松材线虫病死木皮下的南京隐翅虫(鞘翅目:隐翅虫科)
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摘要
【目的】南京隐翅虫是在受松材线虫病危害的病死木皮下发现的隐翅虫新种,与小蠹、天牛等多种次期性害虫的时间和空间生态位跟随关系密切,具有作为媒介昆虫防治蛀干害虫的潜力。研究南京隐翅虫不同发育阶段个体的形态特征、成虫的食性及昼夜活动节律,能够为进一步的研究和应用提供参考。【方法】室内观察南京隐翅虫不同发育阶段个体的形态特征,通过人工饲养并结合口器解剖研究南京隐翅虫成虫的食性;应用"陷阱法"观察试虫的昼夜活动节律。【结果】南京隐翅虫幼虫为寡足型,口器咀嚼式,胸足发达,蛹为裸蛹,成虫体长1.5～2.0 mm,身体狭长平行,头、中后胸、腹部6～8节颜色较深,身体其他部分浅黄色。成虫喜食人为杀死的跳虫成虫、蝇科幼龄幼虫及天牛幼虫,对于小蠹科、象甲科、叩甲科、蚁科、蠼螋科的幼虫尸体表现出取食行为,试验过程中并未观察到捕食其他生物活体。室内南京隐翅虫成虫昼夜活动节律高峰期分别是8:00—11:00以及20:00—22:00。【结论】南京隐翅虫成虫为尸食性,其昼夜活动节律受温度影响较大。
【Objective】 Homalota nanjingensis is a new species found under the bark of Pinus massoniana infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. There were high spatial and temporal encountering probabilities between the H. nanjingensis and the main secondary pests(such as species of Cerambycidae and Scolytidae), showing obvious following phenomenon. Thus, H. nanjingensis could be used as carrier insect with pathogenic organisms to control trunk-boring pest. The investigation of the morphological characteristics, adult feeding habits, and circadian activity rhythm of H. nanjingensis at different developmental stages was conducted in this study to provide references for further research and application. 【Method】 The morphological characteristics of H. nanjingensis larva, pupa, adult were observed and described. Adult feeding habits were studied by indoor-rearing and mouthparts-dissection. The circadian activity rhythm was detected by using "pitfall traps". 【Result】 Experimental investigation showed that H. nanjingensis larva are oligopod, chewing mouthparts, well-developed baenopoda, exarate pupa. The body length is about 1.5-2.0 mm, and body is strongly flattened dorsoventrally, and parallel-sided; The head, elytra and abdominal tergite have VI-Ⅷ segments with dark brown color, and the other parts of the body are yellowish brown. The adults preferred to feed artificially killed springtails, young maggots and larvae of long-horned beetle. When very hungry, it also fed on larvae of Scolytidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Formicidae, Labiduridae. We have not found that they preyed on living organisms in the course of experiment. Circadian activity rhythm of H. nanjingensis adult showed two peak hours: 8:00-11:00 am and 20:00-22:00 pm. 【Conclusion】 Homalota nanjingensis adult is necrophagy, and its circadian rhythm is influenced by temperature.
【Objective】 Homalota nanjingensis is a new species found under the bark of Pinus massoniana infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. There were high spatial and temporal encountering probabilities between the H. nanjingensis and the main secondary pests(such as species of Cerambycidae and Scolytidae), showing obvious following phenomenon. Thus, H. nanjingensis could be used as carrier insect with pathogenic organisms to control trunk-boring pest. The investigation of the morphological characteristics, adult feeding habits, and circadian activity rhythm of H. nanjingensis at different developmental stages was conducted in this study to provide references for further research and application. 【Method】 The morphological characteristics of H. nanjingensis larva, pupa, adult were observed and described. Adult feeding habits were studied by indoor-rearing and mouthparts-dissection. The circadian activity rhythm was detected by using "pitfall traps". 【Result】 Experimental investigation showed that H. nanjingensis larva are oligopod, chewing mouthparts, well-developed baenopoda, exarate pupa. The body length is about 1.5-2.0 mm, and body is strongly flattened dorsoventrally, and parallel-sided; The head, elytra and abdominal tergite have VI-Ⅷ segments with dark brown color, and the other parts of the body are yellowish brown. The adults preferred to feed artificially killed springtails, young maggots and larvae of long-horned beetle. When very hungry, it also fed on larvae of Scolytidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Formicidae, Labiduridae. We have not found that they preyed on living organisms in the course of experiment. Circadian activity rhythm of H. nanjingensis adult showed two peak hours: 8:00-11:00 am and 20:00-22:00 pm. 【Conclusion】 Homalota nanjingensis adult is necrophagy, and its circadian rhythm is influenced by temperature.
