不同单价电解质水溶液对逆电渗析电堆工作特性的影响
|
摘要
以5种工质盐溶液作为逆电渗析堆(RED)的工作溶液,分别在两种浓度(mol/L)比(3/0.05、5/0.05)下,分析逆电渗析堆主要工作特性参数:开路电压、电堆欧姆内阻以及功率密度。实验结果表明:电导率高的电解质溶液为工质时,电堆内阻降低,实验中以浓度比5/0.05溴化铵溶液为工质的电堆具有最低的欧姆内阻(2.80Ω),同时电堆开路电压也最低(1.355V)。因为过高的溶液浓度梯度降低了离子交换膜的离子选择透过性。浓度比5/0.05乙酸钾溶液为工质的电堆具有高的开路电压,达到1.929V,比氯化锂溶液高6.9%,但其电堆内阻比氯化锂溶液高17%,以氯化锂溶液为工质的电堆输出的最大功率密度达到2.217W/m2。以乙酸钠溶液为工质开路电压比乙酸钾稍低,但其内阻过高,使得输出的最大功率密度最小。
The present work experimentally investigates the use of five pure salt solutions as working solution in a lab-scale reverse electrodialysis(RED) stack. The main performance parameters of RED stack were analyzed in terms of open circuit voltage(OCV), stack ohm-resistance and power density.Effect of two concentration gradients(3/0.05 and 5/0.05) was investigated. Results show that the electrolyte solution with high electric conductivity is good to reduce stack ohm-resistance. The experimental lowest stack resistance of 2.8Ω was measured when using NH_4Br solution at concentration of5/0.05, meanwhile, the experimental lowest OCV reached at 1.355 V. Because the permselectivity of ionexchange membranes is weakened at high concentration. The experimental highest OCV of 1.929 V was measured when using KAc solution at concentration of 5/0.05, which is about 9% higher than the OCV in LiCl at the same concentration. Due to 17% lower resistance, the latter achieved the maximum power density of 2.217 W/m~2. The OCV in NaAc is slightly lower than that in KAc, but the latter internal resistance is too high, which makes the latter maximum power density minimum.
The present work experimentally investigates the use of five pure salt solutions as working solution in a lab-scale reverse electrodialysis(RED) stack. The main performance parameters of RED stack were analyzed in terms of open circuit voltage(OCV), stack ohm-resistance and power density.Effect of two concentration gradients(3/0.05 and 5/0.05) was investigated. Results show that the electrolyte solution with high electric conductivity is good to reduce stack ohm-resistance. The experimental lowest stack resistance of 2.8Ω was measured when using NH_4Br solution at concentration of5/0.05, meanwhile, the experimental lowest OCV reached at 1.355 V. Because the permselectivity of ionexchange membranes is weakened at high concentration. The experimental highest OCV of 1.929 V was measured when using KAc solution at concentration of 5/0.05, which is about 9% higher than the OCV in LiCl at the same concentration. Due to 17% lower resistance, the latter achieved the maximum power density of 2.217 W/m~2. The OCV in NaAc is slightly lower than that in KAc, but the latter internal resistance is too high, which makes the latter maximum power density minimum.
引文
[1] ZEVENHOVEN R, BEYENE A. The relative contribution of waste heat from power plants to global warming[J]. Energy, 2011, 36(6):3754-3762.
[2] TCHANCHE B F, LAMBRINOS G, FRANGOUDAKIS A, et al. Lowgrade heat conversion into power using organic rankine cycles—a review of various applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(8):3963-3979.
[3] THEKDI A, NIMBALKAR S U. Industrial waste heat recovery—potential applications, available technologies and crosscutting R&D opportunities[R]. Tennessee:Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2014:5-20.
[4]刘茜,李华山,卜宪标,等.太阳能有机朗肯-闪蒸循环工质选择[J].化工进展, 2018, 37(5):1781-1788.LIU Xi, LI Huashan, BU Xianbiao, et al. Working fluid selection for solar binary-flashing cycle[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2018, 37(5):1781-1788.
