异龙湖沉积物重金属人为污染与潜在生态风险
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摘要
本文通过对云南省异龙湖4个沉积短岩芯中Al、Ti、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Hg、Zn等金属元素含量与赋存形态的分析,研究了重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险.结果表明,除Cd之外,沉积物中其余金属元素含量变化较小,变异系数均小于0. 3.根据聚类分析结果,所有元素可分为两组,第Ⅰ组元素包括As、Cd、Hg和Pb,第Ⅱ组元素包括Al、Ti、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn;各沉积岩芯中每组元素具有相似的垂向变化规律,但不同沉积岩芯中各组元素变化趋势存在较大差异,反映了较为复杂的沉积环境特征.相关分析表明,沉积物中金属元素含量的变化明显受到沉积物质地变化的影响.沉积物中Cd和Pb以可还原态为主,平均质量分数分别为48%和42%; Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni主要赋存于残渣态中,平均质量分数分别为68%～82%.根据重金属富集系数和次生相富集系数评价结果,Cd为主要的污染元素,平均达到了中等污染程度,而其他元素为无污染至弱污染水平;人为贡献的重金属主要赋存于可提取态中.综合生态风险指数与沉积物质量基准评价结果、以及重金属污染水平与赋存形态,异龙湖表层沉积物中As、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn具有低等程度的潜在生态风险,Cd具有较高程度的潜在生态风险.
The concentrations of Al,Ti,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,and Hg and chemical speciation of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn in four short cores sampled from the Yilong Lake,Yunnan Province were analyzed. The vertical and spatial features in the pollution levels and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the sediments were studied. Except for the wide concentration ranges of Cd,the metals in the sediments showed narrow variations in their concentrations with coefficients of variation less than 0. 3. According to the cluster analysis results,all metals could be classified into two groups: metals in group Ⅰ included As,Cd,Hg,and Pb,while metals in group Ⅱ included Al,Ti,Cr,Cu,Ni,and Zn. The metals in each group exhibited similar vertical variations in each core,but their variations were highly different between the cores. The correlation analysis results demonstrated that the variations in metal concentrations in the sediments were greatly regulated by the sediment texture. Therefore,the enrichment factor( EF) method was used for the differentiation of metals from the natural and anthropogenic sources and for the pollution assessment based on the total metal concentrations. The Cd and Pb in the sediments were mainly presented in the reducible speciation with percentages of 48% and 42%,respectively; Cr,Cu,Zn,and Ni were primarily( 68%-82%) associated with the residual speciation. Based on the EF and chemical speciation of metals and their enrichment coefficients of the secondary phase,Cd was the typical pollutant with moderate pollution on average,and the other elements were observed in non-to weak pollution levels. Anthropogenic metals were mainly associated with the extractable speciation in the sediment. Combining the ecological risk index,the sediment quality guidelines,as well as the pollution level and chemical speciation of metals,As,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,and Zn in the surface sediments of Yilong Lake should have low potential ecological risk. However,Cd may pose a high potential ecological risk.
The concentrations of Al,Ti,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,and Hg and chemical speciation of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn in four short cores sampled from the Yilong Lake,Yunnan Province were analyzed. The vertical and spatial features in the pollution levels and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the sediments were studied. Except for the wide concentration ranges of Cd,the metals in the sediments showed narrow variations in their concentrations with coefficients of variation less than 0. 3. According to the cluster analysis results,all metals could be classified into two groups: metals in group Ⅰ included As,Cd,Hg,and Pb,while metals in group Ⅱ included Al,Ti,Cr,Cu,Ni,and Zn. The metals in each group exhibited similar vertical variations in each core,but their variations were highly different between the cores. The correlation analysis results demonstrated that the variations in metal concentrations in the sediments were greatly regulated by the sediment texture. Therefore,the enrichment factor( EF) method was used for the differentiation of metals from the natural and anthropogenic sources and for the pollution assessment based on the total metal concentrations. The Cd and Pb in the sediments were mainly presented in the reducible speciation with percentages of 48% and 42%,respectively; Cr,Cu,Zn,and Ni were primarily( 68%-82%) associated with the residual speciation. Based on the EF and chemical speciation of metals and their enrichment coefficients of the secondary phase,Cd was the typical pollutant with moderate pollution on average,and the other elements were observed in non-to weak pollution levels. Anthropogenic metals were mainly associated with the extractable speciation in the sediment. Combining the ecological risk index,the sediment quality guidelines,as well as the pollution level and chemical speciation of metals,As,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb,and Zn in the surface sediments of Yilong Lake should have low potential ecological risk. However,Cd may pose a high potential ecological risk.
