我国大型城市旅游业与演艺业融合路径及选择机制——企业层面的扎根研究
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摘要
近些年,随着我国大型城市旅游业的转型升级和演艺业的发展壮大,两者融合发展日显迫切。企业是产业融合的主体,产业融合发展必须探索企业层面的融合路径。本文应用扎根理论,以上海为例,对相关企业、政府部门和学界专家的深度访谈文本进行编码分析,探究旅游业与演艺业在企业层面的融合路径及选择机制。研究发现,存在两类融合路径:一是单要素融合路径,如旅游演艺等,只是产品单要素融合;二是多要素融合路径,如场馆演艺、演艺节庆和名剧名家等,是产品、业务、资源、功能、市场等多要素融合。两类融合路径在吸引力来源、观众构成、空间形态和持续时间等方面存在差异,其选择机制受到融合动因、融合能力和都市旅游形式三个主范畴的影响。融合动因是前因变量,融合能力对路径选择起部分中介作用,都市旅游形式作为外部情境因素起调节作用,由此,可提炼出"动因-能力-情境-路径选择"模型。本文为我国大型城市旅游业与演艺业的融合路径研究提供了一个整合分析框架,指出存在旅游演艺之外的多要素融合路径,丰富了该领域的理论研究。
In the last few years,the performing arts are prosperous and the urban tourism is upgrading in China's large cities. As integrated development is beneficial for both performing arts and tourism,there is an urgent demand for the convergence. Enterprises are the main bodies that carry out the industrial convergence,therefore,it is necessary to probe the paths that enterprises can implement to realize the industrial convergence. This research adopts a grounded theory approach to explore the paths and selection mechanism of enterprises' efforts on industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism. Data was collected through depth interviews. Interviewees are from enterprises,research institutions and governments within the fiecd of the performing arts and tourism in Shanghai. The texts of interviews were analyzed.Results show that there are two kinds of paths of industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism in large cities. One is the one-factor-integrated path. Tourism performances are the typical examples. The other is the multi-factorintegrated paths to which ordinary performances,performing art festivals and classic performances belong. They are integration of products,markets,businesses,resources and functions of performing arts and tourism. Three factors have significant effect on enterprises ' paths selection,including integrating motivation,integrating abilities,and the forms of urban tourism. Integrating motivation refers to factors that prompt the enterprises to develop internal motive or desire of industrial convergence,such as change of demand,technology thrust,the marketization of performing arts and the aims of enterprises. Integrating abilities refer to the abilities that enterprises can carry out the paths such as value discovery,resource integration,market operation,organization,innovation and experience creation. The forms of urban tourism refer to the context that enterprises choose paths in large cities. There are two forms of urban tourism,traditional urban tourism and holistic urban tourism. Traditional urban tourism mainly serves tourist group,while holistic urban tourism serves both tourists mainly individual visitors and citizens.Integrating motivation is the predisposing factor of enterprises’paths selection.Integrating abilities are mediating variables(mediators),playing a significant role in influencing motivation on enterprises’integrating paths selection.Enterprises have to obtain integrating abilities so that they can make paths choice and carry it out.The forms of urban tourism are moderating variables(moderators).The forms of urban tourism have an impact on the direction of the relationship between motivation and paths selection.This research developed a theoretical model of the enterprises’integrating paths of the industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism as well as paths selection mechanism based on the logic of"motivation-ability-context-paths choice model".The model continues the previous researches on the paths of industrial convergence,and fills the research gap with the regard to the factors influencing enterprises’integrating paths selection.Moreover,this paper firstly introduces the two kinds of paths of the integration of performing arts and tourism and the context factors of paths selection,which are the forms of urban tourism.This study contributes to the industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism in large cities,and has practical significance for the enterprises’integrating paths choice.
