玉米行距对大豆/玉米间作作物生长及种间竞争力的影响
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摘要
为探明大豆玉米间作系统中玉米种植行距对间作作物生长及种间资源竞争的影响。在固定带宽的大豆/玉米间作系统中,设置10,20,45,60和70 cm 5个间作玉米种植行距,分析间作系统的间作优势、作物生长情况以及大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力变化。结果表明:随间作玉米行距增加,间作优势增加,70 cm行距间作优势最大,达4 271.4 kg·hm~(-2)。Logistic生长拟合曲线表明:随玉米行距增加,大豆生物累积量减小,达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数缩短,玉米生物累积量最大值出现在D45处理下,达43 471.1 kg·hm~(-2),D45处理达到最大日生长速率峰值的天数最长,达130 d,且生长后期日生长速率持续高于其它处理;共生期内,伴随作物生长,大豆相对于玉米的资源竞争力A_(sm)逐渐降低,共生后期,表现为随间作玉米种植行距增加,大豆相对于玉米的竞争力A_(sm)逐渐减小。综合分析表明:河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中,玉米是强竞争力作物,玉米种植行距为45 cm,有利于大豆和玉米的生长及产量形成,大豆和玉米种间竞争力较弱,可作为河西灌区大豆/玉米间作系统中间作玉米的最佳行距配置。
To explore the effect of maize row spacing on growth and interspecific competition of crops in soybean/maize intercropping. The field experiment was conducted which included 5 maize row spacing treatments(10, 20, 45, 60 and 70 cm) in soybean/maize intercropping system. Intercropping advantage, crops growth, interspecific competition of soybean relative to maize were studied. The results showed that the intercropping advantage increased with maize row spacing increasing, the highest value of intercropping advantage was obtained by D70, which is 4 271.4 kg·ha~(-1). The crops growth were also fitted by logistic, the result showed that the biomass of intercropped soybean decreased with the increasing of maize row spacing, and the greater the maize row spacing was, the shorter was the days to reach the maximum daily growth rate. The maximum dry matter accumulation of maize was obtained by D45(43 471.1 kg·ha~(-1)), and the days to reach maximum daily growth rate of maize were also gained by D45(130 d) which was longest among treatments and always higher than other treatments during later growth period. The aggressivity of soybean relative to maize(A_(sm)) gradually reduced with the growth of crops during co-growth period, the lower was the A_(sm), the wider was the maize row spacing during the later co-growth period. By comprehensive analysis, we could concluded that maize is a stronger competitive crop in soybean/maize intercropping system, the intercropped crops would gain high biomass and yield and the competitiveness between intercropped crops would be weakest when the row spacing of maize is 45 cm. Hence, in present study, D45 is more reasonable row spacing for intercropped maize in soybean/maize intercropping system in Hexi corridor.
To explore the effect of maize row spacing on growth and interspecific competition of crops in soybean/maize intercropping. The field experiment was conducted which included 5 maize row spacing treatments(10, 20, 45, 60 and 70 cm) in soybean/maize intercropping system. Intercropping advantage, crops growth, interspecific competition of soybean relative to maize were studied. The results showed that the intercropping advantage increased with maize row spacing increasing, the highest value of intercropping advantage was obtained by D70, which is 4 271.4 kg·ha~(-1). The crops growth were also fitted by logistic, the result showed that the biomass of intercropped soybean decreased with the increasing of maize row spacing, and the greater the maize row spacing was, the shorter was the days to reach the maximum daily growth rate. The maximum dry matter accumulation of maize was obtained by D45(43 471.1 kg·ha~(-1)), and the days to reach maximum daily growth rate of maize were also gained by D45(130 d) which was longest among treatments and always higher than other treatments during later growth period. The aggressivity of soybean relative to maize(A_(sm)) gradually reduced with the growth of crops during co-growth period, the lower was the A_(sm), the wider was the maize row spacing during the later co-growth period. By comprehensive analysis, we could concluded that maize is a stronger competitive crop in soybean/maize intercropping system, the intercropped crops would gain high biomass and yield and the competitiveness between intercropped crops would be weakest when the row spacing of maize is 45 cm. Hence, in present study, D45 is more reasonable row spacing for intercropped maize in soybean/maize intercropping system in Hexi corridor.
引文
[1]李隆.间套作强化农田生态系统服务功能的研究进展与应用展望[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(4):403-415.(Li L.Intercropping enhances agro-ecosystem services and functioning:Current knowledge and perspectives[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2016,24(4):403-415.)
