南京地区一次冬季雷暴过程的雷达回波特征分析
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摘要
为研究雷暴发展过程中的雷达回波特征,利用S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达对南京地区的雷暴进行了观测研究,利用雷达回波资料、地面大气电场数据、闪电定位数据及探空资料对比分析了2014年一次冬季雷暴过程与夏季雷暴的雷暴回波特征差异。分析结果表明:冬季雷暴的对流发展高度明显低于夏季雷暴,持续时间短,水平尺度小,有较大比例的正闪;影响冬季雷暴与夏季雷暴的成雷对流高度差异的主要因素是环境温度差异,冬季雷暴在较低的高度上,具有较低的环境温度,更有利于雷暴起电;对流单体中,霰粒子的存在是雷暴的一项重要特征。
In order to study the radar echo characteristics in the life-cycle of thunderstorm, an S-band dual-polarization doppler weather radar was used for observation of the thunderstorms in Nanjing area. In this paper, the radar echo characteristics of a thunderstorm occurred in winter of 2014 is comparatively analyzed with that of a thunderstorm occurred in summer by using radar echo data, ground atmospheric electric field data, lightning location data and sounding data. Analysis results show that the convective height of thunderstorm in winter was significantly lower than that in summer. The winter thunderstorm has short duration and small horizontal scale, with a large proportion of positive flash; the main factor that causes the difference between the necessary convective heights of the winter and summer thunderstorm is the difference of environmental temperature. In winter the thunderstorm is at a lower altitude, and have lower ambient temperatures, which is more conducive to thunderstorm electrification; the existence of graupel in convective cell is an important feature of thunderstorms.
In order to study the radar echo characteristics in the life-cycle of thunderstorm, an S-band dual-polarization doppler weather radar was used for observation of the thunderstorms in Nanjing area. In this paper, the radar echo characteristics of a thunderstorm occurred in winter of 2014 is comparatively analyzed with that of a thunderstorm occurred in summer by using radar echo data, ground atmospheric electric field data, lightning location data and sounding data. Analysis results show that the convective height of thunderstorm in winter was significantly lower than that in summer. The winter thunderstorm has short duration and small horizontal scale, with a large proportion of positive flash; the main factor that causes the difference between the necessary convective heights of the winter and summer thunderstorm is the difference of environmental temperature. In winter the thunderstorm is at a lower altitude, and have lower ambient temperatures, which is more conducive to thunderstorm electrification; the existence of graupel in convective cell is an important feature of thunderstorms.
引文
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[12] 刘梅, 魏建苏, 俞剑蔚, 等. 近57 a江苏省雷暴日时、空分布气候特征. 气象科学, 2009, 29(6): 827-832.LIU Mei, WEI Jiansu, YU Jianwei, et al. The temporal-spatial distribution climatic feature of thunderstorm day number in Jiangsu province about 57 a. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2009, 29(6): 827-832.
[13] 王锡中, 叶玉珍, 钟颖颖, 等. 江苏省城市雷暴日分布特征. 气象科学, 2011, 31(1): 93-99.WANG Xizhong, YE Yuzhen, ZHONG Yingying, et al. Distribution characteristics of thunderstorm days in cities of Jiangsu. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese), 2011, 31(1): 93-99.
[14] Saunders C. Charge separation mechanisms in clouds. Space Sci. Rev., 2008, 137(1/4): 335-353.
[15] Mansell E R, Ziegler C L, Bruning E C. Simulated electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 2010, 67(1): 171-194.
[16] Brook M, Nakano M, Krehbiel P, et al. The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 1982, 87(C2): 1207-1215.
[17] Hojo J, Ishii M, Kawamura T, et al. Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 1989, 94(D11): 13207-13212.
[18] 付志康, 徐芬, 顾松山. 南京地区夏季雷暴的雷达雷电特征分析. 气象科学, 2010, 30(6): 841-845.FU Zhikang, XU Fen, GU Songshan. The Summer thunderstorms’s characteristics of the radar and lightning in Nanjing. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2010, 30(6): 841-845.
[19] YANG Y H, King P. Investigating the potential of using radar echo reflectivity to nowcast cloud-to-ground lightning initiation over southern Ontario. Wea. Forecasting, 2010, 25(4): 1235-1248.
[20] Lang T J, Rutledge S A. A Framework for the statistical analysis of large radar and lightning datasets: Results from STEPS 2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 2011, 139(8): 2536-2551.
[21] Mosier R M, Schumacher C, Orville R. Radar nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas. Wea. Forecasting, 2011, 26(2): 199-212.
