指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机振动特性及对排种性能的影响
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摘要
为研究2BMZ-2型指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机在免耕地表作业时的振动特性及振动对排种器排种性能的影响规律,建立了整机振动特性模型,求解其稳态振动响应;测试播种机在免耕地表作业时排种器振动特性。搭建振动排种试验台模拟田间作业振动环境,测试机械振动对排种器性能的影响规律,并运用高速摄像和与图像目标追踪技术研究籽粒落种运动规律。结果表明,播种机的振动特性主要决定于作业速度、地表及土壤情况和播种机的结构特性。播种机前进速度在5～9 km/h范围内,播种机振动能量的频率分布主要集中在低频段的3～11 Hz;前进速度越大,振动加速度越大,但不影响振动能量的频率分布。机械振动对排种器充种性能无显著性影响,对播种性能具有显著性影响的试验指标为播种合格率、粒距纵向变异系数和粒距横向变异系数(P<0.05);试验因素对排种均匀稳定性影响的主次顺序为排种轴转速、振动加速度、振动频率;各试验因素的增大均使籽粒下落轨迹及落点更加离散、落种范围增大,且增大排种轴转速使落种点位置逐渐远离投种初始位置。该研究为免耕播种机指夹式排种器排种性能的提高提供了参考。
Conservation tillage is an important measure to promote the sustainable agriculture. No-tillage sowing in straw-covered fields is an advanced farming technology of conservation tillage system, which has been widely used in northeast China because of its many advantages, such as saving production cost, protecting soil and ecological environment. However, due to the long growth cycle of corn, the straw is stronger and harder to rot. During the harvest operation in autumn, corn stalks are usually crushed by combine harvesters and scattered on the ground, but the length of the stalks crushed is inconsistent and the distribution is uneven on the ground. During the sowing operations in spring, the crushed straws are not rotten in the field, the surface flatness is relatively poor, and the sowing operating environment is worse. No-tillage finger-type precision planter is widely used in straw mulching for seeding, the above problems results in the random vibration excitation of the no-tillage planter during the operation is significantly enhanced, which seriously affect its performance, such as affecting the working quality of planters, reducing the seeding yield and uniform plant distribution, and ultimately reduces crop yields. In this paper, in order to study the vibration characteristics of 2 BMZ-2 corn no-tillage finger-type precision planter and the influence of vibration on the seeding performance of corn finger-type precision seed metering device, the vibration characteristics model of the planter was established and the steady-state vibration response was solved. The vibration characteristics of the planter worked in straw mulching were measured and analyzed by field test. Based on the above theoretical analysis and field test results, a test bench for vibration seeding was built, which was used to simulate the vibration environment of the field operation and to test the influence of mechanical vibration on the performance of the seed metering device. The three-dimensional space trajectory of the falling seed was measured and analyzed by the high-speed photography and target tracking technology. The results showed that the vibration characteristics of the planter were mainly determined by the working speed, the surface of field, the soil conditions and the structural characteristics of the seed metering device. The field experimental results showed that when the working speed was in the range of 5 to 9 km/h, the vibration frequency distribution of the seed metering device vibration energy was mainly concentrated in the low frequency range of 3 to 11 Hz; the greater the working speed was, the larger the vibration acceleration was, but the vibration frequency distribution of vibration energy was not affected. The bench comparative test results showed that the mechanical vibration had no significant effect on seed filling performance of the seed metering device, but had significant effect on seeding qualified rate, coefficient of variation of spacing in longitudinal direction and coefficient of variation of spacing in transverse direction. The multi-factor quadratic general rotation combined test results showed that rotational speed, vibration acceleration and vibration frequency were the main and secondary factors influencing the uniform stability of seed arrangement, reducing the vibration acceleration can improve working quality of the seed metering device more than reducing the vibration frequency. The single factor experiment showed that, in the range of vibration frequency of 3 to 11 Hz, vibration acceleration of 0.3 g to 1.5 g and rotational speed of 31.5 to 57 r/min, the increase of each test factor made the seed falling trajectory and the seed falling points more discrete, and increased the range of seeding. In addition, increase the rotational speed made the position of seed falling point gradually away from the initial position of seed. The results can provide guidance for the design of the vibration-damping system of the corn finger-type precision seed metering device and corn no-tillage finger-type precision planter.
