边疆深度贫困地区社会资本、生计策略与精准扶贫
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摘要
社会资本和人力资本建设作为边疆深度贫困地区的社会无形资产,对边疆地区精准扶贫实现"两个回流"及边民生计可持续具有重要作用。本文利用2016年7月新疆克州的田野调查数据,采用logistic模型估计边疆深度贫困地区社会资本对于边民生计策略以及脱贫的影响效应,并运用定性与定量相结合的研究方法对研究结果进行解读。研究表明,地区社会资本有助于边民减贫,这种正向效应主要通过两个路径实现:一是边民借助社会网络提高对正规金融的可得性进而实现养殖扩大再生产;二是边民通过集体公共活动付酬增加转移支付收入。但社会资本通过生计策略多样化机制提升边民生计能力的减贫路径尚未形成。在边疆深度贫困地区脱贫攻坚的关键期,既要充分发挥社会资本对边民收入增收的促进作用,同时也需配套其他措施破解社会资本引导边民建立多样化生计的主要障碍,强化社会资本的能力扶持路径,实现精准脱贫的可持续。
Social capital and human capital,as social intangible assets in frontier deep poverty areas,play important roles in achieving"two returns"of targeted poverty alleviation and borders' sustainable livelihoods in the border areas.This article uses logistic model to estimate the impact of social capital on the livelihood strategies and poverty alleviation in the frontier areas with the field survey data of Xinjiang's Kirgiz in July 2016,and uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to interpret the research results. The study finds that social capital contributes to the reduction of poverty of border people,and this positive effect is mainly achieved through two paths: the border people rely on the social network to improve the availability of formal finance to realize the expansion and reproduction of breeding; border people can increase the transfer payment income through collective public activities. But the poverty reduction path of social capital through the diversification of livelihood strategies to improve people's livelihood capacity has not been formed. So in order to achieve sustainable poverty reduction,it is suggested that in the crucial period of poverty alleviation in frontier deep poverty areas,the promotion of social capital to increase border residents' income must be given full play to,and the main obstacles also need measures to break to strengthen the ability support path by social capital,guiding the establishment of the borders' diversified livelihoods.
Social capital and human capital,as social intangible assets in frontier deep poverty areas,play important roles in achieving"two returns"of targeted poverty alleviation and borders' sustainable livelihoods in the border areas.This article uses logistic model to estimate the impact of social capital on the livelihood strategies and poverty alleviation in the frontier areas with the field survey data of Xinjiang's Kirgiz in July 2016,and uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to interpret the research results. The study finds that social capital contributes to the reduction of poverty of border people,and this positive effect is mainly achieved through two paths: the border people rely on the social network to improve the availability of formal finance to realize the expansion and reproduction of breeding; border people can increase the transfer payment income through collective public activities. But the poverty reduction path of social capital through the diversification of livelihood strategies to improve people's livelihood capacity has not been formed. So in order to achieve sustainable poverty reduction,it is suggested that in the crucial period of poverty alleviation in frontier deep poverty areas,the promotion of social capital to increase border residents' income must be given full play to,and the main obstacles also need measures to break to strengthen the ability support path by social capital,guiding the establishment of the borders' diversified livelihoods.
引文
[1]黄征学.中国边境地区发展面临的问题及对策建议[J].发展研究,2013(8):28-33.
[2]李俊杰,耿新.民族地区深度贫困现状及治理路径研究---以“三区三州”为例[J].民族研究,2018(1):47-57,124.
[3]Putnam R D.The prosperous community[J].The American prospect,1993,4(13):35-42.
[4]Lin Nan.Social capital:Theory and research[M].Transaction Publishers,2001.
[5]Granovetter M.Economic action and social structure:The problem of embeddedness[J].American journal of sociology,1985,91(3):481-510.
[6]Woolcock M,Narayan D.Social capital:Implications for development theory,research,and policy[J].The world bank research observer,2000,15(2):225-249.
[7]Ellis F,Mdoe N.Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Tanzania.World Development,2003,31(8):1367-1384.
[8]Grootaert C.Social capital,houshold welfare,and poverty in Indonesia[R].The World Bank,1999.
[9]Dowla A.In credit we trust:Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh[J].The Journal of Socio-Economics,2006,35(1):102-122.
[10]Bebbington A.Capitals and capabilities:a framework for analyzing peasant viability,rural livelihoods and poverty[J].World development,1999,27(12):2021-2044.