[5]韩中合,许鸿胜,范伟,等.低温烟气有机郎肯循环系统热力性能与经济性的对比分析[J].化工进展, 2017, 36(11):4010-4016.HAN Zhonghe,XU Hongsheng,FAN Wei, et al. Comparison of thermodynamic performance and economic efficiency of ORC system for low temperature flue gas[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2017, 36(11):4010-4016.
[6] CARATI A, MARINO M, BROGIOLI D. Thermodynamic study of a distiller-electrochemical cell system for energy production from low temperature heat sources[J]. Energy, 2015, 93:984-993.
[7] HU J, XU S, WU X, et al. Theoretical simulation and evaluation for the performance of the hybrid multi-effect distillation-reverse electrodialysis power generation system[J]. Desalination, 2018, 443:172-183.
[8]吴曦,徐士鸣,吴德兵,等.逆电渗析法热-电转换系统循环工质匹配准则[J].化工学报, 2016, 67(s2):326-332.WU Xi, XU Shiming, WU Debing, et al. Methodology of assessing working mediums availability for anovel heat-power conversion system with reverse electrodialysis technology[J]. CIESC Journal, 2016, 67(s2):326-332.
[9]徐士鸣,吴曦,吴德兵.一种新型低品位热能发电方法及装置:CN105261808A[P]. 2016-01-20.XU Shiming, WU Xi, WU Debing. A new method of conversing low grade temperature heat to power:CN201510694726.4[P]. 2016-01-20.
[10] KIM D D H, PARK B H, KWON K, et al. Modeling of power generation with thermolytic reverse electrodialysis for low-grade waste heat recovery[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 189:201-210.
[11]徐士鸣,吴德兵,吴曦,等.氯化锂溶液为工质的溶液浓差发电实验研究[J].大连理工大学学报, 2017, 57(4):337-344.XU Shiming, WU Debing, WU Xi, et al. Experimental study of solution concentration difference power generation with lithium chloride solution as working fluid[J]. Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2017, 57(4):337-344.
[12]徐士鸣,徐志杰,吴曦,等.溶液浓差能驱动的逆电渗析有机废水氧化降解机理研究[J].环境科学学报, 2018,38(12):4642-4651.XU Shiming, XU Zhijie, WU Xi, et al. Study on the mechanism of organic wastewater oxidation degradation with reverse electrodialysis powered by concentration difference energy[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018,38(12):4642-4651.
[13]田中良修.离子交换膜:基本原理及应用[M].葛道才,任庆春,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2010:34-43.TANAKA Y. Ion exchange membranes:fundamentals and applications[M]. GE D C, REN Q C, trans.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2010:34-43.
[14] VEERMAN J, SAAKES M, METZ S J, et al. Reverse electrodialysis:evaluation of suitable electrode systems[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2010, 40(8):1461-1474.
[15] PATTLE R E. Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile[J]. Nature, 1954, 174(4431):660.
[16] TEDESCO M, CIPOLLINA A, TAMBURINI A, et al. Towards 1kW power production in a reverse electrodialysis pilot plant with saline waters and concentrated brines[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017,522:226-236.
[17] VEERMAN J, SAAKES M, METZ S J, et al. Reverse electrodialysis:performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 327(1/2):136-144.
[18] TEDESCO M, BRAUNS E, CIPOLLINA A, et al. Reverse electrodialysis with saline waters and concentrated brines:a laboratory investigation towards technology scale-up[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 492:9-20.
[19] TEDESCO M, SCALICI C, VACCARI D, et al. Performance of the first reverse electrodialysis pilot plant for power production from saline waters and concentrated brines[J]. Journal of Membrane Science,2016, 500:33-45.
[20] VERMAAS D A, SAAKES M, NIJMEIJER K. Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced intermembrane distance[J].Environmental Science&Technology, 2011, 45(16):7089-7095.
[21] ZHU X, HE W, LOGAN B E. Influence of solution concentration and salt types on the performance of reverse electrodialysis cells[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 494:154-160.