[2] 张蓬勃, 姜有山, 姜爱军, 等. 2010年冬季江苏省雷暴异常活动与北极涛动的相关分析. 大气科学学报, 2014, 37(1): 82-90.ZHANG Pengbo, JIANG Youshan, JIANG Aijun, et al. Thunderstorm anomaly in Jiangsu Province in winter 2010 and its relationship with the Arctic Oscillation. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 2014, 37(1): 82-90.
[3] 苏德斌, 焦热光, 吕达仁. 一次带有雷电现象的冬季雪暴中尺度探测分析. 气象, 2012, 38(2): 204-209.SU Debin, JIAO Reguang, Lü Daren. Mesoscale observation analysis of a winter snowstorm with thunder and lightning in Beijing area. Meteorological Monthly (in Chinese), 2012, 38(2): 204-209.
[4] Greenberg E, Price C, Yair Y, et al. ELF Transients associated with sprites and elves in eastern Mediterranean winter thunderstorms. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2007, 69(13): 1569-1586.
[5] Yair Y, Price C, Ganot M, et al. Optical observations of transient luminous events associated with winter thunderstorms near the coast of Israel. Atmos. Res., 2009, 91(2/3/4): 529-537.
[6] WU Ting, Yoshida S, Ushio T, et al. Large bipolar lightning discharge events in winter thunderstorms in Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 2014, 119(2): 555-566.
[7] Takahashi Y, Miyasato R, Adachi T, et al. Activities of Sprites and elves in the winter season, Japan. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2003, 65(5): 551-560.
[8] Matsudo Y, Suzuki T, Hayakawa M, et al. Characteristics of Japanese winter sprites and their parent lightning as estimated by VHF lightning and ELF transients. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 2007, 69(12): 1431-1466.
[9] Straka J M, Zrni? D S, Ryzhkov A V. Bulk hydrometeor classification and quantification using polarimetric radar data: synthesis of relations. J. Appl. Meteor., 2000, 39(8): 1341-1372.
[10] Gourley J J, Tabary P, du Chatelet J P D. A Fuzzy logic algorithm for the separation of precipitating from nonprecipitating echoes using polarimetric radar observations. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2007, 24(8): 1439-1451.
[11] Marzano F S, Scaranar D, Celano M, et al. Hydrometeor classification from dual-polarized weather radar: extending fuzzy logic from S-band to C-band data. Adv. Geosci., 2006, 7: 109-114.
[12] 刘梅, 魏建苏, 俞剑蔚, 等. 近57 a江苏省雷暴日时、空分布气候特征. 气象科学, 2009, 29(6): 827-832.LIU Mei, WEI Jiansu, YU Jianwei, et al. The temporal-spatial distribution climatic feature of thunderstorm day number in Jiangsu province about 57 a. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2009, 29(6): 827-832.
[13] 王锡中, 叶玉珍, 钟颖颖, 等. 江苏省城市雷暴日分布特征. 气象科学, 2011, 31(1): 93-99.WANG Xizhong, YE Yuzhen, ZHONG Yingying, et al. Distribution characteristics of thunderstorm days in cities of Jiangsu. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese), 2011, 31(1): 93-99.
[14] Saunders C. Charge separation mechanisms in clouds. Space Sci. Rev., 2008, 137(1/4): 335-353.
[15] Mansell E R, Ziegler C L, Bruning E C. Simulated electrification of a small thunderstorm with two-moment bulk microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 2010, 67(1): 171-194.
[16] Brook M, Nakano M, Krehbiel P, et al. The electrical structure of the Hokuriku winter thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 1982, 87(C2): 1207-1215.
[17] Hojo J, Ishii M, Kawamura T, et al. Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 1989, 94(D11): 13207-13212.
[18] 付志康, 徐芬, 顾松山. 南京地区夏季雷暴的雷达雷电特征分析. 气象科学, 2010, 30(6): 841-845.FU Zhikang, XU Fen, GU Songshan. The Summer thunderstorms’s characteristics of the radar and lightning in Nanjing. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2010, 30(6): 841-845.
[19] YANG Y H, King P. Investigating the potential of using radar echo reflectivity to nowcast cloud-to-ground lightning initiation over southern Ontario. Wea. Forecasting, 2010, 25(4): 1235-1248.
[20] Lang T J, Rutledge S A. A Framework for the statistical analysis of large radar and lightning datasets: Results from STEPS 2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 2011, 139(8): 2536-2551.
[21] Mosier R M, Schumacher C, Orville R. Radar nowcasting of cloud-to-ground lightning over Houston, Texas. Wea. Forecasting, 2011, 26(2): 199-212.