消费转型背景下度假型旅游地时空修复——基于三亚海棠湾的案例研究
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摘要
消费转型背景下旅游目的地供需失衡矛盾凸显,由此引致了目的地新一轮的结构性调整,然而这一现象并未引起学界足够重视,现有的理论框架在解释力度上也存在明显不足。本文在详细剖析时空修复理论研究成果的基础上,结合中国情境与旅游情境,提出了资本应对消费转型的一般框架,分析了三亚海棠湾时空修复的整体历程,并揭示了案例背后的制度逻辑。研究表明:资本以时空修复的方式完成了对消费转型的应对。其中,时空修复的经济维度包括资本的空间修复与时间修复,在三亚海棠湾,空间修复突出的表现为地理扩张与空间重组,时间修复则重点表现在二级循环的缓建、停建及其向三级循环的跃迁。时空修复的非经济维度方面,政府部门藉由尺度重组用以促进资本的循环与积累,通过尺度上推,借助意识形态与城市战略,构建了资本空间运行的合法性;通过尺度下推,藉由绩效优先原则与权力下放策略,支持与服务资本的空间运行。但政府的部分行为在某种程度上干扰了市场秩序,延缓危机的同时制造了更大的隐患。此外,时空修复与尺度重组之间存在着理论关联,消费转型使得原有资本节律失常,地域组织通过尺度重组搭建起全新的地理架构,为资本的时空修复提供了相对稳定的地理平台。本文完善了时空修复的理论框架,部分回应了消费市场的理性回归对度假地的可能影响。
The imbalance between hotel supply and demand caused by anti-corruption policy has not attracted enough attention in academia. By introducing the concept of 'spatio-temporal fix' and the role of tourism within it, this paper proposes a general analytical framework to interpret the strategies adopted by the hotels and the local government to cope with the changes of tourists' consumption behavior. The framework of 'spatio-temporal fix' can be divided into economic dimension and non-economic dimension in the Chinese context. The economic dimension encompasses spatial fix and temporal fix. In Haitang Bay, spatial fix mainly includes geographical expansion and geographical restructuring, and temporal fix refers to 'switching'from the secondary circuit of capital accumulation towards the tertiary circuits. As for the noneconomic dimension, the local government usually plays a key role within the development of spatio-temporal fixes to capital. The government has pursued spatio-temporal fixes to capital through up-scaling and down-scaling strategies:(1) by transforming the class interest of hotels and the local government into a general interest through the ideological machine of the state;(2) through urban strategies that have shaped and legitimatized the territorial manifestation production of tourism places of this capital fixation; and(3) by promoting a set of regulations and devolution that have encouraged the moments of 'switching' and 'expansion' through tourism. Yet, some of the government's actions have disturbed the market order, which even have caused the deeper underlying troubles. In addition, there is a close relationship between the concepts of spatio-temporal fix and rescaling. Changes of tourism consumption lead to capital overaccumulation crises. The government's rescaling categories exert an important impact on the switch and expansion of capital. This paper improves the framework of spatiotemporal fix and illustrates how political and economic changes have reshaped the coastal landscape.
The imbalance between hotel supply and demand caused by anti-corruption policy has not attracted enough attention in academia. By introducing the concept of 'spatio-temporal fix' and the role of tourism within it, this paper proposes a general analytical framework to interpret the strategies adopted by the hotels and the local government to cope with the changes of tourists' consumption behavior. The framework of 'spatio-temporal fix' can be divided into economic dimension and non-economic dimension in the Chinese context. The economic dimension encompasses spatial fix and temporal fix. In Haitang Bay, spatial fix mainly includes geographical expansion and geographical restructuring, and temporal fix refers to 'switching'from the secondary circuit of capital accumulation towards the tertiary circuits. As for the noneconomic dimension, the local government usually plays a key role within the development of spatio-temporal fixes to capital. The government has pursued spatio-temporal fixes to capital through up-scaling and down-scaling strategies:(1) by transforming the class interest of hotels and the local government into a general interest through the ideological machine of the state;(2) through urban strategies that have shaped and legitimatized the territorial manifestation production of tourism places of this capital fixation; and(3) by promoting a set of regulations and devolution that have encouraged the moments of 'switching' and 'expansion' through tourism. Yet, some of the government's actions have disturbed the market order, which even have caused the deeper underlying troubles. In addition, there is a close relationship between the concepts of spatio-temporal fix and rescaling. Changes of tourism consumption lead to capital overaccumulation crises. The government's rescaling categories exert an important impact on the switch and expansion of capital. This paper improves the framework of spatiotemporal fix and illustrates how political and economic changes have reshaped the coastal landscape.