Conservation tillage is an important measure to promote the sustainable agriculture. No-tillage sowing in straw-covered fields is an advanced farming technology of conservation tillage system, which has been widely used in northeast China because of its many advantages, such as saving production cost, protecting soil and ecological environment. However, due to the long growth cycle of corn, the straw is stronger and harder to rot. During the harvest operation in autumn, corn stalks are usually crushed by combine harvesters and scattered on the ground, but the length of the stalks crushed is inconsistent and the distribution is uneven on the ground. During the sowing operations in spring, the crushed straws are not rotten in the field, the surface flatness is relatively poor, and the sowing operating environment is worse. No-tillage finger-type precision planter is widely used in straw mulching for seeding, the above problems results in the random vibration excitation of the no-tillage planter during the operation is significantly enhanced, which seriously affect its performance, such as affecting the working quality of planters, reducing the seeding yield and uniform plant distribution, and ultimately reduces crop yields. In this paper, in order to study the vibration characteristics of 2 BMZ-2 corn no-tillage finger-type precision planter and the influence of vibration on the seeding performance of corn finger-type precision seed metering device, the vibration characteristics model of the planter was established and the steady-state vibration response was solved. The vibration characteristics of the planter worked in straw mulching were measured and analyzed by field test. Based on the above theoretical analysis and field test results, a test bench for vibration seeding was built, which was used to simulate the vibration environment of the field operation and to test the influence of mechanical vibration on the performance of the seed metering device. The three-dimensional space trajectory of the falling seed was measured and analyzed by the high-speed photography and target tracking technology. The results showed that the vibration characteristics of the planter were mainly determined by the working speed, the surface of field, the soil conditions and the structural characteristics of the seed metering device. The field experimental results showed that when the working speed was in the range of 5 to 9 km/h, the vibration frequency distribution of the seed metering device vibration energy was mainly concentrated in the low frequency range of 3 to 11 Hz; the greater the working speed was, the larger the vibration acceleration was, but the vibration frequency distribution of vibration energy was not affected. The bench comparative test results showed that the mechanical vibration had no significant effect on seed filling performance of the seed metering device, but had significant effect on seeding qualified rate, coefficient of variation of spacing in longitudinal direction and coefficient of variation of spacing in transverse direction. The multi-factor quadratic general rotation combined test results showed that rotational speed, vibration acceleration and vibration frequency were the main and secondary factors influencing the uniform stability of seed arrangement, reducing the vibration acceleration can improve working quality of the seed metering device more than reducing the vibration frequency. The single factor experiment showed that, in the range of vibration frequency of 3 to 11 Hz, vibration acceleration of 0.3 g to 1.5 g and rotational speed of 31.5 to 57 r/min, the increase of each test factor made the seed falling trajectory and the seed falling points more discrete, and increased the range of seeding. In addition, increase the rotational speed made the position of seed falling point gradually away from the initial position of seed. The results can provide guidance for the design of the vibration-damping system of the corn finger-type precision seed metering device and corn no-tillage finger-type precision planter.
引文
[1]农业部农业机械化管理司.中国保护性耕作[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2008:78-110.
[2]高焕文,李洪文,李问盈.保护性耕作的发展[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(9):43-48.Gao Huanwen,Li Hongwen,Li Wenying.Development of conservation tillage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(9):43-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]陈源泉,隋鹏,高旺盛,等.中国主要农业区保护性耕作模式技术特征量化分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(18):1-7.Chen Yuanquan,Sui Peng,Gao Wangsheng,et al.Quantitative analysis on technological characteristics of different conservation tillage patterns in major agricultural regions of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(18):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Lin Jing,Liu Yanfen,Li Baofa,et al.Effect of ridge-till and no-till mulching modes in Northeast China on soil physicochemical properties[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(23):58-64.林静,李艳芬,李宝筏,等.东北地区垄作免耕覆盖模式对土壤理化特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):58-64.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[5]何进,李洪文,高焕文.中国北方保护性耕作条件下深松效应与经济效益研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(10):62-67.He Jin,Li Hongwen,Gao Huanwen.Subsoiling effect and economic benefit under conservation tillage mode in Northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(10):62-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]雷金银,吴发启,王健,等.保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(10):40-45.Lei Jinyin,Wu Faqi,Wang Jian,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical properties and corn yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(10):40-45.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]裘国旺,赵艳霞,王石立.我国北方农牧交错带生态环境影响分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2001(11):50-51.Qiu Guowang,Zhao Yanxia,Wang Shili.Studies on development of the interlock area of farming-pastoral region in northern China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2001(11):50-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Zhang Shixiu,Li Qi,Lu Ying,et al.Conservation tillage positively influences the microflora and microfauna in the black soil of Northeast China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2015,149:46-52.
[9]范旭辉,贾洪雷,张伟汉,等.免耕播种机仿形爪式防堵清茬机构参数分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,10(42):56-60.Fan Xuhui,Jia Honglei,Zhang Weihan,et al.Parametric analysis of finger-type anti-blocking residue-cleaner for no-till planting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,10(42):56-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]高焕文,李问盈.保护性耕作技术与机具[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[11]张晨,赵满全,张涛,等.基于离散元的排种器振动对大粒径作物种群的影响[J].农机化研究,2016,38(11):214-218.Zhang Chen,Zhao Manquan,Zhang Tao,et al.Based on the Discrete element method of gas suction seed metering device vibration on the influence of the large size crop species:Soybeans[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016,38(11):214-218.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Wang Qingjie,Li Hongwen,He Jin,et al.Effect of ridge culture and no-tillage on soil moisture and maize yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(Supp.2):146-150.王庆杰,李洪文,何进,等.垄作免耕技术对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊2):146-150.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[13]Wiggans R G.The influence of space and arrangement on the production of soybean plants[J].Agronomy Journal,1939,31(4):314-321.