[11]李玉恒,王艳飞,刘彦随.我国扶贫开发中社会资本作用机理及效应[J].中国科学院院刊,2016(3):302-308.
[12]郭红东,丁高洁.社会资本,先验知识与农民创业机会识别[J].华南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2012,11(3):78-85.
[13]周晔馨.社会资本在农户收入中的作用---基于中国家计调查(CHIPS2002)的证据[J].经济评论,2013(4):47-57.
[14]周玉龙,孙久文.社会资本与农户脱贫---基于中国综合社会调查的经验研究[J].经济学动态,2017(4):16-29.
[15]Grootaert C.The missing link[J].Social capital and participation in everyday life,2001,23(8).
[16]Narayan D,Pritchett L.Cents and sociability:Household income and social capital in rural Tanzania[J].E-conomic development and cultural change,1999,47(4):871-897.
[17]Knight J,Yueh L.The role of social capital in the labor market in China1[J].Economics of transition,2008,16(3):389-414.
[18]Collier P.Social capital and poverty:a microeconomic perspective[J].in C Grootaert&T Van Bastelaer(eds),The role of social capital in development:An empirical assessment,New York:Cambridge University Press,New York.2002:19-41.
[19]Cleaver F.The inequality of social capital and the reproduction of chronic poverty[J].World Development,2005,33(6):893-906.
[20]张丽君.中国少数民族地区扶贫进展报告(2017)[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2017:119.
[21]Ostrom E.The challenge of common-pool resources[J].Environment:Science and Policy for Sustainable Development,2008,50(4):8-21.
[22]Fafchamps M,Gubert F.The formation of risk sharing networks[J].Journal of development Economics,2007,83(2):326-350.
[23]Kawachi I,Kennedy B P,Lochner K,et al.Social capital,income inequality,and mortality[J].American journal of public health,1997,87(9):1491-1498.
[24]Fox J.How does civil society thicken?The political construction of social capital in rural Mexico[J].World development,1996,24(6):1089-1103.
[25]Johnston G,Percy-Smith J.In search of social capital[J].Policy&Politics,2003,31(3):321-334.
(1)截至2016年11月,新疆已投入兴边富民资金3.52亿元、人口较少民族发展资金1.59亿元、边民补助资金3900万元、护边员补贴资金8650万元。资料来自新疆维吾尔自治区扶贫办。
(2)2015年克州国内生产总值仅为101.5亿元,位居新疆所有地州市和南疆四地州的最后一位,2016年,全州实现GDP100.33亿元,仅占全疆GDP总量的1.03%,人均GDP仅为全疆平均水平的41%。数据来源于调研时克州政府办和国家民委提供的资料。
(3)数据来源于调研时国家民委提供的资料。
(4)新疆羊肉价格从2014年达到历史最高值62元/kg,之后持续下滑,2016年6月为33元/kg(此处羊肉价格为带骨羊肉价格,数据来源于中国畜牧业信息网)。
(5)资料来自阿合奇扶贫办公室,2016年7月。
(6)这里的消费是2015年边民三项主要消费之和。
(7)Finance和Infinance均为2013-2015年间边民的贷款和借款之和,均以2015年=100的全国CPI指数进行调整。
(8)按照2015年各牲畜品种的市场价值,将不同牲畜资产折换成以绵羊为计量单位的2015年底存栏量。其中,1匹马=10只绵羊;1头牛(驴)=6只绵羊;1头母牛(牦牛、骆驼)=8只绵羊。2015年底存栏量=2015年初存栏数量+当年新增量-当年自食量-当年出售量。
(9)来自调研时吾合沙鲁乡政府提供的资料。
(10)来自调研时新疆克州扶贫办访谈资料。
[2]李俊杰,耿新.民族地区深度贫困现状及治理路径研究---以“三区三州”为例[J].民族研究,2018(1):47-57,124.
[3]Putnam R D.The prosperous community[J].The American prospect,1993,4(13):35-42.
[4]Lin Nan.Social capital:Theory and research[M].Transaction Publishers,2001.
[5]Granovetter M.Economic action and social structure:The problem of embeddedness[J].American journal of sociology,1985,91(3):481-510.
[6]Woolcock M,Narayan D.Social capital:Implications for development theory,research,and policy[J].The world bank research observer,2000,15(2):225-249.
