2016年夏季南京大气污染特征观测分析
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摘要
为研究南京夏季大气复合污染的特征,2016年8月15日～9月15日期间开展了强化观测实验,本文利用仙林、鼓楼80m楼顶2个站点的强化观测资料,结合草场门常规监测资料,统计分析了南京不同地区夏季O_3和颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))的浓度特征和相关性,以及郊区水溶性离子与其气态前体物的转化率变化特征.研究表明:3个站点O_3平均小时浓度为100.3μg/m~3.PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度分别为41.1和67.8μg/m~3,郊区夜间存在颗粒物浓度高值.SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+浓度总和占PM_(2.5)浓度的比值达到61%,OC(有机碳)/EC(元素碳)比值范围为0.8～4.0,日均值超过2.0的天数占77%,城、郊均存在二次污染.白天O_3与颗粒物(PM_(2.5))浓度呈显著正相关变化,硫转化率(SOR)、氮转化率(NOR)分别与O_3浓度、湿度显著正相关.HONO主要在夜间积累,HCl和HNO_3浓度峰值出现在下午.与其它无机盐相比,NH_4~+在总氨中所占比例明显偏低,大气中的氨主要以气态NH_3存在.观测期间O_3污染较重,O_3与颗粒物的正相关关系显著,化学反应在颗粒物积累过程中具有重要贡献,此外还可能存在城区向郊区的污染输送.
To study the characteristics of air pollution in Nanjing during the summer, an intensive observational experiment was carried out from August 15 th to September 15 th, 2016. Data from three sites(Xianlin, Caochangmen, and Gulou) were collected to analyze the characteristics and correlation between O_3 and particulate matter(PM_(2.5), PM_(10)) concentrations. Xianlin, Caochangmen, and Gulou each represented suburban, urban, and urban upper air respectively. In addition, at the Xianlin site, conversion characteristics of water-soluble ions and their gaseous precursors were also analyzed. The study showed that the hourly average concentration of O_3 was 100.3μg/m~3. Average hourly concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were 41.1μg/m~3 and 67.8μg/m~3, respectively, and a peak was observed during the nights at the suburban site. The sum of the SO_4~(2-), NO_3~-and NH_4~+ to PM_(2.5) ratios reached 0.61 and the OC(organic carbon) to EC(elemental carbon) ratio ranged from 0.8 to 4.0, with 77% of the days being greater than 2.0. The high OC/EC ratio indicated the existence of secondary pollution. The correlation between O_3 and PM concentrations was significantly positive, especially at the daytime. Similarly, the conversion rate of sulfur(SOR) and nitrogen(NOR) was correlated with daylight O_3 and nighttime humidity, respectively. Also, the accumulation of HONO mainly occurred during the night, while that of HCl and HNO_3 occurred in the afternoon. Compared with other inorganic salts, the ratio of NH_4~+ in total ammonia was quite small, which showed that gaseous NH_3 was the main phase state. In conclusion, the potentially important role of chemical reactions in the accumulation of PM_(2.5), especially involving secondary particles, and transport of air pollution from urban to suburban is addressed.
To study the characteristics of air pollution in Nanjing during the summer, an intensive observational experiment was carried out from August 15 th to September 15 th, 2016. Data from three sites(Xianlin, Caochangmen, and Gulou) were collected to analyze the characteristics and correlation between O_3 and particulate matter(PM_(2.5), PM_(10)) concentrations. Xianlin, Caochangmen, and Gulou each represented suburban, urban, and urban upper air respectively. In addition, at the Xianlin site, conversion characteristics of water-soluble ions and their gaseous precursors were also analyzed. The study showed that the hourly average concentration of O_3 was 100.3μg/m~3. Average hourly concentrations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) were 41.1μg/m~3 and 67.8μg/m~3, respectively, and a peak was observed during the nights at the suburban site. The sum of the SO_4~(2-), NO_3~-and NH_4~+ to PM_(2.5) ratios reached 0.61 and the OC(organic carbon) to EC(elemental carbon) ratio ranged from 0.8 to 4.0, with 77% of the days being greater than 2.0. The high OC/EC ratio indicated the existence of secondary pollution. The correlation between O_3 and PM concentrations was significantly positive, especially at the daytime. Similarly, the conversion rate of sulfur(SOR) and nitrogen(NOR) was correlated with daylight O_3 and nighttime humidity, respectively. Also, the accumulation of HONO mainly occurred during the night, while that of HCl and HNO_3 occurred in the afternoon. Compared with other inorganic salts, the ratio of NH_4~+ in total ammonia was quite small, which showed that gaseous NH_3 was the main phase state. In conclusion, the potentially important role of chemical reactions in the accumulation of PM_(2.5), especially involving secondary particles, and transport of air pollution from urban to suburban is addressed.
引文
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[2]刘春蕾,谢放尖,杨峰,等.2014~2016年南京市空气质量现状及对策研究[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报,2017,27(3):90-93.Liu C, Xie F, Yang F, et al. Research on Nanjing air quality status and its countermeasures during 2014-2016[J]. Journal of the Environmental Management College of China-EMCC, 2017,27(3):90-93.
