南岳电线积冰标准冰厚气候特征
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摘要
利用1957~2012年南岳高山观测站逐日覆冰资料,对南岳覆冰标准厚度和覆冰日数的时间演变、突变和周期变化进行分析,并推算出南岳各重现期的标准冰厚,结果表明:1)南岳南北向和东西向标准冰厚年代际变化非常相似,呈现偏大—偏小—偏大—偏小—偏大的年代际变化;冰冻日数在20世纪60年代中后期之前,90年代中后期之后冰冻日数偏少,60年代中后期到90年代中后期冰冻日数偏多。2)冰冻在1~4月、10~12月均有发生,其中1月出现天数最多,占全年的31.8%。3)滑动t检验分析发现,南岳东西向和南北向标准冰厚在20世纪60年代末有减小的突变,冰冻日数在近56年没有出现明显突变。4)Morlet小波和小波功率谱分析发现,南北向和东西向标准冰厚存在显著的2~3年、4~6年振荡周期;冰冻日数存在显著的2~4年、5~7年振荡周期。5)基于Pearson III型概率分布统计发现,各重现期东西向标准冰厚均较南北向标准冰厚要大,其中20年一遇南北向和东西向标准冰厚分别为76.33、85.22 mm,10年一遇南北向和东西向标准冰厚分别为60.86、69.57 mm。6)分析气象要素对覆冰的影响发现,覆冰期气温较无覆冰期要低,相对湿地要大,能见度要小,覆冰期风向以偏北风为准,无覆冰期风向以偏南风为主,覆冰期平均风速较无覆冰期风速要小。
Using the icing data measured at Nanyue Mountain Observatory from 1957 to 2012, the temporal variations, abrupt changes, and period variations of standard ice thicknesses and icing days are analyzed. The standard ice thicknesses of different recurrence periods are also calculated. The results showed that the interdecadal variability of standard ice thicknesses in east-west(EW) and north-south(NS) directions were similar and presented a pattern of large-small-large-small-large. Icing days before the late 1960 s and after the late 1990 s are less than annual mean icing days and icing days larger than the annual mean icing days were found between the late 1960 s and the late 1990 s. Icing usually happened from October to April of the next year and the icing days in January accounted for the largest portion of icing days in the whole year with the percentage of 31.8%. The abrupt changes of standard ice thicknesses in NS and EW directions were found in the late 1960 s and no abrupt change of icing days was found in recent 56 years. Morlet wavelet and Morlet wavelet power spectrum analyses showed that standard ice thicknesses in EW and NS directions both had significant periods of quasi 2-3 years and 4-6 years and the icing days had significant periods of quasi 2-4 years and 5-7 years. Using Pearson III type extreme value distributions, the calculated standard ice thicknesses for the 10-year recurrence period in NS and EW directions were 60.86 mm and 69.57 mm, respectively. For 20-year recurrence period, calculated standard ice thicknesses increased to 69.57 mm(EW) and 72.33 mm(NS). The authors analyzed meteorological differences between the icing days and non icing days from 1 December 2012 to 4 March 2013. The mean air temperature of non icing days had a reduction of 7.8 °C in comparison to icing days. The mean relative humidity of icing days was larger than that of non-icing days. Both the mean visibility and wind speed of icing days were smaller than those of non-icing days. The dominant wind direction was north when icing happened, and the south wind usually happened in the non icing days. The average wind speed of icing days was less than that of non-icing days.