引文
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(1)资料来源:根据2009-2017年《海南省重点项目月报》相关内容整理。
(2)资料来源:根据2016年《国家海岸海棠湾建设情况汇报》相关内容整理。
(3)资料来源:根据2016年《三亚海棠湾拟建度假酒店市场与财务可行性研究》与实地调研整理。
(4)资料来源:根据《三亚海棠湾“国家海岸”休闲度假区项目统计》相关内容整理。
(5)资料来源:根据《三亚市社会投资项目参考经济技术标准》整理。
[2] Lu Baihui, Wang Hongyang, Feng Jianxi. The rural transformation in suburban area in the view of capital circuit theory of Harvey:A case study of Jiangning District of Nanjing. Urban Development Studies, 2015, 22(12):43-50.[逯百慧,王红扬,冯建喜.哈维“资本三级循环”理论视角下的大都市近郊区乡村转型:以南京市江宁区为例.城市发展研究,2015, 22(12):43-50.]
[3] Sheppard E. The spatiality of the limits to capital. Antipode, 2004, 36(3):470-479.
[4] Jessop B. Spatial fixes, temporal fixes and spatio-temporal fixes//David Harvey:A Critical Reader. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006:20-37.
[5] Arrighi G, Aschoff N, Scully B. Accumulation by dispossession and its limits:The Southern Africa paradigm revisited.Studies in Comparative International Development, 2010, 45(4):410-438.
[6] Cai Yunlong, Ye Chao, Trevor Barnes, et al. Marxist geography and its development in China:Reflections on planning and practice. Geographical Research, 2016, 35(8):1399-1419.[蔡运龙,叶超,特雷弗·巴恩斯,等.马克思主义地理学及其中国化:规划与实践反思.地理研究, 2016, 35(8):1399-1419.]
[7] Harvey D. The spatial fix:Hegel, von Thunen, and Marx. Antipode, 1981, 13(3):1-12.
[8] Liu Pengfei. David Harvey's uneven geographical development theory in the space of political philosophy[D].Changchun:Jilin University, 2017.[刘鹏飞.大卫·哈维空间政治哲学中的地理不均衡发展理论研究[D].长春:吉林大学, 2017.]
[9] Harvey D. Globalization and the spatial fix. Geographische Revue, 2001, 2(3):23-31.
[10] Scott S. Labor, migration and the spatial fix:Evidence from the UK food industry. Antipode, 2013, 45(5):1090-1109.
[11] Herod A. From a geography of labor to a labor geography:Labor's spatial fix and the geography of capitalism.Antipode, 1997, 29(1):1-31.
[12] Yrigoy I, Brouder P. The production of tourist spaces as a spatial fix. Tourism Geographies, 2014, 16(4):636-652.
[13] He S. The creative spatio-temporal fix:Creative and cultural industries development in Shanghai, China. Geoforum,2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.017.
[14] O'Donovan M. A Tale of One City:Creative Destruction, Spatial Fixes, and Ideology in Binghamton, New York.International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2014, 18(2):284-298.
[15] Huang Liangwei, Li Guangbin, Wang Yong, et al. The mechanism of rural spatial differentiation in southern Jiangsu based on"time-space fix"theory. Urban Development Studies, 2015, 22(3):108-112.[黄良伟,李广斌,王勇,等.“时空修复”理论视角下苏南乡村空间分异机制.城市发展研究, 2015, 22(3):108-112.]
[16] Harvey D. Chu Lizhong, Shen Xiaolei, trans. The New Imperialism. Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press 2009.[大卫·哈维.初立忠,沈晓雷,译.新帝国主义.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2009.]
[17] Harvey D. The enigma of capital:And the crises of capitalism. New Internationalist, 2010, 53(5):98-119.
[18] Zhou Y, Sun Y, Wei Y H D, et al. De-centering'spatial fix':Patterns of territorialization and regional technological dynamism of ICT hubs in China. Journal of Economic Geography, 2011, 11(1):119-150.
[19] Zhao Haiyue, He Xiying. The construction and considerations of David Harvey'"spatio-temporal fix". Journal of Beijing Administrative College, 2012(5):68-72.[赵海月,赫曦滢.大卫·哈维“时空修复”理论的建构与考量.北京行政学院学报, 2012(5):68-72.]