[2]Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercroppingⅠ:Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71:123-137.
[3]Li L,Li S M,Sun J H,et al.Diversity enhances agricultural productivity via rhizosphere phosphorus facilitation on phosphorus-deficient soils[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(27):11192-11196.
[4]杨进成,刘坚坚,安正云,等.小麦蚕豆间作控制病虫害与增产效应分析[J].云南农业大学学报,2009,24(3):340-348.(Yang J C,Liu J J,An Z Y,et al.Analyses on effect of interplanting on diseases and pests control and yield increase of wheat and faba bean[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2009,24(3):340-348.)
[5]雍太文,刘小明,刘文钰,等.减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):474-482.(Yong T W,Liu X M,Liu W Y,et al.Effects of reduced N application rate on yield and nutrient uptake and utilization in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):474-482.)
[6]Vandermeer J.The ecology of intercropping[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1989:1045-1055.
[7]Zhang F S,Li L.Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency[J].Plant and Soil,2003(248):305-312.
[8]张桂国,董树亭,杨在宾.苜蓿+玉米间作系统产量表现及其种间竞争力的评定[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):22-30.(Zhang G G,Dong S T,Yang Z B.Production performance of alfalfa+maize intercropping systems and evaluation of interspecies competition[J].Acta Partaculture Sinica,2011,20(1):22-30.)
[9]Li L,Zhang F S,Li X L,et al.Interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake by intercropped maize and faba bean[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2003,65(1):61-71.
[10]赵建华,孙建好,陈伟,等.不同作物与玉米间套作对玉米产量和生物量累积的影响[J].作物杂志,2013(4):120-125.(Zhao J H,Sun J H,Chen W,et al.Yield and biomass accumulation of maize intercropped with different crops[J].Crops,2013(4):120-125.)
[11]Yang F,Huang S,Gao R C,et al.Growth of soybean seedlings in relay strip intercropping system in relation to light quantity and red:Far-red ratio[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:245-253.
[12]王建康.间距对玉米间作豌豆氮素竞争互补的调控效应[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.(Wang J K.Distance between adjacent rows of maize and pea affect nitrogen facilitation and competition in intercropping systems[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.)
[13]赵建华,孙建好,李隆,等.改变玉米行距种植对豌豆/玉米间作体系产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(11):1451-1456.(Zhao J H,Sun J H,Li L,et al.Effect of maize row spacing on yield of pea/maize intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(11):1451-1456.)
[14]杨峰,娄莹,廖敦平,等.玉米-大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(4):642-650.(Yang F,Lou Y,Liao D P,et al.Effects of row spacing on crop biomass,root morphology and yield in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(4):642-650.)
[15]程玉柱,李龙,周琴,等.玉米/大豆不同配置下的玉米生长和产量形成研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2016,39(1):34-39.(Cheng Y Z,Li L,Zhou Q,et al.Growth and yield formation of maize under different maize/soybean intercropping patterns[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2016,39(1):34-39.)
[16]林洪鑫,潘晓华,袁展汽,等.施氮和木薯-花生间作对作物产量和经济效益的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(4):947-958.(Lin H X,Pan X H,Yuan Z Q,et al.Effects of nitrogen application and cassava-peanut intercropping patterns on crop yields and economic benefit[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(4):947-958.)
[17]Dong N,Tang M M,Zhang W P,et al.Temporal differentiation of crop growth as one of the drivers of intercropping yield advantage[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):3110.
[18]曾瑾汐,文熙宸,Muhammad Ali Raza,等.氮磷配施对玉米-大豆套作模式下种间作用、玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(7):166-176.(Zeng J X,Wen X C,Muhammad A R,et al.Effects of combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus on interspecies interaction,yield,and dry matter accumulation and translocation in maize in a maize-soybean relay intercropping system[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(7):166-176.)
[19]高蕊,龚颖婷,李沛然,等.木薯//大豆间距对间作作物农艺性状及品质的影响[J].大豆科学,2018,37(1):81-86.(Gao R,Gong Y T,Li P R,et al.Effects of the cassava and soybean spacing in an intercropping system on the agronomic traits and crop quality[J].Soybean Science,2018,37(1):81-86.)
[20]焦念元,李亚辉,杨潇,等.玉米/花生间作行比和施磷对玉米光合特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2959-2967.(Jiao N Y,Li Y H,Yang X,et al.Effects of maize/peanut intercropping row ratio and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics of maize[J].Chinese Journal of Applied E-cology,2016,27(9):2959-2967.)
