环渤海地区生态效率评价及空间演化规律
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摘要
运用三阶段DEA模型对环渤海沿海地区17个城市的生态效率进行测算,并结合标准差椭圆和重心坐标方法,定量分析了2006-2015年环渤海地区生态效率的空间演化规律。结果表明:(1)基于三阶段DEA模型测算的生态效率结果,环渤海沿海17市的生态效率总体呈中等偏上水平,且2006-2015年效率值持续上升,天津、唐山、青岛、大连位居前四,17市中绝大多数城市生态效率值低于环渤海平均值,地区差异十分显著。(2)标准差椭圆结果显示环渤海沿海地区生态效率整体呈东北—西南格局,且有逐渐向西南偏移的趋势。(3)环渤海地区生态效率存在明显的省际差异性,且各省限制性因素区别较大。
As the center of economic development in northern China, the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea(Bohai Rim region) have greatly boosted the development in this region.However, in recent years, there are many inharmonious conditions in this region due to various reasons. Applying the three-stage of DEA model, this paper has calculated the eco-efficiency of17 cities in the Bohai Rim. Combining the standard deviation ellipse and gravity center transfer method, this paper has concluded the evolution law of ecological efficiency space transfer in the 17 cities of the study region. Therefore some conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1)Based on the eco-efficiency result measured by the three-stage DEA model, the eco-efficiency of the 17 cities in the Bohai Rim region is generally above average, and the efficiency value continued to rise from 2006 to 2015. Among the 17 cities, Tianjin, Tangshan, Qingdao, and Dalian rank the top four in the efficiency, and for the rest of the 17 cities, the eco-efficiency is lower than the average, which indicates that there is a significant regional difference.(2) The result of the standard deviation ellipse is in the northeast-southwest direction and has a tendency gradually towards the southwest. On the whole, we have not found an obvious transfer of the eco-efficiency center in the Bohai Rim.(3) There are significant provincial differences in the study region, as well as a big difference between the highest and lowest values. Among them, several provinces with the lowest values have remained unchanged in the ecological efficiency for a long time, and the restrictive factors of different provinces are quite different.
As the center of economic development in northern China, the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea(Bohai Rim region) have greatly boosted the development in this region.However, in recent years, there are many inharmonious conditions in this region due to various reasons. Applying the three-stage of DEA model, this paper has calculated the eco-efficiency of17 cities in the Bohai Rim. Combining the standard deviation ellipse and gravity center transfer method, this paper has concluded the evolution law of ecological efficiency space transfer in the 17 cities of the study region. Therefore some conclusions can be drawn as follows:(1)Based on the eco-efficiency result measured by the three-stage DEA model, the eco-efficiency of the 17 cities in the Bohai Rim region is generally above average, and the efficiency value continued to rise from 2006 to 2015. Among the 17 cities, Tianjin, Tangshan, Qingdao, and Dalian rank the top four in the efficiency, and for the rest of the 17 cities, the eco-efficiency is lower than the average, which indicates that there is a significant regional difference.(2) The result of the standard deviation ellipse is in the northeast-southwest direction and has a tendency gradually towards the southwest. On the whole, we have not found an obvious transfer of the eco-efficiency center in the Bohai Rim.(3) There are significant provincial differences in the study region, as well as a big difference between the highest and lowest values. Among them, several provinces with the lowest values have remained unchanged in the ecological efficiency for a long time, and the restrictive factors of different provinces are quite different.
引文
[1] WBCSD. Eco-efficiency Leadership for Improved Economic and Environmental Performance. Geneva:WBCSD, 1996.
[2] UNCTAD. Integrating Environmental and Financial Performance at the Enterprise Level:A Methodology for Standardizing Eco-Efficiency Indicators. Geneva:United Nations Publication, 2003:29-30.
[3] MOLLER A, SCHALTEGGER S. The sustainability balanced scorecard as a framework for eco-efficiency analysis.Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2005, 9(4):73-83.
[4]郑慧,贾珊,赵昕.新型城镇化背景下中国区域生态效率分析.资源科学, 2017, 39(7):1314-1325.[ZHENG H, JIA S,ZHAO X. Analysis of China's regional ecological efficiency under the background of new urbanization. Resource Science, 2017, 39(7):1314-1325.]
[5]张晓娣.生态效率变动的产业及要素推动:基于投入产出和系统优化模型.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(5):748-760.[ZHANG X D. Promoting industries and factors that change eco-efficiency:Based on input-output and system optimization models. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(5):748-760.]