In the last few years,the performing arts are prosperous and the urban tourism is upgrading in China's large cities. As integrated development is beneficial for both performing arts and tourism,there is an urgent demand for the convergence. Enterprises are the main bodies that carry out the industrial convergence,therefore,it is necessary to probe the paths that enterprises can implement to realize the industrial convergence. This research adopts a grounded theory approach to explore the paths and selection mechanism of enterprises' efforts on industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism. Data was collected through depth interviews. Interviewees are from enterprises,research institutions and governments within the fiecd of the performing arts and tourism in Shanghai. The texts of interviews were analyzed.Results show that there are two kinds of paths of industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism in large cities. One is the one-factor-integrated path. Tourism performances are the typical examples. The other is the multi-factorintegrated paths to which ordinary performances,performing art festivals and classic performances belong. They are integration of products,markets,businesses,resources and functions of performing arts and tourism. Three factors have significant effect on enterprises ' paths selection,including integrating motivation,integrating abilities,and the forms of urban tourism. Integrating motivation refers to factors that prompt the enterprises to develop internal motive or desire of industrial convergence,such as change of demand,technology thrust,the marketization of performing arts and the aims of enterprises. Integrating abilities refer to the abilities that enterprises can carry out the paths such as value discovery,resource integration,market operation,organization,innovation and experience creation. The forms of urban tourism refer to the context that enterprises choose paths in large cities. There are two forms of urban tourism,traditional urban tourism and holistic urban tourism. Traditional urban tourism mainly serves tourist group,while holistic urban tourism serves both tourists mainly individual visitors and citizens.Integrating motivation is the predisposing factor of enterprises’paths selection.Integrating abilities are mediating variables(mediators),playing a significant role in influencing motivation on enterprises’integrating paths selection.Enterprises have to obtain integrating abilities so that they can make paths choice and carry it out.The forms of urban tourism are moderating variables(moderators).The forms of urban tourism have an impact on the direction of the relationship between motivation and paths selection.This research developed a theoretical model of the enterprises’integrating paths of the industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism as well as paths selection mechanism based on the logic of"motivation-ability-context-paths choice model".The model continues the previous researches on the paths of industrial convergence,and fills the research gap with the regard to the factors influencing enterprises’integrating paths selection.Moreover,this paper firstly introduces the two kinds of paths of the integration of performing arts and tourism and the context factors of paths selection,which are the forms of urban tourism.This study contributes to the industrial convergence between performing arts and tourism in large cities,and has practical significance for the enterprises’integrating paths choice.
引文
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[21]汪涛,周玲,周南,牟宇鹏,谢志鹏.来源国形象是如何形成的?——基于美、印消费者评价和合理性理论视角的扎根研究[J].北京:管理世界,2012,(3):113-126.
[22]谢彦君,徐英.旅游体验共睦态:一个情境机制的多维类属分析[J].北京:经济管理,2016,(8):149-159.
[23]范能船.新世纪上海都市型旅游的发展趋势[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(5):83-90.
[24]徐福英,马波.城市旅游在中国:研究回顾与发展展望[J].上海:旅游科学,2012,(4):52-64.
[25]杨颖.产业融合:旅游业发展趋势的新视角[J].上海:旅游科学,2008,(4):6-10.
[26]聂子龙,李浩.产业融合中的企业战略思考[J].成都:软科学,2003,(2):80-83.
[27]梁坤,杜靖川.旅游产业融合视角下的动漫产业园区多维价值研究[J].哈尔滨:商业研究,2013,(12):210-216.
[28]胡金星.产业融合的内在机制研究:基于自组织理论的视角[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007.
[29]周振华.产业融合:产业发展及经济增长的新动力[J].北京:中国工业经济,2003,(4):46-52.
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[31]罗栋,程承坪.旅游产业融合过程中的协同创新研究——以旅游与演艺产业融合为例[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015,(1):70-73.
[32]靳代平,王新新,姚鹏.品牌粉丝因何而狂热?——基于内部人视角的扎根研究[J].北京:管理世界,2016,(9):102-119.
