贵阳市PM_(2.5)中致癌有害元素污染特征及来源解析
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摘要
2015年9月至2016年8月在贵阳市区设置4个采样点位采集PM_(2.5)样品,分别采用原子吸收分光光度计、原子荧光光度计和汞分析仪测定PM_(2.5)中8种致癌有害元素的质量浓度,研究其时空变化特征、富集程度及季节变化规律,并运用富集因子法对其可能来源进行解析。结果表明,Pb、Cr(Ⅵ)、As、Cd和Hg 5种致癌有害元素标准化后的浓度大小排列顺序可能为Cr(Ⅵ)>As>Hg>Cd>Pb,其中As、Cr年均值浓度超过我国《环境空气质量标准》。除Co外,其它7种致癌有害元素的富集因子EF>10,且Cd、Hg、Pb和Se 4种元素有显著富集,可能主要来源于燃煤和机动车尾气的排放,冬季富集因子高于其它季节。
PM_(2.5) sample had been collected at urban sites in Guiyang from September 2015 to August 2016. The temporal and spatial characteristics,enrichment and seasonal variation characteristics of 8 carcinogenic harmful elements ' mass concentrations were analyzed with AAS,AFS and Mercury Analyzer and their possible sources were tested using the enrichment factor method. The order of the concentrations of five carcinogenic harmful elements Pb,Cr( Ⅵ),As,Cd and Hg is Cr( Ⅵ) > As> Hg> Cd> Pb,and the concentrations of As and Cr are higher than their reference limit of China's Ambient Air Quality Standard. Higher enrichment factors of Cd,Hg,Pb and Se were found. In addition to Co,other seven carcinogenic heavy metals enrichment factors EF >10,and Cd,Hg,Pb and Se are significantly enriched,and may be mainly derived from coal and motor vehicle exhaust emissions. Winter enrichment factors are higher than other seasons.
PM_(2.5) sample had been collected at urban sites in Guiyang from September 2015 to August 2016. The temporal and spatial characteristics,enrichment and seasonal variation characteristics of 8 carcinogenic harmful elements ' mass concentrations were analyzed with AAS,AFS and Mercury Analyzer and their possible sources were tested using the enrichment factor method. The order of the concentrations of five carcinogenic harmful elements Pb,Cr( Ⅵ),As,Cd and Hg is Cr( Ⅵ) > As> Hg> Cd> Pb,and the concentrations of As and Cr are higher than their reference limit of China's Ambient Air Quality Standard. Higher enrichment factors of Cd,Hg,Pb and Se were found. In addition to Co,other seven carcinogenic heavy metals enrichment factors EF >10,and Cd,Hg,Pb and Se are significantly enriched,and may be mainly derived from coal and motor vehicle exhaust emissions. Winter enrichment factors are higher than other seasons.
引文
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[21]姚瑞珍,张勇,王亚良,等.黄石市大气降尘中重金属污染特征与评价[J].地球与环境,2016,44(2):212-218.
[2]丁冰,陈健,王彬,等.城市环境PM2.5空间分布监测方法研究进展[J].地球与环境,2016,44(1):130-138.
[3]刘娜,冯新斌,Landis Matthew,等.贵阳市大气颗粒物(PM2.5)污染特征及气象参数的影响[J].地球与环境,2014,42(3):311-315.
[4]Pope C A,Dockery D W.Health effects of fine particulate air pollution:Lines that connect[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2006,56(6):709-42.
[5]USEPA(United States Environmental Protection Agency).The clean air act amendments of 1990 list of hazardous air pollutants[EB/OL].http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/orig189.Html.2010.
[6]ATSDR(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry).Toxicological profile information sheet[EB/OL].http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles.2003.
[7]贺灵,曾道明,周国华,等.甘肃白银市大气颗粒物PM2.5的地球化学特征研究[J].地球与环境,2013,41(3):258-263.
[8]闫雨龙,郭利利,张桂香,等.太原市大气PM2.5中铅同位素特征研究[J].地球与环境,2015,43(3):279-284.
[9]胡菁,杨成阁,郭军,等.贵阳市秋、冬季大气PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征[J].环境化学,2014,33(3):530-531.
[10]王京,王初,陈振楼.贵阳市城区近地面PM10/PM2.5及重金属污染水平研究[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(4):74-76.
[11]梁隆超,仇广乐,陈卓.贵阳市城区大气颗粒物PM2.5的污染特征与季节变化规律[J].地球与环境,2015,43(3):290-295.
[12]Leikauf G D.Hazardous air pollutants and asthma[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2002,110(4):505-526.
[13]陶俊,张仁健,段菁春,等.北京城区PM2.5中致癌有害元素季节变化特征及其来源分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):411-417.
[14]Wang X H,Bi X H,Sheng G Y,et al.Chemical composition and sources of PM10and PM2.5aerosols in Guangzhou,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2006,119(13):425-439.
[15]Ho K F,Lee S C,Chan C K,et al.Characterization of chemical species in PM2.5and PM10aerosols in Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(1):31-39.
[16]Hidemori T,Nakayama T,Matsumi Y,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric aerosols containing heavy metals measured on Fukue Island,Japan[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,97:447-455.
[17]Han Y J,Kim H W,Cho S H,et al.Metallic elements in PM2.5in different functional areas of Korea:Concentrations and source identification[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,153:416-428.
[18]Dela Campa A M S,Dela Rosa J D.Implications for air quality and the impact of financial and economic crisis in South Spain:Geochemical evolution of atmospheric aerosol in the ceramic region of Bailen[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,98:519-529.
[19]刘娜,冯新斌,Landis Matthew,等.贵阳市大气颗粒物(PM2.5)污染特征及气象参数的影响[J].地球与环境,2014,42(3):311-315.
[20]梁龙超.贵阳市PM2.5污染特征与来源解析研究[D].贵阳:贵州师范大学,2015
[21]姚瑞珍,张勇,王亚良,等.黄石市大气降尘中重金属污染特征与评价[J].地球与环境,2016,44(2):212-218.