威廉·钱伯斯爵士与邱园
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摘要
威廉·钱伯斯爵士对东西方园林艺术交流、英国自然式园林的发展有着积极的推动作用。通过介绍钱伯斯生平及其有关中国的建筑、园林论著,梳理了钱伯斯对中国园林艺术认知的缘由、发展和观点,在此基础上阐述钱伯斯时代的邱园建造的背景、特征及变化,总结钱伯斯开创的"绘画式"风景园的风格特点。不同于肯特和布朗关于自然与艺术的看法,钱伯斯提出园林艺术应源于自然、高于自然的思想,并在自然与艺术的融合方面进行了大胆的尝试。
Sir William Chambers played a positive role in promoting artistic exchanges between the East and the West and in the development of English landscape garden movement. By introducing his life and literary works on Chinese architectures and gardens, this paper sorts out the reasons, developments and viewpoints of Chambers' cognition on Chinese garden art. Based on this, it sets forth the background, characteristics and changes in the construction of Kew Garden in Chamber's era, and sums up the characteristics of picturesque gardens pioneered by Chambers. Different from Kent and Brown's views on the relationship between nature and art, Chambers proposed that the garden art was originated from nature and higher than nature, and he made bold experiments in the integration of nature and art.
Sir William Chambers played a positive role in promoting artistic exchanges between the East and the West and in the development of English landscape garden movement. By introducing his life and literary works on Chinese architectures and gardens, this paper sorts out the reasons, developments and viewpoints of Chambers' cognition on Chinese garden art. Based on this, it sets forth the background, characteristics and changes in the construction of Kew Garden in Chamber's era, and sums up the characteristics of picturesque gardens pioneered by Chambers. Different from Kent and Brown's views on the relationship between nature and art, Chambers proposed that the garden art was originated from nature and higher than nature, and he made bold experiments in the integration of nature and art.
引文
[1]维基百科[EB/OL].[2019-01-04].https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chambers_(architect).
[2]HARRIS J.Sir William Chambers:Architect to George III[M].SNODIN M,ed.New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1996-12-25
[3]REICHWEIN A.China and Europe:Intellectual and artistic contacts in the eighteenth century[EB/OL].(2006-11-04)[2019-01-04].https://archive.org/details/chinaandeuropein014645mbp.
[4]秋叶.英国旅行者的中国艺术视角:威廉·钱伯斯的《中国建筑的设计》和《论东方园林》[EB/OL].(2003-12-03)[2019-01-04].http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/HIAW/454176.htm,[5]缪里尔·德特里.法国-中国(两个世界的碰撞)[M].余磊,朱志平,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2004.
[6]BALD R C.Sir William Chambers and the Chinese Garden[J].Journal of the History of ideas,1950,11(3):287-320.
[7]朱建宁.西方园林史[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013.
[8]CHAMBERS S W.Designs of Chinese Buildings,Furniture,Dresses,Machines,and Utensils[EB/OL].(2012-12-05)[2019-01-09].https://archive.org/details/DesignsChineseb00Cham.
[9]CHAMBERS S W.Dissertation on Oriental Garden[EB/OL].(2012-06-22)[2019-01-09].https://archive.org/details/dissertationonor00cham.
[10]HALFPENNY W.Chinese and Gothic architecture properly ornamented[M].London:Golden Buck,1755.
[11]朱建宁,张文甫.中国园林在18世纪欧洲的影响[J].中国园林,2011(3):90-95.
[12]WALPOLE H.Essay on Modern Gardening[EB/O L].(2 0 0 9-0 3-0 2).h t t p s://a r c h i v e.o r g/d e t a i l s/essayonmodernga00walpgoog.
[13]熊媛.中英自然式园林艺术之比较研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.
[14]朱建宁.做一个神圣的风景园林师[J].中国园林,2008(1):38-42.
[15]李诫.营造法式[EB/OL].(2009-10-12)[2019-01-03].https://archive.org/details/06051718.cn.
图1、2、4~7引自凤凰国学网:https://guoxue.ifeng.com/a/20170906/51890031_0.shtml;图3、8为作者拍摄;图9引自Dumbarton Oaks:https://www.doaks.org/resources/rare-books/plans-elevations-sections-and-perspectiveviews-of-the-gardens-and-buildings-at-kew-in-surry-theseat-of-her-royal-highness-the-princess-dowager-ofwales。
[2]HARRIS J.Sir William Chambers:Architect to George III[M].SNODIN M,ed.New Haven and London:Yale University Press,1996-12-25
[3]REICHWEIN A.China and Europe:Intellectual and artistic contacts in the eighteenth century[EB/OL].(2006-11-04)[2019-01-04].https://archive.org/details/chinaandeuropein014645mbp.
[4]秋叶.英国旅行者的中国艺术视角:威廉·钱伯斯的《中国建筑的设计》和《论东方园林》[EB/OL].(2003-12-03)[2019-01-04].http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/HIAW/454176.htm,[5]缪里尔·德特里.法国-中国(两个世界的碰撞)[M].余磊,朱志平,译.上海:上海译文出版社,2004.
[6]BALD R C.Sir William Chambers and the Chinese Garden[J].Journal of the History of ideas,1950,11(3):287-320.
[7]朱建宁.西方园林史[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013.
[8]CHAMBERS S W.Designs of Chinese Buildings,Furniture,Dresses,Machines,and Utensils[EB/OL].(2012-12-05)[2019-01-09].https://archive.org/details/DesignsChineseb00Cham.
[9]CHAMBERS S W.Dissertation on Oriental Garden[EB/OL].(2012-06-22)[2019-01-09].https://archive.org/details/dissertationonor00cham.
[10]HALFPENNY W.Chinese and Gothic architecture properly ornamented[M].London:Golden Buck,1755.
[11]朱建宁,张文甫.中国园林在18世纪欧洲的影响[J].中国园林,2011(3):90-95.
[12]WALPOLE H.Essay on Modern Gardening[EB/O L].(2 0 0 9-0 3-0 2).h t t p s://a r c h i v e.o r g/d e t a i l s/essayonmodernga00walpgoog.
[13]熊媛.中英自然式园林艺术之比较研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.
[14]朱建宁.做一个神圣的风景园林师[J].中国园林,2008(1):38-42.
[15]李诫.营造法式[EB/OL].(2009-10-12)[2019-01-03].https://archive.org/details/06051718.cn.
图1、2、4~7引自凤凰国学网:https://guoxue.ifeng.com/a/20170906/51890031_0.shtml;图3、8为作者拍摄;图9引自Dumbarton Oaks:https://www.doaks.org/resources/rare-books/plans-elevations-sections-and-perspectiveviews-of-the-gardens-and-buildings-at-kew-in-surry-theseat-of-her-royal-highness-the-princess-dowager-ofwales。