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(1)数据来源:大麦网场馆库数据2017年11月1日查询结果。https://www.damai.cn。
(2)2016年11月,研究者在上海的田子坊、南京路、陆家嘴和浦东机场等游客聚集地进行问卷调查,共获得1214份有效问卷。
(3)2016年11-12月,研究者在上海大剧院、东方艺术中心、上海文化广场等剧院进行问卷调查,共获得895份有效问卷。
(4)2016年10月,研究者在爵士上海音乐节现场对参与者进行问卷调研,共获得207份有效问卷。
(5)道略演艺产业研究中心《2016专业剧场年报》的数据显示,2016年上海有演出的场馆增加了27个,涨幅为25%;演出场次达到9264场,涨幅为20.6%(数据统计不包括旅游演艺)。该报告认为,上海未来可能成为全国最大的演出城市。
(1)JZ Music Group(爵士上海)是一个爵士音乐品牌,由上海悦色演艺经济有限公司运营。该公司集大型音乐节、音乐教育、演艺经济管理和文化基金于一体,形成了完整的爵士音乐产业链。
(1)三角校正通常有4种方式,分别为理论三角交叉校正法、方法论的三角交叉校正法、研究者的三角交叉校正法和资料的三角交叉校正法。
(1)研究团队成员共9名,均是旅游管理专业博士生或教师,但各自的研究方向不同。
(1)资料来自前沿剧展2016年6月25日公众号文章《商业综合体变身戏剧表演空间---上海打造表演艺术新天地》,作者苏丹丹。
(1)表演艺术是指能够进行现场表演的艺术形式,如音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、曲艺等。
[2]谢大京,刘婵君.我国演艺业投融资机制探析及个案研究[J].北京:音乐传播,2012,(2):30-37.
[3]张琰飞,朱海英.西南地区文化演艺与旅游流耦合协调度实证研究[J].长沙:经济地理,2014,(7):182-187.
[4]单元媛,赵玉林.国外产业融合若干理论问题研究进展[J].武汉:经济评论,2012,(5):152-160.
[5]胡汉辉,邢华.产业融合理论以及对我国发展信息产业的启示[J].北京:中国工业经济,2003,(2):23-29.
[6]马健.产业融合理论研究评述[J].北京:经济学动态,2002,(5):78-81.
[7]麻学锋,张世兵,龙茂兴.旅游产业融合路径分析[J].长沙:经济地理,2010,(4):678-681.
[8]王兆峰,范继刚.西部地区旅游产业与信息产业融合发展研究[J].北京:中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,(5):78-85.
[9]余守文,金秀英.体育产业的融合与发展[J].北京:经济管理,2006,(23):80-81.
[10]袁俊,张萌.深圳市旅游业与文化产业互动发展的模式构造[J].深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版),2011,(2):17-21.
[11]郭峦.基于产业融合路径的旅游创新产生机理[J].南京:江苏商论,2011,(11):110-113.
[12]丁雨莲,赵媛.旅游产业融合的动因、路径与主体探析——以深圳华强集团融合发展旅游主题公园为例[J].西安:人文地理,2013,(4):126-131.
[13]刘晓明.产业融合视域下我国体育旅游产业的发展研究[J].长沙:经济地理,2014,(5):187-192.
[14]吴金梅,宋子千.产业融合视角下的影视旅游发展研究[J].北京:旅游学刊,2011,(6):29-35.
[15]杨卫武,徐薛艳,刘嫄.旅游演艺的理论与实践[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2013.
[16]陈向明.质的研究方法与社会科学研究[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2000.
[17]葛明磊,郭云贵,张丽华.管理咨询中的扎根理论思想逻辑与行动学习研究[J].北京:经济管理,2017,(4):84-96.
[18]瞿海源等.社会及行为科学研究方法(二)质性研究法[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013.
[19]卡麦兹.建构扎根理论:质研究实践指南[M].边国英译.重庆大学出版社,2009.
[20]宋慧林,蒋依依,王元地.政府旅游公共营销的实现机制和路径选择——基于扎根理论的一个探索性研究[J].北京:旅游学刊,2015,(1):22-31.
[21]汪涛,周玲,周南,牟宇鹏,谢志鹏.来源国形象是如何形成的?——基于美、印消费者评价和合理性理论视角的扎根研究[J].北京:管理世界,2012,(3):113-126.
