保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响
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摘要
通过渭北旱塬春玉米15年定位试验,研究6种保护性耕作方式,即传统翻耕(CT)、免耕(NT)、免耕配施生物炭(NB)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NS)、免耕地膜覆盖(NF)和免耕秸秆地膜覆盖(NSF)对土壤水分与硝态氮淋溶的影响,探索适宜于该区可持续发展的农田管理措施.结果表明:与NT相比,第一次水分补给时期0～100 cm土层,CT处理水分补给量无显著差异,NS、NB、NSF和NF处理显著降低;在100～300 cm土层,NS、NB、NF和NSF处理显著增加了水分补给量,CT显著低于NT处理.第二次水分补给时期,水分补给主要集中在0～100 cm土层,且各处理与NT水分补给量无显著差异.水分消耗时期,各处理与NT处理在0～100 cm土层消耗量无显著差异,NF和NSF在100～300 cm土层水分消耗量显著增加,分别增加了33.9%和59.9%.在0～200 cm土层,与NT相比,CT处理显著增加了硝态氮累积量,是NT的2.2倍,NS、NB、NF和NSF处理显著减少了硝态氮累积量,分别减少了44.6%、61.5%、69.2%和69.8%;而在200～300 cm土层,NS处理显著增加了硝态氮累积量,CT与NT处理无显著差异,NB、NF和NSF处理显著减少.土壤水分运动能显著影响硝态氮在土壤剖面的分布,NB、NF和NSF处理硝态氮主要分布在0～40 cm土层,NS主要分布在0～100 cm和200～300 cm土层,而NT和CT处理硝态氮在整个剖面大量分布,其中NS、NT和CT处理出现两个硝态氮累积峰.不同农田管理措施通过对水分的调控减少硝态氮淋溶,进而提高氮素利用效率,其中免耕基础上秸秆地膜覆盖能有效调控土壤水分运动和减少硝态氮淋溶累积,是旱塬区改善农田水肥状况,增加作物产量的可行措施.
Based on a field experiment on conservation tillage over 15 years in Weibei Highland maize cropland, six conservation tillage patterns, i.e., conventional tillage(CT), no-tillage(NT), no-tillage plus biochar(NB), no-tillage and straw mulching(NS), no-tillage and plastic film mulching(NF), and no-tillage and straw-plastic film mulching(NSF), were investigated for their effects on soil water and nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N) leaching, to seek sustainable agricultural cultivation measures suitable for the region. Results showed that, compared with NT treatment in the first water recharge period, CT had no effect on water recharge in 0-100 cm soil layer, and NS, NB, NSF and NF significantly reduced soil water recharge. In 100-300 cm soil layer, NS, NB, NF and NSF significantly increased soil water recharge, but CT significantly reduced soil water recharge. During the second water recharge period, water recharge depth was mainly concentrated in 0-100 cm soil layer, and there was no significant difference between each treatment and NT. During the water depletion period, compared with NT treatment, other treatments had no significant effect on water depletion in 0-100 cm soil layer, but NF and NSF increased soil water depletion by 33.9% and 59.9% in 100-300 cm soil layer, respectively. In 0-200 cm soil layer, compared to NT, CT significantly increased the accumulation of NO_3~--N by 2.2 fold, NS, NB, NF and NSF reduced soil NO_3~--N accumulation by 44.6%, 61.5%, 69.2% and 69.8%, respectively. In 200-300 cm soil layer, NS significantly reduced the accumulation amount of NO_3~--N, but CT had no significant effect on the accumulation amount of NO_3~--N, and NS, NB, and NSF all had negative effects on NO_3~--N accumulation. Soil water movement had significant effect on the distribution of NO_3~--N in soil profile. Soil NO_3~--N was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layer for NB, NF and NSF treatments, in 0-100 cm and 200-300 cm soil layers for NS treatment, and over the entire profile for NT and CT, and NS, NT and CT treatments had two NO_3~--N accumulation peaks in soil profile. Different agricultural cultivation measures could reduce soil NO_3~--N leaching by regulating soil water content, and subsequently improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. Among those measures, NSF could effectively control soil water movement to reduce the NO_3~--N leaching and accumulation, and thus is a feasible measure to improve soil water and fertility conditions and increase dryland maize yields.
