤饱和导水率比较研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(3):469-477.YAO Shuxia,ZHAO Chuancheng,ZHANG Tonghui.A comparison of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(Kfs)in different Horqin Sand Land[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(3):469-477.(in Chinese)
33 ZHAO P,SHAO M,WANG T.Spatial distributions of soil surface-layer saturated hydraulic conductivity and controlling factors on dam farmlands[J].Water Resources Management,2010,24(10):2247-2266.
34肖波,赵允格,邵明安.陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(12):35-40.XIAO Bo,ZHAO Yunge,SHAO Ming'an.Effects of biological soil crust on saturated hydraulic conductivity in water-wind erosion crisscross region,North of Shaanxi Province,China[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2007,23(12):35-40.(in Chinese)
35王卫华,王全九.基于GPS与GE的土壤水力参数空间变异采样间距确定[J/OL].农业机械学报,2014,45(3):97-100,106.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140317&flag=1&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j-issn.1000-1298.2014.03.017.WANG Weihua,WANG Quanjiu.Sample spacing of spatial variability of soil hydraulic parameters in basin scale on GPS and Google Earth[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(3):97-100,106.(in Chinese)