合肥市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中元素组成特征及重污染成因分析
|
摘要
通过对合肥市2018年大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)样品的采集,结合对样品中无机元素的测试分析,研究了PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中的元素组成特征,并根据合肥市重污染天气和非污染天气下大气颗粒物中元素组成的差异性分析,探讨了合肥市重污染天气的主要污染物来源与成因.结果表明,本研究所检测的16种元素中,Si、Al、Mg和Ca这4种地壳元素在重污染天气的质量浓度较非污染天气低,可能是重污染状况下的静风天气引起的地面扬尘减少所造成的; S、Na、K、Cl、Ti、Fe、P、Cu和Ni等元素在重污染天气的质量浓度较非污染天气高,其中S元素的增幅最大,在重污染天气所占的比重和富集因子也大大提升,表明燃煤排放源是合肥地区重污染天气的主要污染成因;重金属元素含量低、富集因子大,其主要来源可能为垃圾焚烧、机动车和工业排放.
Through the collection of atmospheric PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) samples in Hefei in 2018,combined with high-precision testing of elements in these samples,the elemental composition of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) was studied during heavy pollution episodes and under nonpollution conditions. The main pollutant sources and causes of heavy pollution in Hefei are also discussed based on an analysis of the differences in the element composition of atmospheric particles. The results showed that,among the 16 elements detected,the mass concentrations of Si,Al,Mg,and Ca during heavy pollution episodes were lower than during non-polluted conditions. This may have been caused by a reduction in ground dust emission caused by calmer winds during heavily polluted conditions. In comparison,the mass concentrations of S,Na,K,Cl,Ti,Fe,P,Cu,and Ni were higher during heavy pollution episodes than during non-pollution conditions,and the difference was greatest for S. The proportion and enrichment factors for S were also greatly increased during heavy pollution events,indicating that its emission from coal burning is the main source of pollution in Hefei. The heavy metal content was low,however,and the enrichment factor was high,the main sources of which may be garbage incineration,motor vehicles,and industrial emissions.
Through the collection of atmospheric PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) samples in Hefei in 2018,combined with high-precision testing of elements in these samples,the elemental composition of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) was studied during heavy pollution episodes and under nonpollution conditions. The main pollutant sources and causes of heavy pollution in Hefei are also discussed based on an analysis of the differences in the element composition of atmospheric particles. The results showed that,among the 16 elements detected,the mass concentrations of Si,Al,Mg,and Ca during heavy pollution episodes were lower than during non-polluted conditions. This may have been caused by a reduction in ground dust emission caused by calmer winds during heavily polluted conditions. In comparison,the mass concentrations of S,Na,K,Cl,Ti,Fe,P,Cu,and Ni were higher during heavy pollution episodes than during non-pollution conditions,and the difference was greatest for S. The proportion and enrichment factors for S were also greatly increased during heavy pollution events,indicating that its emission from coal burning is the main source of pollution in Hefei. The heavy metal content was low,however,and the enrichment factor was high,the main sources of which may be garbage incineration,motor vehicles,and industrial emissions.
引文
[1]冯静,董君,李大伟.青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系[J].环境监测管理与技术,2013,25(1):18-21.Feng J,Dong J,Li D W.The relationship between atmospheric visibility and particulate matter in spring and summer in Qingdao urban area[J].Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2013,25(1):18-21.
[2]师华定,高庆先,张时煌,等.空气污染对气候变化影响与反馈的研究评述[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(9):974-980.Shi H D,Gao Q X,Zhang S H,et al.Research review of impacts and feedback of air pollution on climate change[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(9):974-980.
[3]王体健,李树,庄炳亮,等.中国地区硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接气候效应研究[J].气象科学,2010,30(5):730-740.Wang T J,Li S,Zhuang B L,et al.Study on the first indirect climatic effect of sulfate aerosol in China[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2010,30(5):730-740.
[4]王平利,戴春雷,张成江.城市大气中颗粒物的研究现状及健康效应[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(1):83-87.Wang P L,Dai C L,Zhang C J.The study progress in the research for the particular in city air and its effect on human health[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(1):83-87.
[5]石春娥,邓学良,朱彬,等.合肥市不同天气条件下大气气溶胶粒子理化特征分析[J].气象学报,2016,74(1):149-163.Shi C E,Deng X L,Zhu B,et al.Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol under the different weather conditions in Hefei[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2016,74(1):149-163.