Based on a field experiment on conservation tillage over 15 years in Weibei Highland maize cropland, six conservation tillage patterns, i.e., conventional tillage(CT), no-tillage(NT), no-tillage plus biochar(NB), no-tillage and straw mulching(NS), no-tillage and plastic film mulching(NF), and no-tillage and straw-plastic film mulching(NSF), were investigated for their effects on soil water and nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N) leaching, to seek sustainable agricultural cultivation measures suitable for the region. Results showed that, compared with NT treatment in the first water recharge period, CT had no effect on water recharge in 0-100 cm soil layer, and NS, NB, NSF and NF significantly reduced soil water recharge. In 100-300 cm soil layer, NS, NB, NF and NSF significantly increased soil water recharge, but CT significantly reduced soil water recharge. During the second water recharge period, water recharge depth was mainly concentrated in 0-100 cm soil layer, and there was no significant difference between each treatment and NT. During the water depletion period, compared with NT treatment, other treatments had no significant effect on water depletion in 0-100 cm soil layer, but NF and NSF increased soil water depletion by 33.9% and 59.9% in 100-300 cm soil layer, respectively. In 0-200 cm soil layer, compared to NT, CT significantly increased the accumulation of NO_3~--N by 2.2 fold, NS, NB, NF and NSF reduced soil NO_3~--N accumulation by 44.6%, 61.5%, 69.2% and 69.8%, respectively. In 200-300 cm soil layer, NS significantly reduced the accumulation amount of NO_3~--N, but CT had no significant effect on the accumulation amount of NO_3~--N, and NS, NB, and NSF all had negative effects on NO_3~--N accumulation. Soil water movement had significant effect on the distribution of NO_3~--N in soil profile. Soil NO_3~--N was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm soil layer for NB, NF and NSF treatments, in 0-100 cm and 200-300 cm soil layers for NS treatment, and over the entire profile for NT and CT, and NS, NT and CT treatments had two NO_3~--N accumulation peaks in soil profile. Different agricultural cultivation measures could reduce soil NO_3~--N leaching by regulating soil water content, and subsequently improve nitrogen utilization efficiency. Among those measures, NSF could effectively control soil water movement to reduce the NO_3~--N leaching and accumulation, and thus is a feasible measure to improve soil water and fertility conditions and increase dryland maize yields.
引文
[1] Cai GX, Chen DL, Ding H, et al. Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize, wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2002, 63: 187-195
[2] Wang Q, Li FR, Zhao L, et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution and fertilizer nitrogen loss, wheat yield and nitrogen uptake on a recently reclaimed sandy farmland. Plant and Soil, 2010, 337: 325-339
[3] Gao D-C (高德才), Zhang L (张蕾), Liu Q (刘强), et al. Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2014, 30(6): 54-61 (in Chinese)
[4] Shang J-X (尚金霞), Li J (李军), Jia Z-K (贾志宽), et al. Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei highland. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2010, 43(13): 2668-2678 (in Chinese)
[5] Fan Y-L (范亚宁), Li S-Q (李世清), Li S-X (李生秀). Utilization rate of fertilizer N and dynamic changes of soil NO3--N in summer maize field in semi-humid area of Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(4): 799-806 (in Chinese)
[6] Yu H-Y (余海英), Peng W-Y (彭文英), Ma X (马秀), et al. Effects of no-tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semiarid region of northern China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2011, 22(1): 99-104 (in Chinese)
[7] Wang B-S (王碧胜), Cai D-X (蔡典雄), Wu X-P (武雪萍), et al. Effects of long-term conservation til-lage on soil organic carbon, maize yield and water utilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(6): 1455-1464 (in Chinese)
[8] Wang X-L (王宪良), Wang Q-J (王庆杰), Li H-W (李洪文), et al. Effect of tyre induced soil compaction on soil properties and crop root growth under no-tillage system. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricul-tural Machinery (农业机械学报), 2017, 48(6): 168-175 (in Chinese)
[9] Yin M-H (银敏华), Li Y-N (李援农), Chen P-P (陈朋朋), et al. Effect of no-tillage on maize yield in northern region of China: A meta-analysis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(5): 843-854 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhou LM, Jim SL, Liu CA, et al. Ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching tillage enhances maize-soil interactions: Opportunities and challenges in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. Field Crops Research, 2012, 126: 181-188