引文
曹丹丹, 嵇保中, 刘曙雯, 等. 2013a. 松材线虫病死木皮下节肢动物生态位及跟随性评价. 生态学杂志, 32(11): 3015-3021.(Cao D D, Ji B Z, Liu S W, et al. 2013a. Niches and following performance evaluation of arthropod populations under the barks of dead pine trees caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Chin J Ecol, 32(11): 3015-3021. [in Chinese])
曹丹丹, 嵇保中, 刘曙雯, 等. 2013b. 隐翅虫成虫取食、防御和生殖行为. 环境昆虫学报, 35(6): 815-826.(Cao D D, Ji B Z, Liu S W, et al. 2013b. The feeding, defensive and reproductive behavior of adult staphlinids (Insecta: Coleoptera:Staphylinidae). J Enviro Entomol, 35(6): 815-826. [in Chinese])
陈晓明. 2013.利用隐翅虫携带病原菌防治松墨天牛技术研究. 南京:南京林业大学硕士学位论文.(Chen X M. 2013. Researches on the control technology of Monochamus alternatus by use of entomopathogenic fungi carried by rove beetle. Nanjing:MS thesis of Nanjing Forestry University. [in Chinese])
李鸿昌, 席瑞华, 陈永林. 1983. 内蒙古典型草原蝗虫食性的研究Ⅰ. 罩笼供食下的取食特性. 生态学报, 3(3):214-228.(Li H C, Xi R H, Chen Y L. 1983. Studies on the feeding behaviour acridoids in the typical steppe subzone of the Nei Mongol autonomous region Ⅰ. Characteristics of food selection within the artificial cages. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 3(3):214-228. [in Chinese])
吕飞, 海小霞, 王志刚, 等. 2015. 人工光暗条件下花绒寄甲成虫活动行为节律. 昆虫学报, 58(6): 658-664.(Lü F, Hai X X, Wang Z G, et al. 2015. Circadian behaviors of the parasitic beetles, Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) under artificial light/dark conditions. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 58(6): 658-664.[in Chinese])
宁眺, 方宇凌, 汤坚, 等. 2005.松材线虫及其传媒松墨天牛的监测和防治现状. 昆虫知识, 42(3): 264-269.(Ning T, Fang Y L, Tang J, et al. 2005. Current status of monitoring strategies and control techniques for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector Monochamus alternatus. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 42(3): 264-269.[in Chinese])
尚玉昌. 2001. 行为生态学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 20-54.(Shang Y C. 2001. Behavioural Ecology. Beijing:Peking University Press, 20-54.[in Chinese])
肖春印, 丛晓娜, 刘小侠, 等. 2009. 黑腹果蝇昼夜活动节律及行为时间分配. 昆虫知识, 46(2): 298-301.(Xiao C Y, Cong X N, Liu X X, et al. 2009. Circadian rhythms and diurnal time allocation in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 46(2): 298-301. [in Chinese])
叶建仁, 黄麟. 2012. 松材线虫病病原学研究的几个问题. 中国森林病虫, 31(5): 13-21, 44.(Ye J R, Huang L. 2012. Some aspects of the pathogen of the pine wilt disease. Forest Pest and Disease, 31(5): 13-21, 44. [in Chinese])
印红, 任国栋. 2005. 腐食性金龟甲成虫口器形态学研究. 昆虫分类学报, 27(2): 103-110.(Yin H, Ren G D. 2005. Morphological study on the mouthparts of adult saprophagous scarab beetles (Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea). Entomotaxonomia, 27(2): 103-110.[in Chinese])
赵正萍,嵇保中,刘曙雯, 等. 2015. 利用昆虫携带病原物实施生物防治的研究进展. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 39 (2): 155-162.(Zhao Z P, Ji B Z, Liu S W, et al. 2015. Research progress of biological control by use of insects to deliver pathogens. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University: Natural Sciences Edition, 39 (2): 155-162. [in Chinese])
Cao D D, Wei J R, Liu S W, et al. 2018. A new species of Homalota Mannerheim, 1830 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Nanjing, China. Zootaxa, 4444 (3): 327-332.
Hanley R S, Ashe J S. 2003. Techniques for dissecting adult Aleocharine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 93(1):11-18.
Ja?oszyński P. 2012. Adults of European ant-like stone beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) Scydmaenus tarsatus Müller & Kunze and Scydmaenus hellwigii (Herbst) prey on soft-bodied arthropods. Entomol Sci, 15(1): 35-41.
Kim Y H,Ahn K J. 2014. Taxonomy of the genus Homalota Mannerheim in Korea (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). ZooKeys, 447: 109-123.