Using the icing data measured at Nanyue Mountain Observatory from 1957 to 2012, the temporal variations, abrupt changes, and period variations of standard ice thicknesses and icing days are analyzed. The standard ice thicknesses of different recurrence periods are also calculated. The results showed that the interdecadal variability of standard ice thicknesses in east-west(EW) and north-south(NS) directions were similar and presented a pattern of large-small-large-small-large. Icing days before the late 1960 s and after the late 1990 s are less than annual mean icing days and icing days larger than the annual mean icing days were found between the late 1960 s and the late 1990 s. Icing usually happened from October to April of the next year and the icing days in January accounted for the largest portion of icing days in the whole year with the percentage of 31.8%. The abrupt changes of standard ice thicknesses in NS and EW directions were found in the late 1960 s and no abrupt change of icing days was found in recent 56 years. Morlet wavelet and Morlet wavelet power spectrum analyses showed that standard ice thicknesses in EW and NS directions both had significant periods of quasi 2-3 years and 4-6 years and the icing days had significant periods of quasi 2-4 years and 5-7 years. Using Pearson III type extreme value distributions, the calculated standard ice thicknesses for the 10-year recurrence period in NS and EW directions were 60.86 mm and 69.57 mm, respectively. For 20-year recurrence period, calculated standard ice thicknesses increased to 69.57 mm(EW) and 72.33 mm(NS). The authors analyzed meteorological differences between the icing days and non icing days from 1 December 2012 to 4 March 2013. The mean air temperature of non icing days had a reduction of 7.8 °C in comparison to icing days. The mean relative humidity of icing days was larger than that of non-icing days. Both the mean visibility and wind speed of icing days were smaller than those of non-icing days. The dominant wind direction was north when icing happened, and the south wind usually happened in the non icing days. The average wind speed of icing days was less than that of non-icing days.
引文
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汪玲玲,牛生杰,贾然,等.2011.湖北省积雪时空特征分析[J].大气科学学报,34(5):592–596.Wang Lingling,Niu Shengjie,Jia Ran,et al.2011.Spatial and temporal characteristics of snowcover in Hubei Province[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),34(5):592–596.
王萃萃.2008.中国大城市极端强降水事件变化的研究[D].中国气象科学研究院硕士学位论文,72pp.Wang Cuicui.2008.Changes ofprecipitation extremes in China’s large cities[D].M.S.thesis(inChinese),Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,72pp.
王遵娅.2011.中国冰冻日数的气候及变化特征分析[J].大气科学,35(3):411–421.Wang Zunya.2011.Climatic characters and changes ofice-freezing days in China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),35(3):411–421.
魏凤英.1999.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社,63–65.Wei Fengying.1999.Technology of Statistical Diagnosis andPrediction of Modern Climate(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:ChinaMeteorological Press,63–65.
西南电力设计院.2002.DL/T5158-2002电力工程气象勘测技术规程[S].北京:中国电力出版社,19–26.Electric Power Planning andEngineering Institute.2002.DL/T5158-2002 Technical code ofmeteorological surveying for electrical power projects(in Chinese)[S].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,19–26.
赵珊珊,高歌,张强,等.2010.中国冰冻天气的气候特征[J].气象,36(3):34–38.Zhao Shanshan,Gao Ge,Zhang Qiang,et al.2010.Climatecharacteristics of freezing weather in China[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),36(3):34–38.
赵思雄,孙建华.2008.2008年初南方雨雪冰冻天气的环流场与多尺度特征[J].气候与环境研究,13(4):351–367.Zhao Sixiong,Sun Jianhua.2008.Multi-scale systems and conceptual model on freezing rain andsnow storm over southern China during January–February 2008[J].Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),13(4):351–367.
辜旭赞.2011.2008年1月我国南方持续雨雪过程的诊断分析[J].高原气象,30(1):150–157.Gu Xuzan.2011.Diagnostic analysis on severecold surge,rain and ice-snow in south China in January 2008[J].PlateauMeteorology(in Chinese),30(1):150–157.
韩荣青,陈丽娟,李维京,等.2009.2–5月我国低温连阴雨和南方冷害的时空分布特征[J].应用气象学报,20(3):312–320.Han Rongqing,Chen Lijuan,Li Weijin,et al.2009.The spatial and temporalcharacteristics of China continuous cold rainy weather and south colddamage from February to May[J].Journal of Applied MeteorologicalScience(in Chinese),20(3):312–320.
黄浩辉,宋丽莉,秦鹏,等.2010.粤北地区导线覆冰气象特征与标准厚度推算[J].热带气象学报,26(1):7–12.Huang Haohui,Song Lili,QinPeng,et al.2010.Meteorological characteristics and standard thicknesscalculations of wire icing over the north region of Guangdong Province[J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),26(1):7–12.