[6]谢元博,陈娟,李巍.雾霾重污染期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):1-8.Xie Y B,Chen J,Li W.An assessment of PM2.5related health risks and impaired values of Beijing residents in a consecutive high-level exposure during heavy haze days[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):1-8.
[7]郑子龙,张凯,陈义珍,等.北京一次混合型重污染过程大气颗粒物元素组分分析[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(11):1219-1226.Zheng Z L,Zhang K,Chen Y Z,et al.Study on elements in aerosols during a mixed serious pollution episode in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(11):1219-1226.
[8]赵金平,谭吉华,毕新慧,等.广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中无机元素的质量浓度[J].环境化学,2008,27(3):322-326.Zhao J P,Tan J H,Bi X H,et al.The mass concentrations of inorganic elements in atmospheric particles during haze period in Guangzhou[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(3):322-326.
[9]杨卫芬,银燕,魏玉香,等.霾天气下南京PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(1):12-17.Yang W F,Yin Y,Wei Y X,et al.Characteristics and sources of metal elements in PM2.5during hazy days in Nanjing[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(1):12-17.
[10]张腾.太原市采暖季大气颗粒物化学组成特征及来源解析和重污染成因分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2016.Zhang T.Study on chemical characteristics and source of particulate matter and heavy pollution analysis in heating season,Taiyuan[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2016.
[11]汪洋,吴缨,张良璞,等.合肥市初夏PM2.5中重金属元素污染特征分析[J].安徽化工,2016,42(1):74-76,80.Wang Y,Wu Y,Zhang L P,et al.Characteristics analysis of PM2.5in heavy metal elements in Hefei early summer[J].Anhui Chemical Industry,2016,42(1):74-76,80.
[12]李佳琦,吴烨,宋少洁,等.北京道路交通环境亚微米颗粒物元素组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(1):49-55.Li J Q,Wu Y,Song S J,et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of elements in submicron particulate matter near an urban freeway in Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(1):49-55.
[13]王淑兰,柴发合,杨天行.北京市不同尺度大气颗粒物元素组成的特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2002,15(4):10-12.Wang S L,Chai F H,Yang T X.Characteristics analysis of elements contained in air suspended particles with different sizes in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2002,15(4):10-12.
[14]Odabasi M,Muezzinoglu A,Bozlaker A.Ambient concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Izmir,Turkey[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(38):5841-5851.
[15]Taylor S R,Mc Lennan S M.The geochemical evolution of the continental crust[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1995,33(2):241-265.
[16]Mason B,Moore C B.Principles of Geochemistry(4th ed.)[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1982.46-47.
[17]胡鸣,张懿华,赵倩彪.上海市冬季PM2.5无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(7):1993-1999.Hu M,Zhang Y H,Zhao Q B.Characteristics and sources of inorganic elements in PM2.5during wintertime in Shanghai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(7):1993-1999.
[18]谭吉华,段菁春.中国大气颗粒物重金属污染、来源及控制建议[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2013,30(2):145-155.Tan J H,Duan J C.Heavy metals in aerosol in China:pollution,sources,and control strategies[J].Journal of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013,30(2):145-155.
[19]GB 3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].
[20]陈珂,窦筱艳,马伟,等.西宁市非采暖季和采暖季PM2.5中14种金属元素特征[J].中国环境监测,2018,34(2):28-34.Chen K,Dou X Y,Ma W,et al.A preliminary study on the characteristics of 14 metal elements in PM2.5during non-heating season and heating season of Xining[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2018,34(2):28-34.
[21]石春娥,张浩,弓中强,等.2013-2015年合肥市PM2.5重污染特征研究[J].气象学报,2017,75(4):632-644.Shi C E,Zhang H,Gong Z Q,et al.Characteristics of severe PM2.5pollution in Hefei during 2013-2015[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2017,75(4):632-644.
[22]Shen Z X,Cao J J,Arimoto R,et al.Chemical characteristics of fine particles(PM1)from Xi'an,China[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2010,44(6):461-472.
[23]Monaci F,Moni F,Lanciotti E,et al.Biomonitoring of airborne metals in urban environments:new tracers of vehicle emission,in place of lead[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,107(3):321-327.
[24]Modrzewska B,Wyszkowski M.Trace metals content in soils along the state road 51(northeastern Poland)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(4):2589-2597.
[25]Onat B,Sahin U A,Akyuz T.Elemental characterization of PM2.5and PM1in dense traffic area in Istanbul,Turkey[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2013,4(1):101-105.