[11] Wang X-K (王秀康), Xing Y-Y (邢英英), Li Z-B (李占斌). Effect of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield, distribution and fate of nitrogen in root layer. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3944-3957 (in Chinese)
[12] Liu S-P (刘世平), Zhang H-C (张洪程), Dai Q-G (戴其根), et al. Effects of no-tillage plus inter-planting and remaining straw on the field on cropland eco-environment and wheat growth. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2005, 16(2): 393-396 (in Chinese)
[13] Tian X-X (田肖肖), Lyu S-Q (吕慎强), Zhang L (张亮), et al. No-tillage with straw mulching could increase grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of summer maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertili-zer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(3): 606-614 (in Chinese)
[14] Lehmann J, Silva J, Steiner C, et al. Nutrient availabi-lity and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: Fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil, 2003, 249: 343-357
[15] Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006, 70: 1719-1730
[16] Reverchon FF, Licker RC, Yang H. Changes in δ15N in a soil-plant system under different biochar feedstocks and application rate. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50: 275-283
[17] Li H (李华), Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Li S-X (李生秀). Effect of different soil surface treatment on moisture and nitrate nitrogen accumulation and distribution in wheat field soil profiles in dryland. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2011, 30(7): 1371-1377 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang B-Y (张北赢), Xu X-X (徐学选), Liu W-Z (刘文兆), et al. Dynamic changes of soil moisture in loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(6): 1234-1240 (in Chinese)
[19] Zuber SM, Behnke GD, Nafziger ED, et al. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil physical and chemical properties in Illinois. Agronomy Journal, 2015, 107: 971-978
[20] Matthews AM, Armstrong AC, Leeds-Harrison PB. Development and testing of a model for predicting tillage effects on nitrate leaching from cracked clay soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 2000, 53: 245-254
[21] Sika MP, Hardie AG. Effect of pine wood biochar on ammonium nitrate leaching and availability in a South African sandy soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 2014, 65: 113-119
[22] Wang Y-Y (王艳阳), Wei Y-X (魏永霞), Sun J-P (孙继鹏), et al. Soil water infiltration and distribution characteristics under different biochar addition amount. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2016, 32(8): 113-119 (in Chinese)
[23] Xiao Q (肖茜), Zhang H-P (张洪培), Shen Y-F (沈玉芳), et al. Effects of biochar on water infiltration, evaporation and nitrate leaching in semi-arid loess area. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2015, 31(16): 128-134 (in Chinese)
[24] Yin X-F (尹晓芳), Tong Y-A (同延安), Zhang S-L (张树兰), et al. Nitrate leaching characteristics of wheat-corn rotation farmland in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(3): 640-646 (in Chinese)
[25] Wang M (王敏), Wang H-X (王海霞), Han Q-F (韩清芳), et al. Effects of different mulching materials on soil water, temperature, and corn growth. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2011, 37(7): 1249-1258 (in Chinese)
[26] Yin T (殷涛), He W-Q (何文清), Yan C-R (严昌荣), et al. Effects of plastic mulching on surface of no-till straw mulching on soil water and temperature. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2014, 30(19): 78-87 (in Chinese)
[27] Cai Z-C (蔡祖聪), Qin S-W (钦绳武). Crop yield, N use efficiency and environmental impact of a long-term fertilization experiment in fluvor aquic soil in North China. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2006, 43(6): 885-891 (in Chinese)
[28] Liu J, Zhan A, Chen H, et al. Response of nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrate dynamics to soil mulching in dryland maize (Zea mays L.) fields. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015, 101: 271-283
[29] Gao Y, Li Y, Zhang J, et al. Effects of mulch, N ferti-lizer, and plant density on wheat yield, wheat nitrogen uptake, and residual soil nitrate in a dryland area of China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2009, 85: 109-121
[30] Zhang Y-M (张玉铭), Zhang J-B (张佳宝), Hu C-S (胡春胜), et al. Nitrate leaching in wheat-maize rotation field in the North China Plain. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2006, 43(1): 17-25 (in Chinese)
[31] Wang Y-P (王艳萍), Wang L (王力), Han X (韩雪), et al. Dynamics of soil moisture depletion and replenishment in different land use types of the Loess Tableland. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(22): 7571-7579 (in Chinese)