[22] POST J W, HAMELERS H V M, BUISMAN C J N. Energy recovery from controlled mixing salt and fresh water with a reverse electrodialysis system[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2008,42(15):5785-5790.
[23] KIM H K, LEE M S, LEE S Y, et al. High power density of reverse electrodialysis with pore-filling ion exchange membranes and a highopen-area spacer[J]. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3(31):16302-16306.
[24] PITZER K S, MAYORGA G. Thermodynamics of electrolytesII.activity and osmotic coefficients for strong electrolytes with one or both ions univalent[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1973, 77(19):2300-2308.
[25] FONTANANOVA E, MESSANA D, TUFA R A, et al. Effect of solution concentration and composition on the electrochemical properties of ion exchange membranes for energy conversion[J]. Journal Power Sources,2017, 340:282-293.
[26] GALAMA A H, VERMAAS D A, VEERMAN J, et al. Membrane resistance:the effect of salinity gradients over a cation exchange membrane[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 467:279-291.
[27] GALAMA A H, HOOG N A, YNTEMA D R. Method for determining ion exchange membrane resistance for electrodialysis systems[J].Desalination, 2016, 380:1-11.
[28] VERMAAS D A, GULER E, SAAKES M, et al. Theoretical power density from salinity gradients using reverse electrodialysis[J]. Energy Procedia, 2012, 20:170-184.
[29] BRAUNS E. Salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis:effect of model parameters on electrical power output[J]. Desalination, 2009,237(1/2/3):378-391.
[2] TCHANCHE B F, LAMBRINOS G, FRANGOUDAKIS A, et al. Lowgrade heat conversion into power using organic rankine cycles—a review of various applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, 15(8):3963-3979.
[3] THEKDI A, NIMBALKAR S U. Industrial waste heat recovery—potential applications, available technologies and crosscutting R&D opportunities[R]. Tennessee:Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2014:5-20.
[4]刘茜,李华山,卜宪标,等.太阳能有机朗肯-闪蒸循环工质选择[J].化工进展, 2018, 37(5):1781-1788.LIU Xi, LI Huashan, BU Xianbiao, et al. Working fluid selection for solar binary-flashing cycle[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2018, 37(5):1781-1788.
[5]韩中合,许鸿胜,范伟,等.低温烟气有机郎肯循环系统热力性能与经济性的对比分析[J].化工进展, 2017, 36(11):4010-4016.HAN Zhonghe,XU Hongsheng,FAN Wei, et al. Comparison of thermodynamic performance and economic efficiency of ORC system for low temperature flue gas[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2017, 36(11):4010-4016.
[6] CARATI A, MARINO M, BROGIOLI D. Thermodynamic study of a distiller-electrochemical cell system for energy production from low temperature heat sources[J]. Energy, 2015, 93:984-993.
[7] HU J, XU S, WU X, et al. Theoretical simulation and evaluation for the performance of the hybrid multi-effect distillation-reverse electrodialysis power generation system[J]. Desalination, 2018, 443:172-183.
[8]吴曦,徐士鸣,吴德兵,等.逆电渗析法热-电转换系统循环工质匹配准则[J].化工学报, 2016, 67(s2):326-332.WU Xi, XU Shiming, WU Debing, et al. Methodology of assessing working mediums availability for anovel heat-power conversion system with reverse electrodialysis technology[J]. CIESC Journal, 2016, 67(s2):326-332.
[9]徐士鸣,吴曦,吴德兵.一种新型低品位热能发电方法及装置:CN105261808A[P]. 2016-01-20.XU Shiming, WU Xi, WU Debing. A new method of conversing low grade temperature heat to power:CN201510694726.4[P]. 2016-01-20.
[10] KIM D D H, PARK B H, KWON K, et al. Modeling of power generation with thermolytic reverse electrodialysis for low-grade waste heat recovery[J]. Applied Energy, 2017, 189:201-210.
