杂交玉米养分利用遗传特性与产量潜力的关系
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摘要
通过设计品种与氮磷不同组合施肥的小区试验,进行了不同玉米品种耐肥性试验,并采用典型品种进行了氮磷单施与配施的营养遗传性状试验;同时选择7个玉米品种的父母本在氮磷单施和配施为试验地土壤最大施肥量下培育的21个品种中的12品种,分别在氮磷单施各195 kg/hm2和氮磷配施为试验地土壤最大施肥量的组合处理上进行了产量比较试验,以探索高产玉米品种营养性状与基因型表达的关系,为诊断玉米营养遗传性状基因型及杂交培育高产品种提供科学依据。结果表明,供试的不同玉米品种最大施氮量介于35.0~601.5 kg/hm2;登海605玉米品种氮磷配施产量比氮磷单施分别增产19.8%和17.5%;而京科665和金满囤2个品种单施磷比单施氮和氮磷配施增产25%~40%。父母本氮磷配施杂交制种的玉米品种,氮磷配施种植比氮磷单施种植增产,如鑫源596氮磷配施种植分别较氮磷单施种植提高9.4%和11.2%,较相同父母本单施氮杂交制种品种氮磷配施种植增产39.5%;父母本单施磷下杂交制种的品种却以单施氮种植产量最高,反而比氮磷配施下还增产(强盛2号增产17%),但氮磷配施制种品种的产量也以氮磷配施下种植最高。玉米品种高产性状可能是父母本在特定施肥结构下某些基因杂交响应的表达结果。玉米品种耐肥性和养分利效率可能受品种最大施肥量和施肥结构影响下的营养遗传性状表现基因所制约,施肥则是隐性基因和显性基因转化的养分条件。
The relationship between nutrient utilization and relevant gene expression was investigated for breeding novel high-yielding maize cultivars. In field plot experiments under different maize varieties under combination of major nutrient supply, the responses to varying nutrient combination by different varieties was tested. Meanwhile, a total of 21 varieties were bred from the parents of7 maize varieties under maximum application rate, respectively with only N fertilizer(mono-N), only P fertilizer(mono-P)and combined application of both N and P fertilizers(combined N/P). Furthermore, the yields of 12 varieties were compared under treatment with mono-N and mon-P, respectively at 195 kg/hm2, in comparison to treatment with combined N/P, all under maximum application rate of the soil. The results showed that the maximum nitrogen level of the tested varieties was in a range of 35.0-601.5 kg/hm2, for the cultivar of Denghai 605, yield under combined N/P was higher than under mon-N or mono-P, respectively by 19.8 % and 17.5%. In contrast, the cultivars of Jinke 665 and Jinmanchun exerted higher yield under mono-P than under mono-N and combined N/P, by 25%-40%. For hybrid varieties bred with the parents under combined N/P, their yields were higher with combined N/P than mono-N or mono-P. In particular, the yield of Xinyuan 596 was higher under combined N/P respectively by 9.4% and 11.2% than under mono-N or mono-P,and by 39.5% higher than hybrid seeds of the same parents, which was bred undermono-N but planted with combined N/P. In contrast,cultivars of Qiangsheng number 2, bred under mono-P, exerted higher yield under mon-N than under combined N/P. Whereas, those cultivars bred under combined N/P had higher yields when planted with combined N/P fertilization. The yield potential of maize cultivars could be dependent of the response of the parent genes hybrid in breeding under a certain nutrient status with N/P fertilization. Furthermore, nutrient requirement and the utilization efficiency could be constrained with the gene expression for nutrient utilization of the hybrid parents but fertilization gave the nutrient supply for transformation of recessive to dominant genes in cultivation of maize.