[26]Wu G J,Xu B Q,Yao T D,et al.Heavy metals in aerosol samples from the eastern pamirs collected 2004-2006[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,93(4):784-792.
[27]翟立群,郑祥民,周立旻,等.上海市交通主干道沿线大气颗粒物及其重金属含量分布特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2010,23(1):10-13.Zhai L Q,Zheng X M,Zhou L M,et al.Distribution characteristics about atmospheric particulate and content of heavy metal along traffic mainliner in Shanghai[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2010,23(1):10-13.
[28]贾岳清,殷惠民,周瑞,等.北京初冬季PM2.5中无机元素与二次水溶性离子浓度特征[J].环境化学,2018,37(12):2767-2773.Jia Y Q,Yin H M,Zhou R,et al.Characteristics of watersoluble inorganic ions and inorganic elements of PM2.5in Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(12):2767-2773.
[29]洪也,马雁军,韩文霞,等.沈阳市冬季大气颗粒物元素浓度及富集因子的粒径分布[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(11):2336-2346.Hong Y,Ma Y J,Han W X,et al.Wintertime size distribution of element concentrations and enrichment factors in ambient particulate[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(11):2336-2346.
[30]Balasubramanian R,Qian W B.Characterization and source identification of airborne trace metals in Singapore[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2004,6(10):813-818.
[2]师华定,高庆先,张时煌,等.空气污染对气候变化影响与反馈的研究评述[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(9):974-980.Shi H D,Gao Q X,Zhang S H,et al.Research review of impacts and feedback of air pollution on climate change[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(9):974-980.
[3]王体健,李树,庄炳亮,等.中国地区硫酸盐气溶胶的第一间接气候效应研究[J].气象科学,2010,30(5):730-740.Wang T J,Li S,Zhuang B L,et al.Study on the first indirect climatic effect of sulfate aerosol in China[J].Journal of the Meteorological Sciences,2010,30(5):730-740.
[4]王平利,戴春雷,张成江.城市大气中颗粒物的研究现状及健康效应[J].中国环境监测,2005,21(1):83-87.Wang P L,Dai C L,Zhang C J.The study progress in the research for the particular in city air and its effect on human health[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2005,21(1):83-87.
[5]石春娥,邓学良,朱彬,等.合肥市不同天气条件下大气气溶胶粒子理化特征分析[J].气象学报,2016,74(1):149-163.Shi C E,Deng X L,Zhu B,et al.Physical and chemical characteristics of atmospheric aerosol under the different weather conditions in Hefei[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2016,74(1):149-163.
[6]谢元博,陈娟,李巍.雾霾重污染期间北京居民对高浓度PM2.5持续暴露的健康风险及其损害价值评估[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):1-8.Xie Y B,Chen J,Li W.An assessment of PM2.5related health risks and impaired values of Beijing residents in a consecutive high-level exposure during heavy haze days[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):1-8.
[7]郑子龙,张凯,陈义珍,等.北京一次混合型重污染过程大气颗粒物元素组分分析[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(11):1219-1226.Zheng Z L,Zhang K,Chen Y Z,et al.Study on elements in aerosols during a mixed serious pollution episode in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(11):1219-1226.
[8]赵金平,谭吉华,毕新慧,等.广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中无机元素的质量浓度[J].环境化学,2008,27(3):322-326.Zhao J P,Tan J H,Bi X H,et al.The mass concentrations of inorganic elements in atmospheric particles during haze period in Guangzhou[J].Environmental Chemistry,2008,27(3):322-326.
[9]杨卫芬,银燕,魏玉香,等.霾天气下南京PM2.5中金属元素污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(1):12-17.Yang W F,Yin Y,Wei Y X,et al.Characteristics and sources of metal elements in PM2.5during hazy days in Nanjing[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(1):12-17.
[10]张腾.太原市采暖季大气颗粒物化学组成特征及来源解析和重污染成因分析[D].太原:太原理工大学,2016.Zhang T.Study on chemical characteristics and source of particulate matter and heavy pollution analysis in heating season,Taiyuan[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2016.
[11]汪洋,吴缨,张良璞,等.合肥市初夏PM2.5中重金属元素污染特征分析[J].安徽化工,2016,42(1):74-76,80.Wang Y,Wu Y,Zhang L P,et al.Characteristics analysis of PM2.5in heavy metal elements in Hefei early summer[J].Anhui Chemical Industry,2016,42(1):74-76,80.
