恐惧与厌恶情绪图片系统的编制:基于两种情绪的区分
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摘要
基于恐惧与厌恶情绪刺激材料界定模糊的问题,实验1在总结前人研究中实验材料方面混淆恐惧和厌恶的基础上,通过问卷法完成了对恐惧与厌恶图片系统初步的搜集、整理工作;实验2通过进一步测评得到了具有良好信度的恐惧与厌恶情绪图片系统,图片系统中的恐惧与厌恶情绪很好的分离,且图片系统中动物、场景、物体三类图片的恐惧、厌恶程度均存在显著差异,可适用于需要不同种类情绪刺激的具体应用性研究。
Fear and disgust are different kinds of basic emotion. They differ in several ways, such as facial expressions, behavioral responses,biological responses, and subjective feelings. Considering these differences, it is expected that the stimuli to induce fear and disgust should be distinguished. Thus far, however, researchers have used the same stimuli to induce the two different emotions: the stimuli to induce fear can also induce disgust. This is problematic as the emotion of interest may not be properly induced, which can weaken the conclusions obtained. Therefore, it is necessary and valuable to develop materials to uniquely induce fear and disgust. In the current research, we conducted two experiments to develop a system of pictures that can specifically induce fear and disgust as experimental stimulus.In Experiment 1, we recruited 105 college students as participants. We first introduced them the definitions of fear and disgust, and explained how they were differentiated. After that, we asked them to write down as many things and scenes as possible that could induce their fear and disgust,separately. The responses should be concrete nouns that could only be associated with fear(e.g., snake) or disgust(e.g., vomit) but not both. For both fear and disgust, the responses were consolidated and classified into six categories by meaning. We then selected 90 suitable pictures of the responses.The pictures were grouped into three categories: animals, scenes, and objects. There were 30 pictures in each category.In Experiment 2, eighty-four college students rated the pictures that were created in Experiment 1. A group of participants rated the pictures on valence and arousal, and the others rated the pictures on fear and disgust, on 9-point scales. Fifteen pictures were excluded based on preset criteria. The inter-rater reliability levels of the remaining 165 pictures were good to excellent. The 81 fear pictures and the 84 disgust pictures differed in the extent they induced fear or disgust: people rated the fear pictures more fearful than the disgust pictures, and they rated the disgust pictures more disgusting than the fear pictures. Further, the system of pictures was identical in valance, but differed in arousal: People rated the fear pictures more aroused than the disgust pictures. Moreover, the three categories of pictures: Animals, scenes, and objects, were compared between each other on how well they induced different emotions. The results showed a significant effect of category on fear: People rated the animal pictures more fearful than the scene pictures. A significant effect of category was also found on disgust: The scene pictures induced more disgust than the animal and the object pictures.When inducing fear or disgust, past research failed to use appropriate stimuli: The stimuli used were able to induce both emotions instead of a particular one. Therefore, new and reliable stimuli that can uniquely induce fear or disgust should be established, which is beneficial and vital to the study of fear and disgust emotions as well as the treatment of the corresponding emotional disorders. In this research, we developed a system of pictures that could effectively induce two kinds of different emotions: fear and disgust. As far as we know, the picture system we built up is the first stimulus system that can separately induce fear or disgust emotions. We believe that we have offered a useful tool to the research on fear and disgust,and we hope our stimuli can be validated and further improved in the future research.