[14]Joseph G L,Mike R.Corn response to within row plant spacing variation[J].Agronomy Journal,2004,96(5):1464-1468.
[15]Moore S H.Uniformity of plant spacing effect on soybean population parameters[J].Crop Science,1991,31(4):1049-1051.
[16]Zhao Zhan,Li Yaoming,Chen Jin,et al.Numerical analysis and laboratory testing of seed spacing uniformity performance for vacuum-cylinder precision seeder[J].Biosystems Engineering,2010,106(4):344-351.
[17]何进,李洪文,陈海涛,等.保护性耕作技术与机具研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(4):1-19.He Jin,Li Hongwen,Chen Haitao,et al.Research progress of conservation tillage technology and machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(4):1-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]刘忠军,刘立晶,杨学军,等.指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(增刊2):1-6.Liu Zhongjun,Liu Lijing,Yang Xuejun,et al.Design and experiment of no-till precision planter for corn[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(Supp.2):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]李洪刚.仿生指夹式排种器[D].长春:吉林大学,2010.Li Honggang.Bionic Pinch of Metering Device[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2010.
[20]王金武,唐汉,周文琪,等.指夹式精量玉米排种器改进设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(9):68-76.Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Zhou Wenqi,et al.Improved design and experiment on pickup finger precision seed metering device[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(9):68-76.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Wang Jinfeng,et al.Optimization design and experiment on ripple surface type pickup finger of precision maize seed metering device[J].Int J Agric&Biol Eng,2017,10(1):61-71.
[22]王金武,唐汉,王金峰,等.指夹式玉米精量排种器导种投送运移机理分析与试验[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(1):29-37,46.Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Wang Jinfeng,et al.Analysis and experiment of guiding and dropping migratory mechanism on pickup finger precision seed metering device for corn[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(1):29-37,46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]张晓冬,李成华,李建桥,等.铲式玉米精密播种机振动特性模型建立与试验[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):88-93.Zhang Xiaodong,Li Chenghua,Li Jianqiao,et al.Mathematic vibration model of spade punch planter of maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(2):88-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]张晓冬,李成华,汤秋艳,等.铲式玉米精密播种机振动特性试验[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2009,40(6):732-735.Zhang Xiaodong,Li Chenghua,Tang Qiuyan,et al.Vibration properties of spade punch planter of maize[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2009,40(6):732-735.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]张涛,刘飞,赵满全,等.基于离散元的排种器排种室内玉米种群运动规律[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):27-35.Zhang Tao,Liu Fei,Zhao Manquan,et al.Movement law of maize population in seed room of seed metering device based on discrete element method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(22):27-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘月琴.气吸式免耕播种机振动特性及其对排种性能的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2017.Liu Yueqin.Study on Vibration Characteristics of Air Suction No-Tillage Planter and Its Effect on Seed Metering Performance[D].Huhehaote:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2017.
[27]鲍文博.振动力学基础与Matlab应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015.
[28]陈玉龙.气吸机械复合式大豆高速精密排种器研究[D].长春:吉林大学,2018.Chen Yulong.Research of Air-Suction Mechanical Combined Soybean High-Speed and Precision Seed Metering Device[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2018.
[2]高焕文,李洪文,李问盈.保护性耕作的发展[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(9):43-48.Gao Huanwen,Li Hongwen,Li Wenying.Development of conservation tillage[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2008,39(9):43-48.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]陈源泉,隋鹏,高旺盛,等.中国主要农业区保护性耕作模式技术特征量化分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(18):1-7.Chen Yuanquan,Sui Peng,Gao Wangsheng,et al.Quantitative analysis on technological characteristics of different conservation tillage patterns in major agricultural regions of China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(18):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Lin Jing,Liu Yanfen,Li Baofa,et al.Effect of ridge-till and no-till mulching modes in Northeast China on soil physicochemical properties[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(23):58-64.林静,李艳芬,李宝筏,等.东北地区垄作免耕覆盖模式对土壤理化特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):58-64.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[5]何进,李洪文,高焕文.中国北方保护性耕作条件下深松效应与经济效益研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(10):62-67.He Jin,Li Hongwen,Gao Huanwen.Subsoiling effect and economic benefit under conservation tillage mode in Northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(10):62-67.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]雷金银,吴发启,王健,等.保护性耕作对土壤物理特性及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(10):40-45.Lei Jinyin,Wu Faqi,Wang Jian,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical properties and corn yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(10):40-45.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]裘国旺,赵艳霞,王石立.我国北方农牧交错带生态环境影响分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2001(11):50-51.Qiu Guowang,Zhao Yanxia,Wang Shili.Studies on development of the interlock area of farming-pastoral region in northern China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2001(11):50-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Zhang Shixiu,Li Qi,Lu Ying,et al.Conservation tillage positively influences the microflora and microfauna in the black soil of Northeast China[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2015,149:46-52.