[11]徐士鸣,吴德兵,吴曦,等.氯化锂溶液为工质的溶液浓差发电实验研究[J].大连理工大学学报, 2017, 57(4):337-344.XU Shiming, WU Debing, WU Xi, et al. Experimental study of solution concentration difference power generation with lithium chloride solution as working fluid[J]. Journal of Dalian University of Technology, 2017, 57(4):337-344.
[12]徐士鸣,徐志杰,吴曦,等.溶液浓差能驱动的逆电渗析有机废水氧化降解机理研究[J].环境科学学报, 2018,38(12):4642-4651.XU Shiming, XU Zhijie, WU Xi, et al. Study on the mechanism of organic wastewater oxidation degradation with reverse electrodialysis powered by concentration difference energy[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018,38(12):4642-4651.
[13]田中良修.离子交换膜:基本原理及应用[M].葛道才,任庆春,译.北京:化学工业出版社,2010:34-43.TANAKA Y. Ion exchange membranes:fundamentals and applications[M]. GE D C, REN Q C, trans.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2010:34-43.
[14] VEERMAN J, SAAKES M, METZ S J, et al. Reverse electrodialysis:evaluation of suitable electrode systems[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2010, 40(8):1461-1474.
[15] PATTLE R E. Production of electric power by mixing fresh and salt water in the hydroelectric pile[J]. Nature, 1954, 174(4431):660.
[16] TEDESCO M, CIPOLLINA A, TAMBURINI A, et al. Towards 1kW power production in a reverse electrodialysis pilot plant with saline waters and concentrated brines[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017,522:226-236.
[17] VEERMAN J, SAAKES M, METZ S J, et al. Reverse electrodialysis:performance of a stack with 50 cells on the mixing of sea and river water[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 327(1/2):136-144.
[18] TEDESCO M, BRAUNS E, CIPOLLINA A, et al. Reverse electrodialysis with saline waters and concentrated brines:a laboratory investigation towards technology scale-up[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 492:9-20.
[19] TEDESCO M, SCALICI C, VACCARI D, et al. Performance of the first reverse electrodialysis pilot plant for power production from saline waters and concentrated brines[J]. Journal of Membrane Science,2016, 500:33-45.
[20] VERMAAS D A, SAAKES M, NIJMEIJER K. Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced intermembrane distance[J].Environmental Science&Technology, 2011, 45(16):7089-7095.
[21] ZHU X, HE W, LOGAN B E. Influence of solution concentration and salt types on the performance of reverse electrodialysis cells[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2015, 494:154-160.
[22] POST J W, HAMELERS H V M, BUISMAN C J N. Energy recovery from controlled mixing salt and fresh water with a reverse electrodialysis system[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2008,42(15):5785-5790.
[23] KIM H K, LEE M S, LEE S Y, et al. High power density of reverse electrodialysis with pore-filling ion exchange membranes and a highopen-area spacer[J]. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3(31):16302-16306.
[24] PITZER K S, MAYORGA G. Thermodynamics of electrolytesII.activity and osmotic coefficients for strong electrolytes with one or both ions univalent[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1973, 77(19):2300-2308.
[25] FONTANANOVA E, MESSANA D, TUFA R A, et al. Effect of solution concentration and composition on the electrochemical properties of ion exchange membranes for energy conversion[J]. Journal Power Sources,2017, 340:282-293.
[26] GALAMA A H, VERMAAS D A, VEERMAN J, et al. Membrane resistance:the effect of salinity gradients over a cation exchange membrane[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2014, 467:279-291.
[27] GALAMA A H, HOOG N A, YNTEMA D R. Method for determining ion exchange membrane resistance for electrodialysis systems[J].Desalination, 2016, 380:1-11.
[28] VERMAAS D A, GULER E, SAAKES M, et al. Theoretical power density from salinity gradients using reverse electrodialysis[J]. Energy Procedia, 2012, 20:170-184.
[29] BRAUNS E. Salinity gradient power by reverse electrodialysis:effect of model parameters on electrical power output[J]. Desalination, 2009,237(1/2/3):378-391.