[21]Zhu J Q,Van der Werf W,Anten N P R,et al.The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures[J].New Phytologist,2015,207(4):1213-1222.
[22]Zhang L,Werf W V D,Bastiaans L,et al.Light interception and utilization in relay intercrops of wheat and cotton[J].Field Crops Research,2008,107(1):29-42.
[23]Maddonni G A,Otegui M E.Intra-specific competition in maize:Early establishment of hierarchies among plants affects final kernel set[J].Field Crops Research,2004,85:1-13.
[24]杨峰,娄莹,刘沁林,等.玉米行距配置对套作大豆生物量、根系伤流及养分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(20):4056-5064.(Yang F,Lou Y,Liu Q L,et al.Effect of maize row spacing on biomass,root bleeding sap and nutrient of soybean in relay strip intercropping systems[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(20):4056-5064.)
[25]高仁才,杨峰,廖敦平,等.行距配置对套作大豆冠层光环境及其形态特征和产量的影响[J].大豆科学,2015,34(4):611-615.(Gao R C,Yang F,Liao D P.et al.Effects of different row spacings of maize on light environment,morphological characteristics and yield of soybeans in a relay intercropping system[J].Soybean Science,2015,34(4):611-615.)
[26]Willey R W.Intercropping its importance and research needs:I.Competition and yield advantage[J].Field Crops Abstracts,1979,32:1-10.
[27]Willey R W,Rao M R.A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops[J].Experimental Agriculture,1980,16(2):117-125.
[28]Trinder C,Brooker R,Davidson H,et al.Dynamic trajectories of growth and nitrogen capture by competing plants[J].New Phytologist,2012,193(4):948-958.
[29]吴越,吴普特,陈小莉,等.地上部与地下部作用对玉米/大豆间作优势的影响[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(1):129-136,142.(Wu Y,Wu P T,Chen X L,et al.Effect of above-and below-ground interactions on maize/soybean intercropping advantage[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(1):129-136,142.)
[30]Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping:II.Recovery or compensation of maize and soybean after wheat harvesting[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71:173-181.
[2]Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercroppingⅠ:Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71:123-137.
[3]Li L,Li S M,Sun J H,et al.Diversity enhances agricultural productivity via rhizosphere phosphorus facilitation on phosphorus-deficient soils[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2007,104(27):11192-11196.
[4]杨进成,刘坚坚,安正云,等.小麦蚕豆间作控制病虫害与增产效应分析[J].云南农业大学学报,2009,24(3):340-348.(Yang J C,Liu J J,An Z Y,et al.Analyses on effect of interplanting on diseases and pests control and yield increase of wheat and faba bean[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University,2009,24(3):340-348.)
[5]雍太文,刘小明,刘文钰,等.减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(2):474-482.(Yong T W,Liu X M,Liu W Y,et al.Effects of reduced N application rate on yield and nutrient uptake and utilization in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(2):474-482.)
[6]Vandermeer J.The ecology of intercropping[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1989:1045-1055.
[7]Zhang F S,Li L.Using competitive and facilitative interactions in intercropping systems enhances crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency[J].Plant and Soil,2003(248):305-312.
[8]张桂国,董树亭,杨在宾.苜蓿+玉米间作系统产量表现及其种间竞争力的评定[J].草业学报,2011,20(1):22-30.(Zhang G G,Dong S T,Yang Z B.Production performance of alfalfa+maize intercropping systems and evaluation of interspecies competition[J].Acta Partaculture Sinica,2011,20(1):22-30.)
[9]Li L,Zhang F S,Li X L,et al.Interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake by intercropped maize and faba bean[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2003,65(1):61-71.
[10]赵建华,孙建好,陈伟,等.不同作物与玉米间套作对玉米产量和生物量累积的影响[J].作物杂志,2013(4):120-125.(Zhao J H,Sun J H,Chen W,et al.Yield and biomass accumulation of maize intercropped with different crops[J].Crops,2013(4):120-125.)
[11]Yang F,Huang S,Gao R C,et al.Growth of soybean seedlings in relay strip intercropping system in relation to light quantity and red:Far-red ratio[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:245-253.
[12]王建康.间距对玉米间作豌豆氮素竞争互补的调控效应[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.(Wang J K.Distance between adjacent rows of maize and pea affect nitrogen facilitation and competition in intercropping systems[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2014.)