贾然,牛生杰,李蕊.2010.鄂西电线积冰微物理观测研究[J].气象科学,30(4):481–486.Jia Ran,Niu Shengjie,Li Rui.2010.Observationalstudy on microphysical characteristics of wire icing in west Hubei[J].Scientia Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),30(4):481–486.
江志红,杭月荷,刘冬,等.2013.我国南方输电线路覆冰极值序列重建试验[J].气候与环境研究,18(3):407–413.Jiang Zhihong,HangYuehe,Liu Dong,et al.2013.Reconstruction of an extreme wire icingseries in southern China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research(inChinese),18(3):407–413.
廖玉芳,段丽洁.2010.湖南电线覆冰厚度估算模型研究[J].大气科学学报,33(4):395–400.Liao Yufang,Duan Lijie.2010.Study onestimation model of wire icing thickness in Hunan Province[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(4):395–400.
任永建,周月华,肖莺,等.2011.无气象观测地区的电线覆冰厚度推算[J].气象科学,31(3):313–317.Ren Yongjian,Zhou Yuehua,Xiao Ying,et al.2011.The method of calculating the ice thickness on wire in theareas without meteorological observation[J].Journal of theMeteorological Sciences(in Chinese),31(3):313–317.
陶诗言,卫捷.2008.2008年1月我国南方严重冰雪灾害过程分析[J].气候与环境研究,13(4):337–350.Tao Shiyan,Wei Jie.2008.Severesnow and freezing-rain in January 2008 in the southern China[J].Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),13(4):337–350.
Torrence C,Compo G P.1998.A practical guide to wavelet analysis[J].Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,79(1):61–78.
王海军,覃军,张骏.2010.中国南方7省冰冻天气时空分布规律研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,19(7):839–846.Wang Haijun,Qin Jun,Zhang Jun.2010.On spatial-temporal distribution of the freezingweather in southern China[J].Resources and Environment in the YangtzeBasin(in Chinese),19(7):839–846.
汪玲玲,牛生杰,贾然,等.2011.湖北省积雪时空特征分析[J].大气科学学报,34(5):592–596.Wang Lingling,Niu Shengjie,Jia Ran,et al.2011.Spatial and temporal characteristics of snowcover in Hubei Province[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),34(5):592–596.
王萃萃.2008.中国大城市极端强降水事件变化的研究[D].中国气象科学研究院硕士学位论文,72pp.Wang Cuicui.2008.Changes ofprecipitation extremes in China’s large cities[D].M.S.thesis(inChinese),Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,72pp.
王遵娅.2011.中国冰冻日数的气候及变化特征分析[J].大气科学,35(3):411–421.Wang Zunya.2011.Climatic characters and changes ofice-freezing days in China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),35(3):411–421.
魏凤英.1999.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社,63–65.Wei Fengying.1999.Technology of Statistical Diagnosis andPrediction of Modern Climate(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:ChinaMeteorological Press,63–65.
西南电力设计院.2002.DL/T5158-2002电力工程气象勘测技术规程[S].北京:中国电力出版社,19–26.Electric Power Planning andEngineering Institute.2002.DL/T5158-2002 Technical code ofmeteorological surveying for electrical power projects(in Chinese)[S].Beijing:China Electric Power Press,19–26.
赵珊珊,高歌,张强,等.2010.中国冰冻天气的气候特征[J].气象,36(3):34–38.Zhao Shanshan,Gao Ge,Zhang Qiang,et al.2010.Climatecharacteristics of freezing weather in China[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),36(3):34–38.
赵思雄,孙建华.2008.2008年初南方雨雪冰冻天气的环流场与多尺度特征[J].气候与环境研究,13(4):351–367.Zhao Sixiong,Sun Jianhua.2008.Multi-scale systems and conceptual model on freezing rain andsnow storm over southern China during January–February 2008[J].Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),13(4):351–367.