[6]尹科,王如松,周传斌,等.国内外生态效率核算方法及其应用研究述评.生态学报, 2012, 32(11):3595-3605.[YI K.WANG R S, ZHOU C B, et al. Review of the methods and applications of ecological efficiency accounting at home and abroad. Journal of Ecology, 2012, 32(11):3595-3605.]
[7] QUARIGUASI F N J, WALTHER G, BLOEMHOF J, et al. A methodology for assessing eco-efficiency in logistics networks. European Journal of Operational Research, 2009, 193(3):670-682.
[8]王恩旭.基于超效率DEA模型的中国省际生态效率的时空差异研究.管理学报, 2011, 8(3):443-450.[WANG E X.Study on the spatial and time difference of provincial ecological efficiency in China based on super efficiency DEA model. Journal of Management, 2011, 8(3):443-450.]
[9]邓波,张学军,郭军华.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究.中国软科学, 2011,(1):92-99.[DENG B,ZHANG X J, GUO J H. Study on regional ecological efficiency based on three stage DEA model. China Soft Science,2011,(1):92-99.]
[10]彭红松,章锦河,韩娅,等.旅游地生态效率测度的SBM-DEA模型及实证分析.生态学报, 2017, 37(2):628-638.[PENG H S, ZHANG J H, HAN Y, et al. The SBM-DEA model and empirical analysis of tourism ecology efficiency.Journal of Ecology, 2017, 37(2):628-638.]
[11]韩增林,吴爱玲,彭飞,等.基于非期望产出和门槛回归模型的环渤海地区生态效率.地理科学进展, 2018, 37(2):255-265.[HAN Z L, WU A L, PENG F, et al. Eco-efficiency of Bohai Rim region based on undesired output and threshold regression model. Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(2):255-265.]
[12]付丽娜,陈晓红,冷智花.基于超效率DEA模型的城市群生态效率研究:以长株潭“3+5”城市群为例.中国人口·资源与环境, 2013, 23(4):169-175.[FU L N, CHEN X H, LENG Z H. Urban agglomerations eco-efficiency analysis based on super-efficienty DEA model:Case study of Chang-Zhu-Tan"3+5"urban agglomeration. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(4):169-175.]
[13]任宇飞,方创琳.京津冀城市群县域尺度生态效率评价及空间格局分析.地理科学进展, 2017, 36(1):87-98.[RENG Y F, FANG C L. Eco-efficiency evaluation and spatial pattern analysis at county scale in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(1):87-98.]
[14]李惠娟,龙如银,兰新萍.资源型城市的生态效率评价.资源科学, 2010, 32(7):1296-1300.[LI H J, LONG R Y, LAN X P. Eco-efficiency evaluation of resource-based cities. Resources Science, 2010, 32(7):1296-1300.]
[15] MICHELSEN O, FET A M, DAHLSRUD A. Eco-efficiency in extended supply chains:A case study of furniture production. Journal of Environmental Management, 2006, 79(3):290-297.
[16] VAN CANEGHEM J, BLOCK C, CRAMM P, et al. Improving eco-efficiency in the steel industry:The ArcelorMittal Gent case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2010, 18(8):807-817.
[17]张煊,王国顺,王一苇.生态经济效率评价及时空差异研究.经济地理, 2014, 34(12):153-160.[ZHANG X, WANG G S, WANG Y W. Eco-economic efficiency evaluation and research on time and spatial differentiation. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(12):153-160.]
[18] FRIED H O, LOVELL C A K, SCHMIDT S S. Accounting for en-vironmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 2002, 17(1/2):157-174.
[19] CHARNES A, COOPER W W, RHODES E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operation Research, 1978, 2:429-444.
[20] BATESE G E, COELLI T J. A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Empirical Economics, 1995, 20(2):325-332.
[21]邹玮,孙才志,覃雄合.基于Bootstrap-DEA模型环渤海地区海洋经济效率空间演化与影响因素分析.地理科学,2017, 37(6):859-867.[ZHOU W, SUN C Z, QIN X H. Spatial evolution of marine economic efficiency and its influential factors in Bohai Sea Ring area based on Bootstrap-DEA model. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(6):859-867.]
[22]蒋金亮,徐建刚,吴文佳,等.中国人—地碳源汇系统空间格局演变及其特征分析.自然资源学报, 2014, 29(5):757-768.[JAING J L, XU J G, WU W J, et al. Spatial pattern evolution and characterization of Chinese-carbon source exchange system. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(5):757-768.]
[23]方叶林,黄震方,陈文娣,等. 2001-2010年安徽省县域经济空间转化.地理科学进展, 2013, 32(5):831-839.[FANG Y L, HUANG Z F, CHEN W D, et al. The spatial transformation of county economy in Anhui province during 2001 to2010. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(5):831-839.]