Fear and disgust are different kinds of basic emotion. They differ in several ways, such as facial expressions, behavioral responses,biological responses, and subjective feelings. Considering these differences, it is expected that the stimuli to induce fear and disgust should be distinguished. Thus far, however, researchers have used the same stimuli to induce the two different emotions: the stimuli to induce fear can also induce disgust. This is problematic as the emotion of interest may not be properly induced, which can weaken the conclusions obtained. Therefore, it is necessary and valuable to develop materials to uniquely induce fear and disgust. In the current research, we conducted two experiments to develop a system of pictures that can specifically induce fear and disgust as experimental stimulus.In Experiment 1, we recruited 105 college students as participants. We first introduced them the definitions of fear and disgust, and explained how they were differentiated. After that, we asked them to write down as many things and scenes as possible that could induce their fear and disgust,separately. The responses should be concrete nouns that could only be associated with fear(e.g., snake) or disgust(e.g., vomit) but not both. For both fear and disgust, the responses were consolidated and classified into six categories by meaning. We then selected 90 suitable pictures of the responses.The pictures were grouped into three categories: animals, scenes, and objects. There were 30 pictures in each category.In Experiment 2, eighty-four college students rated the pictures that were created in Experiment 1. A group of participants rated the pictures on valence and arousal, and the others rated the pictures on fear and disgust, on 9-point scales. Fifteen pictures were excluded based on preset criteria. The inter-rater reliability levels of the remaining 165 pictures were good to excellent. The 81 fear pictures and the 84 disgust pictures differed in the extent they induced fear or disgust: people rated the fear pictures more fearful than the disgust pictures, and they rated the disgust pictures more disgusting than the fear pictures. Further, the system of pictures was identical in valance, but differed in arousal: People rated the fear pictures more aroused than the disgust pictures. Moreover, the three categories of pictures: Animals, scenes, and objects, were compared between each other on how well they induced different emotions. The results showed a significant effect of category on fear: People rated the animal pictures more fearful than the scene pictures. A significant effect of category was also found on disgust: The scene pictures induced more disgust than the animal and the object pictures.When inducing fear or disgust, past research failed to use appropriate stimuli: The stimuli used were able to induce both emotions instead of a particular one. Therefore, new and reliable stimuli that can uniquely induce fear or disgust should be established, which is beneficial and vital to the study of fear and disgust emotions as well as the treatment of the corresponding emotional disorders. In this research, we developed a system of pictures that could effectively induce two kinds of different emotions: fear and disgust. As far as we know, the picture system we built up is the first stimulus system that can separately induce fear or disgust emotions. We believe that we have offered a useful tool to the research on fear and disgust,and we hope our stimuli can be validated and further improved in the future research.
引文
白露,马慧,黄宇霞,罗跃嘉.(2005).中国情绪图片系统的编制--在46名中国大学生中的试用.中国心理卫生杂志,19(11),719-722.
郑璞,刘聪慧,俞国良.(2012).情绪诱发方法述评.心理科学进展,20(1),45-55.
Cisler,J.M.,Olatunji,B.O.,&Lohr,J.M.(2009).Disgust,fear,and the anxiety disorders:A critical review.Clinical Psychology Review,29(1),34-46.
Comtesse,H.,&Stemmler,G.(2017).Fear and disgust in women:Differentiation of cardiovascular regulation patterns.Biological Psychology,123,166-176.
Curtis,V.,de Barra,M.,&Aunger,R.(2011).Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,366(1563),389-401.
Dunsmoor,J.E.,Campese,V.D.,Ceceli,A.O.,Ledoux,J.E.,&Phelps,E.A.(2015).Novelty-facilitated extinction:Providing a novel outcome in place of an expected threat diminishes recovery of defensive responses.Biological Psychiatry,78(3),203-209.
Dymond,S.,Dunsmoor,J.E.,Vervliet,B.,Roche,B.,&Hermans,D.(2015).Fear generalization in humans:Systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research.Behavior Therapy,46(5),561-582.
Ferré,P.,Haro,J.,&Hinojosa,J.A.(2018).Be aware of the rifle but do not forget the stench:Differential effects of fear and disgust on lexical processing and memory.Cognition and Emotion,32(4),796-811.
Gibb,B.(2016).46.3 Aversive conditioning to fearful faces induces emotionspecific attentional biases in children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,55(10),S332.
Hoppenbrouwers,S.S.,Bulten,B.H.,&Brazil,I.A.(2016).Parsing fear:Areassessment of the evidence for fear deficits in psychopathy.Psychological Bulletin,142(6),573-600.
Kirby,L.A.J.,&Robinson,J.L.(2017).Affective mapping:An activation likelihood estimation(ALE)meta-analysis.Brain and Cognition,118,137-148.
Klucken,T.,Schweckendiek,J.,Koppe,G.,Merz,C.J.,Kagerer,S.,Walter,B.,et al.(2012).Neural correlates of disgust-and fear-conditioned responses.Neuroscience,201,209-218.
Lang,P.J.,Bradley,M.M.,&Cuthbert,B.N.(2008).International affective picture system(IAPS):Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual.Technical Report,A-8.
Lindquist,K.A.,Wager,T.D.,Kober,H.,Bliss-Moreau,E.,&Barrett,L.F.(2012).The brain basis of emotion:A meta-analytic review.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,35(3),121-143.