[9]范旭辉,贾洪雷,张伟汉,等.免耕播种机仿形爪式防堵清茬机构参数分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,10(42):56-60.Fan Xuhui,Jia Honglei,Zhang Weihan,et al.Parametric analysis of finger-type anti-blocking residue-cleaner for no-till planting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,10(42):56-60.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]高焕文,李问盈.保护性耕作技术与机具[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[11]张晨,赵满全,张涛,等.基于离散元的排种器振动对大粒径作物种群的影响[J].农机化研究,2016,38(11):214-218.Zhang Chen,Zhao Manquan,Zhang Tao,et al.Based on the Discrete element method of gas suction seed metering device vibration on the influence of the large size crop species:Soybeans[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016,38(11):214-218.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Wang Qingjie,Li Hongwen,He Jin,et al.Effect of ridge culture and no-tillage on soil moisture and maize yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(Supp.2):146-150.王庆杰,李洪文,何进,等.垄作免耕技术对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊2):146-150.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[13]Wiggans R G.The influence of space and arrangement on the production of soybean plants[J].Agronomy Journal,1939,31(4):314-321.
[14]Joseph G L,Mike R.Corn response to within row plant spacing variation[J].Agronomy Journal,2004,96(5):1464-1468.
[15]Moore S H.Uniformity of plant spacing effect on soybean population parameters[J].Crop Science,1991,31(4):1049-1051.
[16]Zhao Zhan,Li Yaoming,Chen Jin,et al.Numerical analysis and laboratory testing of seed spacing uniformity performance for vacuum-cylinder precision seeder[J].Biosystems Engineering,2010,106(4):344-351.
[17]何进,李洪文,陈海涛,等.保护性耕作技术与机具研究进展[J].农业机械学报,2018,49(4):1-19.He Jin,Li Hongwen,Chen Haitao,et al.Research progress of conservation tillage technology and machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2018,49(4):1-19.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]刘忠军,刘立晶,杨学军,等.指夹式玉米免耕精密播种机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(增刊2):1-6.Liu Zhongjun,Liu Lijing,Yang Xuejun,et al.Design and experiment of no-till precision planter for corn[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(Supp.2):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]李洪刚.仿生指夹式排种器[D].长春:吉林大学,2010.Li Honggang.Bionic Pinch of Metering Device[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2010.
[20]王金武,唐汉,周文琪,等.指夹式精量玉米排种器改进设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(9):68-76.Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Zhou Wenqi,et al.Improved design and experiment on pickup finger precision seed metering device[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(9):68-76.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Wang Jinfeng,et al.Optimization design and experiment on ripple surface type pickup finger of precision maize seed metering device[J].Int J Agric&Biol Eng,2017,10(1):61-71.
[22]王金武,唐汉,王金峰,等.指夹式玉米精量排种器导种投送运移机理分析与试验[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(1):29-37,46.Wang Jinwu,Tang Han,Wang Jinfeng,et al.Analysis and experiment of guiding and dropping migratory mechanism on pickup finger precision seed metering device for corn[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(1):29-37,46.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]张晓冬,李成华,李建桥,等.铲式玉米精密播种机振动特性模型建立与试验[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(2):88-93.Zhang Xiaodong,Li Chenghua,Li Jianqiao,et al.Mathematic vibration model of spade punch planter of maize[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(2):88-93.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]张晓冬,李成华,汤秋艳,等.铲式玉米精密播种机振动特性试验[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2009,40(6):732-735.Zhang Xiaodong,Li Chenghua,Tang Qiuyan,et al.Vibration properties of spade punch planter of maize[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2009,40(6):732-735.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]张涛,刘飞,赵满全,等.基于离散元的排种器排种室内玉米种群运动规律[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(22):27-35.Zhang Tao,Liu Fei,Zhao Manquan,et al.Movement law of maize population in seed room of seed metering device based on discrete element method[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(22):27-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]刘月琴.气吸式免耕播种机振动特性及其对排种性能的影响研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2017.Liu Yueqin.Study on Vibration Characteristics of Air Suction No-Tillage Planter and Its Effect on Seed Metering Performance[D].Huhehaote:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2017.
[27]鲍文博.振动力学基础与Matlab应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2015.
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