[24]关伟,许淑婷.中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应.地理学报, 2015, 70(6):980-992.[GUAN W, XU S T. Spatial pattern and spatial effect of energy eco-efficiency in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(6):980-992.]
[25]韩瑞玲,佟连军,宋亚楠.基于生态效率的辽宁省循环经济分析.生态学报, 2011, 31(16):4732-4740.[HAN R L,DONG L J, SONG Y N. Analysis of circular economy in Liaoning province based on ecological efficiency. Journal of Ecology, 2011, 31(16):4732-4740.]
[26]杨皓然,吴群.碳排放视角下的江苏省土地利用转型生态效率研究:基于混合方向性距离函数.自然资源学报,2017, 32(10):1718-1730.[YANG H R, WU Q. Study on eco-efficiency of land use transformation in Jiangsu province from the perspective of carbon emission:Based on mixed directional distance function. Journal of Natural Resources,2017, 32(10):1718-1730.]
[27]毕斗斗,王凯,王龙杰,等.长三角城市群产业生态效率及其时空跃迁特征.经济地理, 2018, 38(1):167-173.[BI D D, WANG K, WANG L J, et al. Research on industrial eco-efficiency and spatio-temporal transition characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta. Economic Geography, 2018, 38(1):167-173.]
[28]任宇飞,方创琳,蔺雪芹.中国东部沿海地区四大城市群生态效率评价.地理学报, 2017, 72(17):2047-2063.[REN Y F, FANG C L, LIN X Q. Ecological efficiency evaluation of four major urban agglomerations in eastern coastal region of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(17):2047-2063.]
[2] UNCTAD. Integrating Environmental and Financial Performance at the Enterprise Level:A Methodology for Standardizing Eco-Efficiency Indicators. Geneva:United Nations Publication, 2003:29-30.
[3] MOLLER A, SCHALTEGGER S. The sustainability balanced scorecard as a framework for eco-efficiency analysis.Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2005, 9(4):73-83.
[4]郑慧,贾珊,赵昕.新型城镇化背景下中国区域生态效率分析.资源科学, 2017, 39(7):1314-1325.[ZHENG H, JIA S,ZHAO X. Analysis of China's regional ecological efficiency under the background of new urbanization. Resource Science, 2017, 39(7):1314-1325.]
[5]张晓娣.生态效率变动的产业及要素推动:基于投入产出和系统优化模型.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(5):748-760.[ZHANG X D. Promoting industries and factors that change eco-efficiency:Based on input-output and system optimization models. Journal of Natural Resources, 2015, 30(5):748-760.]
[6]尹科,王如松,周传斌,等.国内外生态效率核算方法及其应用研究述评.生态学报, 2012, 32(11):3595-3605.[YI K.WANG R S, ZHOU C B, et al. Review of the methods and applications of ecological efficiency accounting at home and abroad. Journal of Ecology, 2012, 32(11):3595-3605.]
[7] QUARIGUASI F N J, WALTHER G, BLOEMHOF J, et al. A methodology for assessing eco-efficiency in logistics networks. European Journal of Operational Research, 2009, 193(3):670-682.
[8]王恩旭.基于超效率DEA模型的中国省际生态效率的时空差异研究.管理学报, 2011, 8(3):443-450.[WANG E X.Study on the spatial and time difference of provincial ecological efficiency in China based on super efficiency DEA model. Journal of Management, 2011, 8(3):443-450.]
[9]邓波,张学军,郭军华.基于三阶段DEA模型的区域生态效率研究.中国软科学, 2011,(1):92-99.[DENG B,ZHANG X J, GUO J H. Study on regional ecological efficiency based on three stage DEA model. China Soft Science,2011,(1):92-99.]
[10]彭红松,章锦河,韩娅,等.旅游地生态效率测度的SBM-DEA模型及实证分析.生态学报, 2017, 37(2):628-638.[PENG H S, ZHANG J H, HAN Y, et al. The SBM-DEA model and empirical analysis of tourism ecology efficiency.Journal of Ecology, 2017, 37(2):628-638.]
[11]韩增林,吴爱玲,彭飞,等.基于非期望产出和门槛回归模型的环渤海地区生态效率.地理科学进展, 2018, 37(2):255-265.[HAN Z L, WU A L, PENG F, et al. Eco-efficiency of Bohai Rim region based on undesired output and threshold regression model. Progress in Geography, 2018, 37(2):255-265.]