The relationship between nutrient utilization and relevant gene expression was investigated for breeding novel high-yielding maize cultivars. In field plot experiments under different maize varieties under combination of major nutrient supply, the responses to varying nutrient combination by different varieties was tested. Meanwhile, a total of 21 varieties were bred from the parents of7 maize varieties under maximum application rate, respectively with only N fertilizer(mono-N), only P fertilizer(mono-P)and combined application of both N and P fertilizers(combined N/P). Furthermore, the yields of 12 varieties were compared under treatment with mono-N and mon-P, respectively at 195 kg/hm2, in comparison to treatment with combined N/P, all under maximum application rate of the soil. The results showed that the maximum nitrogen level of the tested varieties was in a range of 35.0-601.5 kg/hm2, for the cultivar of Denghai 605, yield under combined N/P was higher than under mon-N or mono-P, respectively by 19.8 % and 17.5%. In contrast, the cultivars of Jinke 665 and Jinmanchun exerted higher yield under mono-P than under mono-N and combined N/P, by 25%-40%. For hybrid varieties bred with the parents under combined N/P, their yields were higher with combined N/P than mono-N or mono-P. In particular, the yield of Xinyuan 596 was higher under combined N/P respectively by 9.4% and 11.2% than under mono-N or mono-P,and by 39.5% higher than hybrid seeds of the same parents, which was bred undermono-N but planted with combined N/P. In contrast,cultivars of Qiangsheng number 2, bred under mono-P, exerted higher yield under mon-N than under combined N/P. Whereas, those cultivars bred under combined N/P had higher yields when planted with combined N/P fertilization. The yield potential of maize cultivars could be dependent of the response of the parent genes hybrid in breeding under a certain nutrient status with N/P fertilization. Furthermore, nutrient requirement and the utilization efficiency could be constrained with the gene expression for nutrient utilization of the hybrid parents but fertilization gave the nutrient supply for transformation of recessive to dominant genes in cultivation of maize.
引文
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[12]刘建安,米国华,陈范俊,等.玉米杂交种氮效率品种差异[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(3):276-281.
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[15]陈伦寿,李仁刚.农田施肥原理与实践[M].北京:农业出版社,1984:7-11.
[16]褚清河,潘根兴,张旭辉.土壤养分类型与小麦最佳施肥比例及最大施肥量的关系[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1077-1080.
[17]褚清河.玉米不同供肥强度和配比下养分的吸收与利用[J].土壤通报,2010,41(5):1120-1124.
[18]褚清河,潘根兴,史海萍.土壤养分相对较高与最大量下的最小因子效应[J].山西农业科学,2011,39(7):679-685.
[19]张华.追逐梦想引领世界农业科技新革命[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(9):1425.
[20]褚清河,强彦珍.中国粮食作物单产增长规律及其原理[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(10):26-29.
[2]张天真.作物育种学总论[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1982:1-80.
[3]刘岩松,金建强.作物育种理论研究上的“日心说”[J].山西农业科学,2017,45(7):1215.
[4]褚清河,王成己,潘根兴,等.不同养分供应下玉米品种产量潜力变异研究[J].华北农学报,2007,2(5):129-133.
[5]褚清河,潘根兴,郭耀东.玉米品种产量潜力水平形成原理及其与施肥的关系[J].山西农业科学,2013,41(8):838-842.
[6]褚清河,潘根兴.土壤施肥配比理论和方法的研究[M].太原:山西科学技术出版社,2013:65-121.
[7]褚清河,李建英,王海存,等.玉米最大施肥量的构成要素及其变化规律[J].土壤通报,2003,34(5):427-431.
[8]褚清河,闫文泽,王海存,等.论最小因子理论的产生发展及应用中的问题[J].山西农业科学,2002,30(4):37-41.
[9]褚清河,潘根兴,李典有,等.氮磷等比与以磷定氮条件下玉米的最大施肥量研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(6):1083-1089.
[10]张瑞珍,张恩和,孙长占.不同基因型玉米品种氮素营养效率差异性研究[J].土壤通报,2009,40(6):1356-1361.
[11]张秀兰,林英春.低磷胁迫不同基因型玉米主要生理生化的影响[J].作物学报,2005,31(5):667-669.
[12]刘建安,米国华,陈范俊,等.玉米杂交种氮效率品种差异[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2002,8(3):276-281.
[13]NZUVE F,GITHIRI S,MUKUNYA D M,et al.Analysis of genotype×environment interaction for grain yield in maize hybrids[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,2013,1(2):74-78.
[14]DEHGHANI H,SABAGHPOUR S H,SABAGHNIA N.Genotype×environment interaction for grain yield of some lentil genotypes and relationship among univariate stability statistics[J].Spanish J Agric Res,2008,6(3):385.
[15]陈伦寿,李仁刚.农田施肥原理与实践[M].北京:农业出版社,1984:7-11.
[16]褚清河,潘根兴,张旭辉.土壤养分类型与小麦最佳施肥比例及最大施肥量的关系[J].土壤通报,2008,39(5):1077-1080.
[17]褚清河.玉米不同供肥强度和配比下养分的吸收与利用[J].土壤通报,2010,41(5):1120-1124.
[18]褚清河,潘根兴,史海萍.土壤养分相对较高与最大量下的最小因子效应[J].山西农业科学,2011,39(7):679-685.
[19]张华.追逐梦想引领世界农业科技新革命[J].山西农业科学,2016,44(9):1425.
[20]褚清河,强彦珍.中国粮食作物单产增长规律及其原理[J].山西农业科学,2010,38(10):26-29.