引文
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[19]于真真,刘恩峰,张恩楼,等.程海沉积物重金属时空变化及人为污染与潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4169-4177.Yu Z Z,Liu E F,Zhang E L,et al. Spatio-temporal variations,contamination and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediments of Chenghai Lake[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4169-4177.
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[22]魏翔,唐光明.异龙湖近20年来营养盐与水生生态系统变化[J].环境科学导刊,2014,33(2):9-14.Wei X,Tang G M. Changes of nutrients and aquatic ecosystem of Yilong Lake in recent twenty decades[J]. Environmental Science Survey,2014,33(2):9-14.
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[25] Dalzochio T,Rodrigues G Z P,Sim7es L A R,et al. In situ monitoring of the Sinos River,southern Brazil:water quality parameters,biomarkers,and metal bioaccumulation in fish[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(10):9485-9500.
[26] Bai J H,Cui B S,Chen B,et al. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China[J]. Ecological Modelling,2011,222(2):301-306.
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[28] Mac Donald D D,Ingersoll C G,Berger T A. Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[29]肖茜,杨昆,曹瓅,等.杞麓湖与异龙湖水体提取及湖泊面积变化动态监测[J].安徽农学通报,2017,23(24):123-124,141.
[30] Lin Q, Liu E F, Zhang E L, et al. Reconstruction of atmospheric trace metals pollution in Southwest China using sediments from a large and deep alpine lake:historical trends,sources and sediment focusing[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,613-614:331-341.
[31] Sutherland R A. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii[J]. Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):611-627.
[32] Appleby P G. Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments[A]. In:Last W M,Smol J P(Eds.). Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Vol 1:Basin Analysis,Coring,and Chronological Techniques[M]. Dordrecht:Springer,2002.171-203.
[33]陈思思,张虎才,常凤琴,等.异龙湖湖泊沉积对流域人类活动的响应[J].山地学报,2016,34(3):274-281.Chen S S,Zhang H C,Chang F Q,et al. Human activities indicated by the sediments at the Yilong Lake[J]. Mountain Research,2016,34(3):274-281.
[34]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
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[2] Yang Z F,Wang Y,Shen Z Y,et al. Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in sediments from the mainstream,tributaries,and lakes of the Yangtze River catchment of Wuhan,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2-3):1186-1194.
[3]陈春霄,姜霞,战玉柱,等.太湖表层沉积物中重金属形态分布及其潜在生态风险分析[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(11):1842-1848.Chen C X,Jiang X,Zhan Y Z,et al. Speciation distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(11):1842-1848.
[4] De Jonge M,Teuchies J,Meire P,et al. The impact of increased oxygen conditions on metal-contaminated sediments part II:effects on metal accumulation and toxicity in aquatic invertebrates[J]. Water Research,2012,46(10):3387-3397.
[5] Rauret G,López-Sánchez J F,Sahuquillo A,et al. Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,1999,1(1):57-61.
[6] Dung T T T,Cappuyns V,Swennen R,et al. From geochemical background determination to pollution assessment of heavy metals in sediments and soils[J]. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology,2013,12(4):335-353.
[7]李梁,胡小贞,刘娉婷,等.滇池外海底泥重金属污染分布特征及风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(S1):46-51.Li L, Hu X Z, Liu P T, et al. Heavy metals distribution characteristics and potential ecological risk evaluation in the sediment of outer area of Lake Dianchi[J]. China Environmental Science,2010,30(S1):46-51.
[8] Birch G F. Determination of sediment metal background concentrations and enrichment in marine environments-A critical review[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,580:813-831.
[9] Liu E F,Shen J. A comparative study of metal pollution and potential eco-risk in the sediment of Chaohu Lake(China)based on total concentration and chemical speciation[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2014,21(12):7285-7295.
[10] Campana O, Blasco J, Simpson S L. Demonstrating the appropriateness of developing sediment quality guidelines based on sediment geochemical properties[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(13):7483-7489.
[11] Belzunce-Segarra M J,Simpson S L,Amato E D,et al. The mismatch between bioaccumulation in field and laboratory environments:Interpreting the differences for metals in benthic bivalves[J]. Environmental Pollution,2015,204:48-57.
[12] Roig N,Sierra J,Ortiz J D,et al. Integrated study of metal behavior in Mediterranean stream ecosystems:A case-study[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,263:122-130.
[13]包先明,晁建颖,尹洪斌.太湖流域滆湖底泥重金属赋存特征及其生物有效性[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(5):1010-1017.Bao X M,Chao J Y,Yin H B. Occurrence characteristics and bioavailability of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Gehu,Taihu Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2016,28(5):1010-1017.