[7]Ellis F,Mdoe N.Livelihoods and rural poverty reduction in Tanzania.World Development,2003,31(8):1367-1384.
[8]Grootaert C.Social capital,houshold welfare,and poverty in Indonesia[R].The World Bank,1999.
[9]Dowla A.In credit we trust:Building social capital by Grameen Bank in Bangladesh[J].The Journal of Socio-Economics,2006,35(1):102-122.
[10]Bebbington A.Capitals and capabilities:a framework for analyzing peasant viability,rural livelihoods and poverty[J].World development,1999,27(12):2021-2044.
[11]李玉恒,王艳飞,刘彦随.我国扶贫开发中社会资本作用机理及效应[J].中国科学院院刊,2016(3):302-308.
[12]郭红东,丁高洁.社会资本,先验知识与农民创业机会识别[J].华南农业大学学报:社会科学版,2012,11(3):78-85.
[13]周晔馨.社会资本在农户收入中的作用---基于中国家计调查(CHIPS2002)的证据[J].经济评论,2013(4):47-57.
[14]周玉龙,孙久文.社会资本与农户脱贫---基于中国综合社会调查的经验研究[J].经济学动态,2017(4):16-29.
[15]Grootaert C.The missing link[J].Social capital and participation in everyday life,2001,23(8).
[16]Narayan D,Pritchett L.Cents and sociability:Household income and social capital in rural Tanzania[J].E-conomic development and cultural change,1999,47(4):871-897.
[17]Knight J,Yueh L.The role of social capital in the labor market in China1[J].Economics of transition,2008,16(3):389-414.
[18]Collier P.Social capital and poverty:a microeconomic perspective[J].in C Grootaert&T Van Bastelaer(eds),The role of social capital in development:An empirical assessment,New York:Cambridge University Press,New York.2002:19-41.
[19]Cleaver F.The inequality of social capital and the reproduction of chronic poverty[J].World Development,2005,33(6):893-906.
[20]张丽君.中国少数民族地区扶贫进展报告(2017)[M].北京:中国经济出版社,2017:119.
[21]Ostrom E.The challenge of common-pool resources[J].Environment:Science and Policy for Sustainable Development,2008,50(4):8-21.
[22]Fafchamps M,Gubert F.The formation of risk sharing networks[J].Journal of development Economics,2007,83(2):326-350.
[23]Kawachi I,Kennedy B P,Lochner K,et al.Social capital,income inequality,and mortality[J].American journal of public health,1997,87(9):1491-1498.
[24]Fox J.How does civil society thicken?The political construction of social capital in rural Mexico[J].World development,1996,24(6):1089-1103.
[25]Johnston G,Percy-Smith J.In search of social capital[J].Policy&Politics,2003,31(3):321-334.
(1)截至2016年11月,新疆已投入兴边富民资金3.52亿元、人口较少民族发展资金1.59亿元、边民补助资金3900万元、护边员补贴资金8650万元。资料来自新疆维吾尔自治区扶贫办。
(2)2015年克州国内生产总值仅为101.5亿元,位居新疆所有地州市和南疆四地州的最后一位,2016年,全州实现GDP100.33亿元,仅占全疆GDP总量的1.03%,人均GDP仅为全疆平均水平的41%。数据来源于调研时克州政府办和国家民委提供的资料。
(3)数据来源于调研时国家民委提供的资料。
(4)新疆羊肉价格从2014年达到历史最高值62元/kg,之后持续下滑,2016年6月为33元/kg(此处羊肉价格为带骨羊肉价格,数据来源于中国畜牧业信息网)。
(5)资料来自阿合奇扶贫办公室,2016年7月。
(6)这里的消费是2015年边民三项主要消费之和。
(7)Finance和Infinance均为2013-2015年间边民的贷款和借款之和,均以2015年=100的全国CPI指数进行调整。
(8)按照2015年各牲畜品种的市场价值,将不同牲畜资产折换成以绵羊为计量单位的2015年底存栏量。其中,1匹马=10只绵羊;1头牛(驴)=6只绵羊;1头母牛(牦牛、骆驼)=8只绵羊。2015年底存栏量=2015年初存栏数量+当年新增量-当年自食量-当年出售量。
(9)来自调研时吾合沙鲁乡政府提供的资料。
(10)来自调研时新疆克州扶贫办访谈资料。