[32] Li W (李巍), Hao M-D (郝明德), Wang X-C (王学春). Depletion and restoration of soil water in diffe-rent cultivating systems in gully region of Loess Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2010, 26(3): 99-105 (in Chinese)
[33] Han X-Y (韩晓阳), Liu W-Z (刘文兆), Chen L-P (程立平). Vertical distribution characteristics and temporal stability of soil water in deep profile on the Loess Tableland, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(2): 430-438 (in Chinese)
[34] Wang H, Zhang X, Yu X, et al. Maize-faba bean rotation under double ridge and furrows with plastic mul-ching alleviates soil water depletion. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 207: 59-66
[35] Wu Y-C (吴永成), Zhou S-L (周顺利), Wang Z-M (王志敏), et al. Dynamics and residue of soil nitrate in summer maize field of North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2005, 25(7): 1620-1625 (in Chinese)
[36] Song H-X (宋海星), Li S-X (李生秀). Effects of root uptake function and soil water on NO3--N and NH4+-N distribution. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2005, 38(1): 96-101 (in Chinese)
[37] Che S-G (车升国), Yuan L (袁亮), Li Y-T (李燕婷), et al. N uptake and yield response of wheat in main wheat production regions of China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2016, 22(2): 287-295 (in Chinese)
[38] Hu J-S (胡锦昇), Fan J (樊军), Fu W (付威), et al. Effect of different agricultural measures on soil water and NO3--N leaching and accumulation in cropland of the Loess Plateau. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2019, 25(2): 213-222 (in Chinese)
[2] Wang Q, Li FR, Zhao L, et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application rates on nitrate nitrogen distribution and fertilizer nitrogen loss, wheat yield and nitrogen uptake on a recently reclaimed sandy farmland. Plant and Soil, 2010, 337: 325-339
[3] Gao D-C (高德才), Zhang L (张蕾), Liu Q (刘强), et al. Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2014, 30(6): 54-61 (in Chinese)
[4] Shang J-X (尚金霞), Li J (李军), Jia Z-K (贾志宽), et al. Soil water conservation effect, yield and income increments of conservation tillage measures in spring maize field on Weibei highland. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2010, 43(13): 2668-2678 (in Chinese)
[5] Fan Y-L (范亚宁), Li S-Q (李世清), Li S-X (李生秀). Utilization rate of fertilizer N and dynamic changes of soil NO3--N in summer maize field in semi-humid area of Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(4): 799-806 (in Chinese)
[6] Yu H-Y (余海英), Peng W-Y (彭文英), Ma X (马秀), et al. Effects of no-tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semiarid region of northern China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2011, 22(1): 99-104 (in Chinese)
[7] Wang B-S (王碧胜), Cai D-X (蔡典雄), Wu X-P (武雪萍), et al. Effects of long-term conservation til-lage on soil organic carbon, maize yield and water utilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(6): 1455-1464 (in Chinese)
[8] Wang X-L (王宪良), Wang Q-J (王庆杰), Li H-W (李洪文), et al. Effect of tyre induced soil compaction on soil properties and crop root growth under no-tillage system. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricul-tural Machinery (农业机械学报), 2017, 48(6): 168-175 (in Chinese)
[9] Yin M-H (银敏华), Li Y-N (李援农), Chen P-P (陈朋朋), et al. Effect of no-tillage on maize yield in northern region of China: A meta-analysis. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(5): 843-854 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhou LM, Jim SL, Liu CA, et al. Ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching tillage enhances maize-soil interactions: Opportunities and challenges in a semiarid agro-ecosystem. Field Crops Research, 2012, 126: 181-188
[11] Wang X-K (王秀康), Xing Y-Y (邢英英), Li Z-B (李占斌). Effect of mulching and nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield, distribution and fate of nitrogen in root layer. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2016, 49(20): 3944-3957 (in Chinese)
[12] Liu S-P (刘世平), Zhang H-C (张洪程), Dai Q-G (戴其根), et al. Effects of no-tillage plus inter-planting and remaining straw on the field on cropland eco-environment and wheat growth. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2005, 16(2): 393-396 (in Chinese)
[13] Tian X-X (田肖肖), Lyu S-Q (吕慎强), Zhang L (张亮), et al. No-tillage with straw mulching could increase grain yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies of summer maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertili-zer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(3): 606-614 (in Chinese)
[14] Lehmann J, Silva J, Steiner C, et al. Nutrient availabi-lity and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: Fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and Soil, 2003, 249: 343-357