[22]谢彦君,徐英.旅游体验共睦态:一个情境机制的多维类属分析[J].北京:经济管理,2016,(8):149-159.
[23]范能船.新世纪上海都市型旅游的发展趋势[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(5):83-90.
[24]徐福英,马波.城市旅游在中国:研究回顾与发展展望[J].上海:旅游科学,2012,(4):52-64.
[25]杨颖.产业融合:旅游业发展趋势的新视角[J].上海:旅游科学,2008,(4):6-10.
[26]聂子龙,李浩.产业融合中的企业战略思考[J].成都:软科学,2003,(2):80-83.
[27]梁坤,杜靖川.旅游产业融合视角下的动漫产业园区多维价值研究[J].哈尔滨:商业研究,2013,(12):210-216.
[28]胡金星.产业融合的内在机制研究:基于自组织理论的视角[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007.
[29]周振华.产业融合:产业发展及经济增长的新动力[J].北京:中国工业经济,2003,(4):46-52.
[30]陶婷芳.旅游业可持续发展问题研究:基于新业态的增长方式研究[M].上海财经大学出版社,2013.
[31]罗栋,程承坪.旅游产业融合过程中的协同创新研究——以旅游与演艺产业融合为例[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015,(1):70-73.
[32]靳代平,王新新,姚鹏.品牌粉丝因何而狂热?——基于内部人视角的扎根研究[J].北京:管理世界,2016,(9):102-119.
[33]Stieglitz N.Digital Dynamics and Types of Industry Convergence:the Evolution of the Handheld Computers Market in the 1990s and Beyond[A].Christensen J F,Maskell P.The Industrial Dynamics of the New Digital Economy[C].Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2003.
[34]Malhotra A.Firm Strategy in Converging Industries:An Investigation of US Commercial Bank Responses to US Commercial Investment Banking Convergence[D].Maryland University,2001.
[35]Urry J,Larsen J.The Tourist Gaze3.0[M].London:Sage,2011.
[36]Gibson C,Connell J.Music Festivals and Regional Development in Australia[M].Surrey:Ashgate Publishing,Ltd.,2012.
[37]Hughes H.Arts,Entertainment and Tourism[M].Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann,2000.
[38]Hall C M.Introduction to Tourism:Development,Dimensions and Issues[M].South Melbourne:Longman,1998.
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(1)数据来源:大麦网场馆库数据2017年11月1日查询结果。https://www.damai.cn。
(2)2016年11月,研究者在上海的田子坊、南京路、陆家嘴和浦东机场等游客聚集地进行问卷调查,共获得1214份有效问卷。
(3)2016年11-12月,研究者在上海大剧院、东方艺术中心、上海文化广场等剧院进行问卷调查,共获得895份有效问卷。
(4)2016年10月,研究者在爵士上海音乐节现场对参与者进行问卷调研,共获得207份有效问卷。
(5)道略演艺产业研究中心《2016专业剧场年报》的数据显示,2016年上海有演出的场馆增加了27个,涨幅为25%;演出场次达到9264场,涨幅为20.6%(数据统计不包括旅游演艺)。该报告认为,上海未来可能成为全国最大的演出城市。
(1)JZ Music Group(爵士上海)是一个爵士音乐品牌,由上海悦色演艺经济有限公司运营。该公司集大型音乐节、音乐教育、演艺经济管理和文化基金于一体,形成了完整的爵士音乐产业链。
(1)三角校正通常有4种方式,分别为理论三角交叉校正法、方法论的三角交叉校正法、研究者的三角交叉校正法和资料的三角交叉校正法。
(1)研究团队成员共9名,均是旅游管理专业博士生或教师,但各自的研究方向不同。
(1)资料来自前沿剧展2016年6月25日公众号文章《商业综合体变身戏剧表演空间---上海打造表演艺术新天地》,作者苏丹丹。
(1)表演艺术是指能够进行现场表演的艺术形式,如音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、曲艺等。