[12]付丽娜,陈晓红,冷智花.基于超效率DEA模型的城市群生态效率研究:以长株潭“3+5”城市群为例.中国人口·资源与环境, 2013, 23(4):169-175.[FU L N, CHEN X H, LENG Z H. Urban agglomerations eco-efficiency analysis based on super-efficienty DEA model:Case study of Chang-Zhu-Tan"3+5"urban agglomeration. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2013, 23(4):169-175.]
[13]任宇飞,方创琳.京津冀城市群县域尺度生态效率评价及空间格局分析.地理科学进展, 2017, 36(1):87-98.[RENG Y F, FANG C L. Eco-efficiency evaluation and spatial pattern analysis at county scale in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Progress in Geography, 2017, 36(1):87-98.]
[14]李惠娟,龙如银,兰新萍.资源型城市的生态效率评价.资源科学, 2010, 32(7):1296-1300.[LI H J, LONG R Y, LAN X P. Eco-efficiency evaluation of resource-based cities. Resources Science, 2010, 32(7):1296-1300.]
[15] MICHELSEN O, FET A M, DAHLSRUD A. Eco-efficiency in extended supply chains:A case study of furniture production. Journal of Environmental Management, 2006, 79(3):290-297.
[16] VAN CANEGHEM J, BLOCK C, CRAMM P, et al. Improving eco-efficiency in the steel industry:The ArcelorMittal Gent case. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2010, 18(8):807-817.
[17]张煊,王国顺,王一苇.生态经济效率评价及时空差异研究.经济地理, 2014, 34(12):153-160.[ZHANG X, WANG G S, WANG Y W. Eco-economic efficiency evaluation and research on time and spatial differentiation. Economic Geography, 2014, 34(12):153-160.]
[18] FRIED H O, LOVELL C A K, SCHMIDT S S. Accounting for en-vironmental effects and statistical noise in data envelopment analysis. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 2002, 17(1/2):157-174.
[19] CHARNES A, COOPER W W, RHODES E. Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operation Research, 1978, 2:429-444.
[20] BATESE G E, COELLI T J. A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Empirical Economics, 1995, 20(2):325-332.
[21]邹玮,孙才志,覃雄合.基于Bootstrap-DEA模型环渤海地区海洋经济效率空间演化与影响因素分析.地理科学,2017, 37(6):859-867.[ZHOU W, SUN C Z, QIN X H. Spatial evolution of marine economic efficiency and its influential factors in Bohai Sea Ring area based on Bootstrap-DEA model. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(6):859-867.]
[22]蒋金亮,徐建刚,吴文佳,等.中国人—地碳源汇系统空间格局演变及其特征分析.自然资源学报, 2014, 29(5):757-768.[JAING J L, XU J G, WU W J, et al. Spatial pattern evolution and characterization of Chinese-carbon source exchange system. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(5):757-768.]
[23]方叶林,黄震方,陈文娣,等. 2001-2010年安徽省县域经济空间转化.地理科学进展, 2013, 32(5):831-839.[FANG Y L, HUANG Z F, CHEN W D, et al. The spatial transformation of county economy in Anhui province during 2001 to2010. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(5):831-839.]
[24]关伟,许淑婷.中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应.地理学报, 2015, 70(6):980-992.[GUAN W, XU S T. Spatial pattern and spatial effect of energy eco-efficiency in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(6):980-992.]
[25]韩瑞玲,佟连军,宋亚楠.基于生态效率的辽宁省循环经济分析.生态学报, 2011, 31(16):4732-4740.[HAN R L,DONG L J, SONG Y N. Analysis of circular economy in Liaoning province based on ecological efficiency. Journal of Ecology, 2011, 31(16):4732-4740.]
[26]杨皓然,吴群.碳排放视角下的江苏省土地利用转型生态效率研究:基于混合方向性距离函数.自然资源学报,2017, 32(10):1718-1730.[YANG H R, WU Q. Study on eco-efficiency of land use transformation in Jiangsu province from the perspective of carbon emission:Based on mixed directional distance function. Journal of Natural Resources,2017, 32(10):1718-1730.]
[27]毕斗斗,王凯,王龙杰,等.长三角城市群产业生态效率及其时空跃迁特征.经济地理, 2018, 38(1):167-173.[BI D D, WANG K, WANG L J, et al. Research on industrial eco-efficiency and spatio-temporal transition characteristics of the Yangtze River Delta. Economic Geography, 2018, 38(1):167-173.]
[28]任宇飞,方创琳,蔺雪芹.中国东部沿海地区四大城市群生态效率评价.地理学报, 2017, 72(17):2047-2063.[REN Y F, FANG C L, LIN X Q. Ecological efficiency evaluation of four major urban agglomerations in eastern coastal region of China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(17):2047-2063.]