[15] Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006, 70: 1719-1730
[16] Reverchon FF, Licker RC, Yang H. Changes in δ15N in a soil-plant system under different biochar feedstocks and application rate. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2014, 50: 275-283
[17] Li H (李华), Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Li S-X (李生秀). Effect of different soil surface treatment on moisture and nitrate nitrogen accumulation and distribution in wheat field soil profiles in dryland. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2011, 30(7): 1371-1377 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang B-Y (张北赢), Xu X-X (徐学选), Liu W-Z (刘文兆), et al. Dynamic changes of soil moisture in loess hilly and gully region under effects of different yearly precipitation patterns. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(6): 1234-1240 (in Chinese)
[19] Zuber SM, Behnke GD, Nafziger ED, et al. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil physical and chemical properties in Illinois. Agronomy Journal, 2015, 107: 971-978
[20] Matthews AM, Armstrong AC, Leeds-Harrison PB. Development and testing of a model for predicting tillage effects on nitrate leaching from cracked clay soils. Soil and Tillage Research, 2000, 53: 245-254
[21] Sika MP, Hardie AG. Effect of pine wood biochar on ammonium nitrate leaching and availability in a South African sandy soil. European Journal of Soil Science, 2014, 65: 113-119
[22] Wang Y-Y (王艳阳), Wei Y-X (魏永霞), Sun J-P (孙继鹏), et al. Soil water infiltration and distribution characteristics under different biochar addition amount. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2016, 32(8): 113-119 (in Chinese)
[23] Xiao Q (肖茜), Zhang H-P (张洪培), Shen Y-F (沈玉芳), et al. Effects of biochar on water infiltration, evaporation and nitrate leaching in semi-arid loess area. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2015, 31(16): 128-134 (in Chinese)
[24] Yin X-F (尹晓芳), Tong Y-A (同延安), Zhang S-L (张树兰), et al. Nitrate leaching characteristics of wheat-corn rotation farmland in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(3): 640-646 (in Chinese)
[25] Wang M (王敏), Wang H-X (王海霞), Han Q-F (韩清芳), et al. Effects of different mulching materials on soil water, temperature, and corn growth. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2011, 37(7): 1249-1258 (in Chinese)
[26] Yin T (殷涛), He W-Q (何文清), Yan C-R (严昌荣), et al. Effects of plastic mulching on surface of no-till straw mulching on soil water and temperature. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2014, 30(19): 78-87 (in Chinese)
[27] Cai Z-C (蔡祖聪), Qin S-W (钦绳武). Crop yield, N use efficiency and environmental impact of a long-term fertilization experiment in fluvor aquic soil in North China. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2006, 43(6): 885-891 (in Chinese)
[28] Liu J, Zhan A, Chen H, et al. Response of nitrogen use efficiency and soil nitrate dynamics to soil mulching in dryland maize (Zea mays L.) fields. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2015, 101: 271-283
[29] Gao Y, Li Y, Zhang J, et al. Effects of mulch, N ferti-lizer, and plant density on wheat yield, wheat nitrogen uptake, and residual soil nitrate in a dryland area of China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 2009, 85: 109-121
[30] Zhang Y-M (张玉铭), Zhang J-B (张佳宝), Hu C-S (胡春胜), et al. Nitrate leaching in wheat-maize rotation field in the North China Plain. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2006, 43(1): 17-25 (in Chinese)
[31] Wang Y-P (王艳萍), Wang L (王力), Han X (韩雪), et al. Dynamics of soil moisture depletion and replenishment in different land use types of the Loess Tableland. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(22): 7571-7579 (in Chinese)
[32] Li W (李巍), Hao M-D (郝明德), Wang X-C (王学春). Depletion and restoration of soil water in diffe-rent cultivating systems in gully region of Loess Plateau. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2010, 26(3): 99-105 (in Chinese)
[33] Han X-Y (韩晓阳), Liu W-Z (刘文兆), Chen L-P (程立平). Vertical distribution characteristics and temporal stability of soil water in deep profile on the Loess Tableland, Northwest China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2017, 28(2): 430-438 (in Chinese)
[34] Wang H, Zhang X, Yu X, et al. Maize-faba bean rotation under double ridge and furrows with plastic mul-ching alleviates soil water depletion. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 207: 59-66
[35] Wu Y-C (吴永成), Zhou S-L (周顺利), Wang Z-M (王志敏), et al. Dynamics and residue of soil nitrate in summer maize field of North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2005, 25(7): 1620-1625 (in Chinese)
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