[13]赵建华,孙建好,李隆,等.改变玉米行距种植对豌豆/玉米间作体系产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(11):1451-1456.(Zhao J H,Sun J H,Li L,et al.Effect of maize row spacing on yield of pea/maize intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(11):1451-1456.)
[14]杨峰,娄莹,廖敦平,等.玉米-大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(4):642-650.(Yang F,Lou Y,Liao D P,et al.Effects of row spacing on crop biomass,root morphology and yield in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(4):642-650.)
[15]程玉柱,李龙,周琴,等.玉米/大豆不同配置下的玉米生长和产量形成研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2016,39(1):34-39.(Cheng Y Z,Li L,Zhou Q,et al.Growth and yield formation of maize under different maize/soybean intercropping patterns[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2016,39(1):34-39.)
[16]林洪鑫,潘晓华,袁展汽,等.施氮和木薯-花生间作对作物产量和经济效益的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(4):947-958.(Lin H X,Pan X H,Yuan Z Q,et al.Effects of nitrogen application and cassava-peanut intercropping patterns on crop yields and economic benefit[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(4):947-958.)
[17]Dong N,Tang M M,Zhang W P,et al.Temporal differentiation of crop growth as one of the drivers of intercropping yield advantage[J].Scientific Reports,2018,8(1):3110.
[18]曾瑾汐,文熙宸,Muhammad Ali Raza,等.氮磷配施对玉米-大豆套作模式下种间作用、玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(7):166-176.(Zeng J X,Wen X C,Muhammad A R,et al.Effects of combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus on interspecies interaction,yield,and dry matter accumulation and translocation in maize in a maize-soybean relay intercropping system[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(7):166-176.)
[19]高蕊,龚颖婷,李沛然,等.木薯//大豆间距对间作作物农艺性状及品质的影响[J].大豆科学,2018,37(1):81-86.(Gao R,Gong Y T,Li P R,et al.Effects of the cassava and soybean spacing in an intercropping system on the agronomic traits and crop quality[J].Soybean Science,2018,37(1):81-86.)
[20]焦念元,李亚辉,杨潇,等.玉米/花生间作行比和施磷对玉米光合特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2959-2967.(Jiao N Y,Li Y H,Yang X,et al.Effects of maize/peanut intercropping row ratio and phosphate fertilizer on photosynthetic characteristics of maize[J].Chinese Journal of Applied E-cology,2016,27(9):2959-2967.)
[21]Zhu J Q,Van der Werf W,Anten N P R,et al.The contribution of phenotypic plasticity to complementary light capture in plant mixtures[J].New Phytologist,2015,207(4):1213-1222.
[22]Zhang L,Werf W V D,Bastiaans L,et al.Light interception and utilization in relay intercrops of wheat and cotton[J].Field Crops Research,2008,107(1):29-42.
[23]Maddonni G A,Otegui M E.Intra-specific competition in maize:Early establishment of hierarchies among plants affects final kernel set[J].Field Crops Research,2004,85:1-13.
[24]杨峰,娄莹,刘沁林,等.玉米行距配置对套作大豆生物量、根系伤流及养分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(20):4056-5064.(Yang F,Lou Y,Liu Q L,et al.Effect of maize row spacing on biomass,root bleeding sap and nutrient of soybean in relay strip intercropping systems[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016,49(20):4056-5064.)
[25]高仁才,杨峰,廖敦平,等.行距配置对套作大豆冠层光环境及其形态特征和产量的影响[J].大豆科学,2015,34(4):611-615.(Gao R C,Yang F,Liao D P.et al.Effects of different row spacings of maize on light environment,morphological characteristics and yield of soybeans in a relay intercropping system[J].Soybean Science,2015,34(4):611-615.)
[26]Willey R W.Intercropping its importance and research needs:I.Competition and yield advantage[J].Field Crops Abstracts,1979,32:1-10.
[27]Willey R W,Rao M R.A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops[J].Experimental Agriculture,1980,16(2):117-125.
[28]Trinder C,Brooker R,Davidson H,et al.Dynamic trajectories of growth and nitrogen capture by competing plants[J].New Phytologist,2012,193(4):948-958.
[29]吴越,吴普特,陈小莉,等.地上部与地下部作用对玉米/大豆间作优势的影响[J].农业机械学报,2014,45(1):129-136,142.(Wu Y,Wu P T,Chen X L,et al.Effect of above-and below-ground interactions on maize/soybean intercropping advantage[J].Transaction of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2014,45(1):129-136,142.)
[30]Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping:II.Recovery or compensation of maize and soybean after wheat harvesting[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71:173-181.