[12]李佳琦,吴烨,宋少洁,等.北京道路交通环境亚微米颗粒物元素组成特征及来源分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(1):49-55.Li J Q,Wu Y,Song S J,et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of elements in submicron particulate matter near an urban freeway in Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(1):49-55.
[13]王淑兰,柴发合,杨天行.北京市不同尺度大气颗粒物元素组成的特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2002,15(4):10-12.Wang S L,Chai F H,Yang T X.Characteristics analysis of elements contained in air suspended particles with different sizes in Beijing[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2002,15(4):10-12.
[14]Odabasi M,Muezzinoglu A,Bozlaker A.Ambient concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of trace elements in Izmir,Turkey[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(38):5841-5851.
[15]Taylor S R,Mc Lennan S M.The geochemical evolution of the continental crust[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1995,33(2):241-265.
[16]Mason B,Moore C B.Principles of Geochemistry(4th ed.)[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1982.46-47.
[17]胡鸣,张懿华,赵倩彪.上海市冬季PM2.5无机元素污染特征及来源分析[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(7):1993-1999.Hu M,Zhang Y H,Zhao Q B.Characteristics and sources of inorganic elements in PM2.5during wintertime in Shanghai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(7):1993-1999.
[18]谭吉华,段菁春.中国大气颗粒物重金属污染、来源及控制建议[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2013,30(2):145-155.Tan J H,Duan J C.Heavy metals in aerosol in China:pollution,sources,and control strategies[J].Journal of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013,30(2):145-155.
[19]GB 3095-2012,环境空气质量标准[S].
[20]陈珂,窦筱艳,马伟,等.西宁市非采暖季和采暖季PM2.5中14种金属元素特征[J].中国环境监测,2018,34(2):28-34.Chen K,Dou X Y,Ma W,et al.A preliminary study on the characteristics of 14 metal elements in PM2.5during non-heating season and heating season of Xining[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2018,34(2):28-34.
[21]石春娥,张浩,弓中强,等.2013-2015年合肥市PM2.5重污染特征研究[J].气象学报,2017,75(4):632-644.Shi C E,Zhang H,Gong Z Q,et al.Characteristics of severe PM2.5pollution in Hefei during 2013-2015[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica,2017,75(4):632-644.
[22]Shen Z X,Cao J J,Arimoto R,et al.Chemical characteristics of fine particles(PM1)from Xi'an,China[J].Aerosol Science and Technology,2010,44(6):461-472.
[23]Monaci F,Moni F,Lanciotti E,et al.Biomonitoring of airborne metals in urban environments:new tracers of vehicle emission,in place of lead[J].Environmental Pollution,2000,107(3):321-327.
[24]Modrzewska B,Wyszkowski M.Trace metals content in soils along the state road 51(northeastern Poland)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(4):2589-2597.
[25]Onat B,Sahin U A,Akyuz T.Elemental characterization of PM2.5and PM1in dense traffic area in Istanbul,Turkey[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2013,4(1):101-105.
[26]Wu G J,Xu B Q,Yao T D,et al.Heavy metals in aerosol samples from the eastern pamirs collected 2004-2006[J].Atmospheric Research,2009,93(4):784-792.
[27]翟立群,郑祥民,周立旻,等.上海市交通主干道沿线大气颗粒物及其重金属含量分布特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2010,23(1):10-13.Zhai L Q,Zheng X M,Zhou L M,et al.Distribution characteristics about atmospheric particulate and content of heavy metal along traffic mainliner in Shanghai[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2010,23(1):10-13.
[28]贾岳清,殷惠民,周瑞,等.北京初冬季PM2.5中无机元素与二次水溶性离子浓度特征[J].环境化学,2018,37(12):2767-2773.Jia Y Q,Yin H M,Zhou R,et al.Characteristics of watersoluble inorganic ions and inorganic elements of PM2.5in Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(12):2767-2773.
[29]洪也,马雁军,韩文霞,等.沈阳市冬季大气颗粒物元素浓度及富集因子的粒径分布[J].环境科学学报,2011,31(11):2336-2346.Hong Y,Ma Y J,Han W X,et al.Wintertime size distribution of element concentrations and enrichment factors in ambient particulate[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2011,31(11):2336-2346.
[30]Balasubramanian R,Qian W B.Characterization and source identification of airborne trace metals in Singapore[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2004,6(10):813-818.