[14]秦延文,张雷,郑丙辉,等.太湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态分析及污染特征[J].环境科学,2012,33(12):4291-4299.Qin Y W,Zhang L,Zheng B H,et al. Speciation and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the sediment of Taihu Lake[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(12):4291-4299.
[15] Cheng H X,Li M,Zhao C D,et al. Concentrations of toxic metals and ecological risk assessment for sediments of major freshwater lakes in China[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2015,157:15-26.
[16] Wang R,Dearing J A,Langdon P G,et al. Flickering gives early warning signals of a critical transition to a eutrophic lake state[J]. Nature,2012,492(7429):419-422.
[17]蔡佳亮,苏玉,文航,等.滇池流域入湖河流丰水期大型底栖动物群落特征及其与水环境因子的关系[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):982-989.Cai J L,Su Y,Wen H,et al. Characteristics of Macrozoobenthic assemblages and their relationship with aquatic environmental factors in streams of Lake Dianchi Watershed in the wet season[J]. Environmental Science,2011,32(4):982-989.
[18]刘勇,朱元荣,吴丰昌,等.滇池沉积物中重金属污染特征及其生态风险评估[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(7):1181-1186.Liu Y,Zhu Y R,Wu F C,et al. Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Dianchi Lake[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(7):1181-1186.
[19]于真真,刘恩峰,张恩楼,等.程海沉积物重金属时空变化及人为污染与潜在生态风险[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4169-4177.Yu Z Z,Liu E F,Zhang E L,et al. Spatio-temporal variations,contamination and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the sediments of Chenghai Lake[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4169-4177.
[20] Lin Q,Liu E F,Zhang E L, et al. Spatial distribution,contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Erhai Lake,a large eutrophic plateau lake in southwest China[J]. CATENA,2016,145:193-203.
[21]吴汉.异龙湖近百年来湖泊沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其环境指示意义[D].昆明:云南师范大学,2016.
[22]魏翔,唐光明.异龙湖近20年来营养盐与水生生态系统变化[J].环境科学导刊,2014,33(2):9-14.Wei X,Tang G M. Changes of nutrients and aquatic ecosystem of Yilong Lake in recent twenty decades[J]. Environmental Science Survey,2014,33(2):9-14.
[23]邹锐,苏晗,余艳红,等.基于水质目标的异龙湖流域精准治污决策研究[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2018,54(2):426-434.Zou R,Su H,Yu Y H,et al. Object-oriented precise decisionmaking(OOPD)for water quality improvementin Lake Yilong[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2018,54(2):426-434.
[24]刘晓海,宁平,张军莉,等.围湖造田和退田还湖对异龙湖的影响[J].昆明理工大学学报(理工版),2006,31(5):78-81,94.Liu X H,Ning P,Zhang J L,et al. Towards the effects of reclaiming the land from the lake and restoring the lake from the land in Yilong Lake[J]. Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Science and Technology),2006,31(5):78-81,94.
[25] Dalzochio T,Rodrigues G Z P,Sim7es L A R,et al. In situ monitoring of the Sinos River,southern Brazil:water quality parameters,biomarkers,and metal bioaccumulation in fish[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2018,25(10):9485-9500.
[26] Bai J H,Cui B S,Chen B,et al. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China[J]. Ecological Modelling,2011,222(2):301-306.
[27] Hkanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[28] Mac Donald D D,Ingersoll C G,Berger T A. Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2000,39(1):20-31.
[29]肖茜,杨昆,曹瓅,等.杞麓湖与异龙湖水体提取及湖泊面积变化动态监测[J].安徽农学通报,2017,23(24):123-124,141.
[30] Lin Q, Liu E F, Zhang E L, et al. Reconstruction of atmospheric trace metals pollution in Southwest China using sediments from a large and deep alpine lake:historical trends,sources and sediment focusing[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2018,613-614:331-341.
[31] Sutherland R A. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii[J]. Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):611-627.
[32] Appleby P G. Chronostratigraphic techniques in recent sediments[A]. In:Last W M,Smol J P(Eds.). Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments. Vol 1:Basin Analysis,Coring,and Chronological Techniques[M]. Dordrecht:Springer,2002.171-203.
[33]陈思思,张虎才,常凤琴,等.异龙湖湖泊沉积对流域人类活动的响应[J].山地学报,2016,34(3):274-281.Chen S S,Zhang H C,Chang F Q,et al. Human activities indicated by the sediments at the Yilong Lake[J]. Mountain Research,2016,34(3):274-281.
[34]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
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