Meng,X.X.,Yuan,J.J.,&Li,H.(2009).Automatic processing of valence differences in emotionally negative stimuli:Evidence from an ERP study.Neuroscience Letters,464(3),228-232.
Meulders,A.,Meulders,M.,Stouten,I.,de Bie,J.,&Vlaeyen,J.W.S.(2017).Extinction of fear generalization:A comparison between fibromyalgia patients and healthy control participants.The Journal of Pain,18(1),79-95.
Murphy,F.C.,Nimmo-Smith,I.,&Lawrence,A.D.(2003).Functional neuroanatomy of emotions:A meta-analysis.Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience,3(3),207-233.
Neuberg,S.L.,Kenrick,D.T.,&Schaller,M.(2011).Human threat management systems:Self-protection and disease avoidance.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,35(4),1042-1051.
Onat,S.,&Büchel,C.(2015).The neuronal basis of fear generalization in humans.Nature Neuroscience,18(12),1811-1818.
Pujol,J.,Blanco-Hinojo,L.,Coronas,R.,Esteba-Castillo,S.,Rigla,M.,MartínezVilavella,G.,et al.(2018).Mapping the sequence of brain events in response to disgusting food.Human Brain Mapping,39(1),369-380.
Riegel,M.,?urawski,?.,Wierzba,M.,Moslehi,A.,Klocek,?.,Horvat,M.,et al.(2016).Characterization of the Nencki affective picture system by discrete emotional categories(NAPS BE).Behavior Research Methods,48(2),600-612.
Struyf,D.,Zaman,J.,Hermans,D.,&Vervliet,B.(2017).Gradients of fear:How perception influences fear generalization.Behaviour Research and Therapy,93,116-122.
Sylvers,P.,Lilienfeld,S.O.,&Laprairie,J.L.(2011).Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety:Implications for psychopathology.Clinical Psychology Review,31(1),122-137.
van Hooff,J.C.,Devue,C.,Vieweg,P.E.,&Theeuwes,J.(2013).Disgust-and not fear-evoking images hold our attention.Acta Psychologica,143(1),1-6.
Vytal,K.,&Hamann,S.(2010).Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions:A voxel-based meta-analysis.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(12),2864-2885.
Woody,S.R.,&Teachman,B.A.(2000).Intersection of disgust and fear:Normative and pathological views.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,7(3),291-311.
Xu,M.S.,Li,Z.A.,Ding,C.,Zhang,J.H.,Fan,L.X.,Diao,L.T.,&Yang,D.(2015).The divergent effects of fear and disgust on inhibitory control:An ERP study.PLo S ONE,10(6),e0128932.
Yancey,J.R.,Vaidyanathan,U.,&Patrick,C.J.(2015).Aversive startle potentiation and fear pathology:Mediating role of threat sensitivity and moderating impact of depression.International Journal of Psychophysiology,98(2),262-269.
Zhang,D.D.,Liu,Y.Z.,Zhou,C.L.,Chen,Y.M.,&Luo,Y.J.(2014).Spatial attention effects of disgusted and fearful faces.PLo S ONE,9(7),e101608.
郑璞,刘聪慧,俞国良.(2012).情绪诱发方法述评.心理科学进展,20(1),45-55.
Cisler,J.M.,Olatunji,B.O.,&Lohr,J.M.(2009).Disgust,fear,and the anxiety disorders:A critical review.Clinical Psychology Review,29(1),34-46.
Comtesse,H.,&Stemmler,G.(2017).Fear and disgust in women:Differentiation of cardiovascular regulation patterns.Biological Psychology,123,166-176.
Curtis,V.,de Barra,M.,&Aunger,R.(2011).Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,366(1563),389-401.
Dunsmoor,J.E.,Campese,V.D.,Ceceli,A.O.,Ledoux,J.E.,&Phelps,E.A.(2015).Novelty-facilitated extinction:Providing a novel outcome in place of an expected threat diminishes recovery of defensive responses.Biological Psychiatry,78(3),203-209.
Dymond,S.,Dunsmoor,J.E.,Vervliet,B.,Roche,B.,&Hermans,D.(2015).Fear generalization in humans:Systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research.Behavior Therapy,46(5),561-582.
Ferré,P.,Haro,J.,&Hinojosa,J.A.(2018).Be aware of the rifle but do not forget the stench:Differential effects of fear and disgust on lexical processing and memory.Cognition and Emotion,32(4),796-811.