Ottesen P S. 1985. Diel activity patterns of South Scandinavian high mountain ground beetles(Coleoptera, Carabidae). Ecography, 8(3): 191-203.
曹丹丹, 嵇保中, 刘曙雯, 等. 2013b. 隐翅虫成虫取食、防御和生殖行为. 环境昆虫学报, 35(6): 815-826.(Cao D D, Ji B Z, Liu S W, et al. 2013b. The feeding, defensive and reproductive behavior of adult staphlinids (Insecta: Coleoptera:Staphylinidae). J Enviro Entomol, 35(6): 815-826. [in Chinese])
陈晓明. 2013.利用隐翅虫携带病原菌防治松墨天牛技术研究. 南京:南京林业大学硕士学位论文.(Chen X M. 2013. Researches on the control technology of Monochamus alternatus by use of entomopathogenic fungi carried by rove beetle. Nanjing:MS thesis of Nanjing Forestry University. [in Chinese])
李鸿昌, 席瑞华, 陈永林. 1983. 内蒙古典型草原蝗虫食性的研究Ⅰ. 罩笼供食下的取食特性. 生态学报, 3(3):214-228.(Li H C, Xi R H, Chen Y L. 1983. Studies on the feeding behaviour acridoids in the typical steppe subzone of the Nei Mongol autonomous region Ⅰ. Characteristics of food selection within the artificial cages. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 3(3):214-228. [in Chinese])
吕飞, 海小霞, 王志刚, 等. 2015. 人工光暗条件下花绒寄甲成虫活动行为节律. 昆虫学报, 58(6): 658-664.(Lü F, Hai X X, Wang Z G, et al. 2015. Circadian behaviors of the parasitic beetles, Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) under artificial light/dark conditions. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 58(6): 658-664.[in Chinese])
宁眺, 方宇凌, 汤坚, 等. 2005.松材线虫及其传媒松墨天牛的监测和防治现状. 昆虫知识, 42(3): 264-269.(Ning T, Fang Y L, Tang J, et al. 2005. Current status of monitoring strategies and control techniques for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vector Monochamus alternatus. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 42(3): 264-269.[in Chinese])
尚玉昌. 2001. 行为生态学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 20-54.(Shang Y C. 2001. Behavioural Ecology. Beijing:Peking University Press, 20-54.[in Chinese])
肖春印, 丛晓娜, 刘小侠, 等. 2009. 黑腹果蝇昼夜活动节律及行为时间分配. 昆虫知识, 46(2): 298-301.(Xiao C Y, Cong X N, Liu X X, et al. 2009. Circadian rhythms and diurnal time allocation in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology, 46(2): 298-301. [in Chinese])
叶建仁, 黄麟. 2012. 松材线虫病病原学研究的几个问题. 中国森林病虫, 31(5): 13-21, 44.(Ye J R, Huang L. 2012. Some aspects of the pathogen of the pine wilt disease. Forest Pest and Disease, 31(5): 13-21, 44. [in Chinese])
印红, 任国栋. 2005. 腐食性金龟甲成虫口器形态学研究. 昆虫分类学报, 27(2): 103-110.(Yin H, Ren G D. 2005. Morphological study on the mouthparts of adult saprophagous scarab beetles (Coleoptera:Scarabaeoidea). Entomotaxonomia, 27(2): 103-110.[in Chinese])
赵正萍,嵇保中,刘曙雯, 等. 2015. 利用昆虫携带病原物实施生物防治的研究进展. 南京林业大学学报:自然科学版, 39 (2): 155-162.(Zhao Z P, Ji B Z, Liu S W, et al. 2015. Research progress of biological control by use of insects to deliver pathogens. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University: Natural Sciences Edition, 39 (2): 155-162. [in Chinese])
Cao D D, Wei J R, Liu S W, et al. 2018. A new species of Homalota Mannerheim, 1830 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Nanjing, China. Zootaxa, 4444 (3): 327-332.
Hanley R S, Ashe J S. 2003. Techniques for dissecting adult Aleocharine beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 93(1):11-18.
Ja?oszyński P. 2012. Adults of European ant-like stone beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae) Scydmaenus tarsatus Müller & Kunze and Scydmaenus hellwigii (Herbst) prey on soft-bodied arthropods. Entomol Sci, 15(1): 35-41.
Kim Y H,Ahn K J. 2014. Taxonomy of the genus Homalota Mannerheim in Korea (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae). ZooKeys, 447: 109-123.
Ottesen P S. 1985. Diel activity patterns of South Scandinavian high mountain ground beetles(Coleoptera, Carabidae). Ecography, 8(3): 191-203.