[3]赵辉,郑有飞,吴晓云,等.江苏省大气复合污染特征与相关气象驱动[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(8):2830-2839.Zhao H, Zheng Y, Wu X, et al. Atmospheric compound pollution characteristics and the effects of meteorological factors in Jiangsu Province[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(8):2830-2839.
[4]刘长焕,邓雪娇,朱彬,等.近10年中国三大经济区太阳总辐射特征及其与O3、PM2.5的关系[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(8):2820-2829.Liu C, Deng X, Zhu B, et al. Characteristics of GSR of China's three major economic regions in the past 10 years and its relationship with O3 and PM2.5[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(8):2820-2829.
[5]贾梦唯,赵天良,张祥志,等.南京主要大气污染物季节变化及相关气象分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2567-2577.Jia M, Zhao T,Zhang X,et al. Seasonal variations in major air pollutants in Nanjing and their meteorological correlation analyses[J].China Environmental Science, 2016,36(9):2567-2577.
[6]齐冰,牛或文,杜荣光,等.杭州市近地面大气臭氧浓度变化特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(2):443-451.Qi B, Niu Y, Du R, et al. Characteristics of surface ozone concentration in urban site of Hangzhou[J]. China Environmental Science,2017,37(2):443-451.
[7]朱宽广,谢旻,霍云怡,等.南京城市下垫面变化对夏季臭氧浓度的影响研究[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(11):3217-3226.Zhu K, Xie M, Huo Y, et al. Study on the effects of urban expansion on region climate and ozone pollution over Nanjing in summer[J].China Environmental Science, 2015,35(11):3217-3226.
[8]张秋晨,朱彬,龚佃利.南京地区大气气溶胶及水溶性无机离子特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(2):311-316.Zhang Q, Zhu B, Gong D. Characterization of water-soluble ion species of aerosol in Nanjing, China[J]. China Environmental Science,2014,34(2):311-316.
[9]吴万宁,查勇,王强,等.南京地区冬夏季大气重污染个例对比分析[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(3):581-587.Wu W, Zha Y, Wang Q, et al. Comparative analysis of winter and summer heavy atmospheric pollution events around Nanjing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(3):581-587.
[10]沈毅,王体健,韩永,等.南京近郊主要大气污染物的观测分析研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2009,45(6):746-756.Shen Y, Wang T, Han Y, et al. Observation of main air pollutants at a suburban site in Nanjing[J]. Journal of Nanjing University(Nature Science), 2009,45(6):746-756.
[11]蔡彦枫,王体健,谢旻,等.南京地区大气颗粒物影响近地面O3的个例研究[J].气候与环境研究,2013,18(2):251-260.Cai Y, Wang T, Xie M, et al. Impacts of atmospheric particles on surface ozone in Nanjing[J]. Climatic and Environmental Research,2013,18(2):251-260.
[12]李佳慧,刘红年,王学远.苏州城市颗粒物与O3相互作用的数值模拟研究[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2016,52(6):989-1000.Li J, Liu H, Wang X, et al. Numerical simulation of the interaction between haze and ozone in the urban area of Suzhou urban[J]. Journal of Nanjing University(Nature Science), 2016,52(6):989-1000.
[13]邵平,辛金元,安俊琳,等.长三角工业区夏季近地层03和颗粒物污染相互关系研究[J].大气科学,2017,41(3):618-628.Shao P, Xin J, An J, et al. An analysis on the relationship between ground-level ozone and particulate matter in an industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta during summer time[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2017,41(3):618-628.
[14] Jia M,Zhao T,Cheng X,et al. Inverse Relations of PM2.5 and O3 in air compound pollution between cold and hot seasons over an urban area of East China[J]. Atmosphere, 2017,8(3):1-12.
[15] Wang H,Zhu B, Shen L,et al. Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in five sites in the Yangtze River Delta, China:Size-fractionated, seasonal variations and sources[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,123.
[16] Ming L,Jin L,Li J,et al. PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta,China:Chemical compositions, seasonal variations, and regional pollution events[J]. Environment Pollution, 2017:200-212.
[17]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:30-32.Tang X, Zhang Y, Shao M. Atmospheric environmental chemistry[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2006:30-32.
[18] Acker K, Moller D, Wieprecht W, et al. Strong daytime production of OH from HN02 at a rural mountain site[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2006,33(2):33-36.
[19] Michoud V, Kukui A, Camredon M, et al. Radical budget analysis in a suburban European site during the MEGAPOLI summer field campaign[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(24):11951-11974.
[20] Kleffmann J, Gavriloaiei T, Hofzumahaus A, et al. Daytime formation of nitrous acid:A major source of OH radicals in a forest[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2005,32(5):32-35.
[21] GB3095-2012环境空气质量标准[S]. Ambient air quality standards[S].
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