Gibb,B.(2016).46.3 Aversive conditioning to fearful faces induces emotionspecific attentional biases in children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,55(10),S332.
Hoppenbrouwers,S.S.,Bulten,B.H.,&Brazil,I.A.(2016).Parsing fear:Areassessment of the evidence for fear deficits in psychopathy.Psychological Bulletin,142(6),573-600.
Kirby,L.A.J.,&Robinson,J.L.(2017).Affective mapping:An activation likelihood estimation(ALE)meta-analysis.Brain and Cognition,118,137-148.
Klucken,T.,Schweckendiek,J.,Koppe,G.,Merz,C.J.,Kagerer,S.,Walter,B.,et al.(2012).Neural correlates of disgust-and fear-conditioned responses.Neuroscience,201,209-218.
Lang,P.J.,Bradley,M.M.,&Cuthbert,B.N.(2008).International affective picture system(IAPS):Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual.Technical Report,A-8.
Lindquist,K.A.,Wager,T.D.,Kober,H.,Bliss-Moreau,E.,&Barrett,L.F.(2012).The brain basis of emotion:A meta-analytic review.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,35(3),121-143.
Meng,X.X.,Yuan,J.J.,&Li,H.(2009).Automatic processing of valence differences in emotionally negative stimuli:Evidence from an ERP study.Neuroscience Letters,464(3),228-232.
Meulders,A.,Meulders,M.,Stouten,I.,de Bie,J.,&Vlaeyen,J.W.S.(2017).Extinction of fear generalization:A comparison between fibromyalgia patients and healthy control participants.The Journal of Pain,18(1),79-95.
Murphy,F.C.,Nimmo-Smith,I.,&Lawrence,A.D.(2003).Functional neuroanatomy of emotions:A meta-analysis.Cognitive Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience,3(3),207-233.
Neuberg,S.L.,Kenrick,D.T.,&Schaller,M.(2011).Human threat management systems:Self-protection and disease avoidance.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,35(4),1042-1051.
Onat,S.,&Büchel,C.(2015).The neuronal basis of fear generalization in humans.Nature Neuroscience,18(12),1811-1818.
Pujol,J.,Blanco-Hinojo,L.,Coronas,R.,Esteba-Castillo,S.,Rigla,M.,MartínezVilavella,G.,et al.(2018).Mapping the sequence of brain events in response to disgusting food.Human Brain Mapping,39(1),369-380.
Riegel,M.,?urawski,?.,Wierzba,M.,Moslehi,A.,Klocek,?.,Horvat,M.,et al.(2016).Characterization of the Nencki affective picture system by discrete emotional categories(NAPS BE).Behavior Research Methods,48(2),600-612.
Struyf,D.,Zaman,J.,Hermans,D.,&Vervliet,B.(2017).Gradients of fear:How perception influences fear generalization.Behaviour Research and Therapy,93,116-122.
Sylvers,P.,Lilienfeld,S.O.,&Laprairie,J.L.(2011).Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety:Implications for psychopathology.Clinical Psychology Review,31(1),122-137.
van Hooff,J.C.,Devue,C.,Vieweg,P.E.,&Theeuwes,J.(2013).Disgust-and not fear-evoking images hold our attention.Acta Psychologica,143(1),1-6.
Vytal,K.,&Hamann,S.(2010).Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions:A voxel-based meta-analysis.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(12),2864-2885.
Woody,S.R.,&Teachman,B.A.(2000).Intersection of disgust and fear:Normative and pathological views.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,7(3),291-311.
Xu,M.S.,Li,Z.A.,Ding,C.,Zhang,J.H.,Fan,L.X.,Diao,L.T.,&Yang,D.(2015).The divergent effects of fear and disgust on inhibitory control:An ERP study.PLo S ONE,10(6),e0128932.
Yancey,J.R.,Vaidyanathan,U.,&Patrick,C.J.(2015).Aversive startle potentiation and fear pathology:Mediating role of threat sensitivity and moderating impact of depression.International Journal of Psychophysiology,98(2),262-269.
Zhang,D.D.,Liu,Y.Z.,Zhou,C.L.,Chen,Y.M.,&Luo,Y.J.(2014).Spatial attention effects of disgusted and fearful faces.PLo S ONE,9(7),e101608.