[20] Harvey D. The Limits to Capital. Oxford:Basil Blackwell, 1982:281-282.
[21] Poulantzas N A, Hall S, Camiller P. State, power, socialism. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 2000, 6(2):185.
[22] Liu Changxi, Meng Chen, Gui Yong. Sociological analysis on governmental investment driven economic growth model:A perspective from capacity theory. The Study of Sociology, 2014(3):77-99.[刘长喜,孟辰,桂勇.政府投资驱动型增长模式的社会学分析:一个能力论的解释框架.社会学研究, 2014(3):77-99.]
[23] He Xiying. Research of neo-marxism urban schools[D]. Changchun:Jilin University, 2012.[赫曦滢.新马克思主义城市学派理论研究[D].长春:吉林大学, 2012.]
[24] Bao Jigang, Chu Yifang. Tourism Geography. 3rd ed. Beijing:Higher Education Press, 2012.[保继刚,楚义芳.旅游地理学. 3版.北京:高等教育出版社, 2012.]
[25] Johnston R J, et al. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Oxford:Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
[26] Taylor P J. A materialist framework for political geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 1982, 7(1):15-34.
[27] Moore A. Rethinking scale as a geographical category:From analysis to practice. Progress in Human Geography, 2008,32(2):203-225.
[28] Liu Yungang, Wang Fenglong. Politics of scale in"Sanlu-Milkpowder Scandal". Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(10):1368-1378.[刘云刚,王丰龙.三鹿奶粉事件的尺度政治分析.地理学报, 2011, 66(10):1368-1378.]
[29] Wang Fenglong, Liu Yungang. An analytical framework of scale based on second abstraction. Human Geography, 2015,30(1):9-15.[王丰龙,刘云刚.尺度概念的演化与尺度的本质:基于二次抽象的尺度认识论.人文地理, 2015, 30(1):9-15.]
[30] Brenner N. Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union. Urban Studies, 1999, 36(3):431-451.
[31] Wang Fenglong, Zhang Xianchun, Yang Linchuan, et al. Rescaling and scalar politics in the'One Belt, One Road'Strategy. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016, 36(4):502-511.[王丰龙,张衔春,杨林川,等.尺度理论视角下的“一带一路”战略解读.地理科学, 2016, 36(4):502-511.]
[32] Wei Cheng, Shen Jing, Fan Jianhong. Rescaling:Role changing of the state and spatial production strategy of region in the globalization era. City Planning Review, 2011, 35(6):28-35.[魏成,沈静,范建红.尺度重组:全球化时代的国家角色转化与区域空间生产策略.城市规划, 2011, 35(6):28-35.]
[33] Brenner N. Globalisation as reterritorialisation:The re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union. Urban Studies, 1999, 36(3):431-451.
[34] Miao Changhong. Western economic geography in transformation:Institutional, cultural, relational and scalar turns.Human Geography, 2004, 19(4):68-76.[苗长虹.变革中的西方经济地理学:制度、文化、关系与尺度转向.人文地理,2004, 19(4):68-76.]
[35] Brenner N. The limits to scale? Methodological reflections on scalar structuration. Progress in Human Geography, 2001,25(4):591-614.
[36] Li Z, Xu J, Yeh A G O. State rescaling and the making of city-regions in the Pearl River Delta, China. Environment and Planning C:Government and Policy, 2014, 32(1):129-143.
[37] Wang Boyi, Li Xun. Rescaling process in border regions within Hongkong and Shenzhen:A case study of Qianhai Area.Human Geography, 2016, 31(3):88-93.[王博祎,李郇.深港边界地区的尺度重组研究:以前海地区为例.人文地理,2016, 31(3):88-93.]
[38] Swyngedouw E. Globalisation or'glocalisation'? Networks, territories and rescaling. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2004, 17(1):25-48.
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(1)资料来源:根据2009-2017年《海南省重点项目月报》相关内容整理。
(2)资料来源:根据2016年《国家海岸海棠湾建设情况汇报》相关内容整理。
(3)资料来源:根据2016年《三亚海棠湾拟建度假酒店市场与财务可行性研究》与实地调研整理。
(4)资料来源:根据《三亚海棠湾“国家海岸”休闲度假区项目统计》相关内容整理。
(5)资料来源:根据《三亚市社会投资项目参考经济技术标准》整理。