面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法
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摘要
组合震源技术通过调节延迟激发时间和震源埋藏深度能够实现地震波场的定向传播,提高地震波的照明能量和地震数据信噪比.然而,目前国内外对基于特定目标的组合震源最佳聚焦方向的选取以及起伏地表组合震源定向理论的研究相对较少.在聚焦方向选取方面,目前基本是利用多种不同延时参数的组合震源分别进行试验,从而确定较好的组合震源延时参数.本文则利用爆炸反射面原理,在目的层界面上均匀布置震源同时激发地震波,能够产生垂直于地层界面传播的平面波,当初至波传播至地表时进行地表方向统计.根据互易性原理,以初至波传播方向的反方向为聚焦方向,激发产生的地震波主波束方向将垂直入射到目的层界面上,从而精确的计算出组合震源的最佳聚焦方向.在组合震源定向方面,目前主要是利用组合震源方向因子公式进行计算,但该方法要求震源布置在同一条直线上,并不能满足起伏地表的应用要求.本文以惠更斯-菲涅尔原理为理论基础,提出通过炮点向量在聚焦方向上的投影来确定组合震源传播至虚拟波前的走时,从而确定任意起伏地表组合震源的延迟激发时间.该方法不仅能够计算出沿给定地质模型的目的层界面垂直入射的组合震源聚焦方向,也能够确定任意起伏地表情况下形成沿该聚焦方向定向传播地震波场的组合震源延迟激发时间.因此,本文提出的面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法对组合震源数据采集具有理论与实践意义.
Source array technology could attain directed propagation of the seismic wave field by adjusting delay explosion time and depth,which could enhance illumination energy of seismic waves and signal-to-noise ratio.However,there are relatively few studies on the selection of the best focusing direction and the implementation of this method in the case with an undulating surface.In the selection of the focus direction,the common approach is to use a variety of different delay parameters of the source array to conduct tests and then determine the better parameters.Different from this,according to the method of explosion reflecting interface,we evenly explode seismic waves at the target layer,which could generate plane waves perpendicularto the target layer.When the first break arrives the surface,we calculate the surface direction of propagation by the Poynting vector.And according to the principle of reciprocity,the seismic wave field in the opposite direction of the first arrival wave propagation will propagate to the target layer vertically.Then the exact focusing direction of the source array is calculated accurately.In the source array orientation,the current method mainly uses the source array direction factor formula for the calculation.But it requires the separation of the source array in the same line which cannot meet the application requirements of the undulating surface.To solve this problem,this paper determines the delay explosion time of source array by the projection of shot-points vector on the focusing direction based on Huygens-Fresnel principle.This method could not only calculate the focusing direction that is perpendicular to the target layer,but also determine the delay explosion time of the source array to the surface with any topography.Therefore,this work has important theoretical and practical significance for seismic data acquisition by source array on an undulating surface.
Source array technology could attain directed propagation of the seismic wave field by adjusting delay explosion time and depth,which could enhance illumination energy of seismic waves and signal-to-noise ratio.However,there are relatively few studies on the selection of the best focusing direction and the implementation of this method in the case with an undulating surface.In the selection of the focus direction,the common approach is to use a variety of different delay parameters of the source array to conduct tests and then determine the better parameters.Different from this,according to the method of explosion reflecting interface,we evenly explode seismic waves at the target layer,which could generate plane waves perpendicularto the target layer.When the first break arrives the surface,we calculate the surface direction of propagation by the Poynting vector.And according to the principle of reciprocity,the seismic wave field in the opposite direction of the first arrival wave propagation will propagate to the target layer vertically.Then the exact focusing direction of the source array is calculated accurately.In the source array orientation,the current method mainly uses the source array direction factor formula for the calculation.But it requires the separation of the source array in the same line which cannot meet the application requirements of the undulating surface.To solve this problem,this paper determines the delay explosion time of source array by the projection of shot-points vector on the focusing direction based on Huygens-Fresnel principle.This method could not only calculate the focusing direction that is perpendicular to the target layer,but also determine the delay explosion time of the source array to the surface with any topography.Therefore,this work has important theoretical and practical significance for seismic data acquisition by source array on an undulating surface.
引文
Arnold M E.1977.Beam forming with vibrator arrays.Geophysics,42(7):1321-1338.
Chen S C,Ma Z T,Wu R S.2007.Two-way subsurface directional illumination analysis by wave equation.Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)(in Chinese),35(5):681-684.
Chen S C,Bi Y J,Lin C.2009.Seismic acquisition geometry evaluation method based on wave equation directional illumination technique.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),44(6):656-661.
Evans B J.1997.A Handbook for Seismic Data Acquisition in Exploration.Tulsa:SEG Books.
Ge L H,Jiang T,Lin J,et al.2012.Numerical simulation of application of the Phased-array Vibrator System in mineral exploration.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(12):4266-4276,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.038.
Gong X B,Han L G,Li H J.2014.Quantitative analysis and numerical simulation for seismic source array.∥2014 SEGAnnual Meeting.Denver,Colorado,USA:SEG,270-274.
Gong X B,Han L G,Li H J,et al.2014.The method of the directional seismic wave-field based on a source array on the surface with topographic relief.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(12):4150-4156,doi:10.6038/cjg20141226.
Hu Q Y.1981.Principle and method of forming the directional beam by pre-set time sequence shot of equal interval sources array.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),(1):32-44.
Huang H Z.1984.The vitality of shallow-well combination in desert area.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),23(4):99-101.
Jiang T,Lin J,Li T L,et al.2006.Boosting signal to noise ratio of seismic signals using the phased-array vibrator system.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(6):1819-1825.
Jiang T,Lin J,Yang D,et al.2008.Analysis of directional seismic signal based on phased-array vibrator system.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),51(5):1551-1556.
Jiang T,Lin J,Chen Z B.2009.SNR improvement of seismic signals with different time delays.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),52(6):1651-1656,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.06.028.
Liu F L,Xu F,Li Z Y,et al.2013.Source pattern parameters theoretical analysis.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),48(1):1-7.
Liu F L,Xu F,Liu W G.2014.Unequal-deep and time-delay source array.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),49(2):225-229.
Moldoveanu N.2000.Vertical source array in marine seismic exploration.∥2000SEG Annual Meeting.Calgary,Alberta:SEG,53-56.
Pei Z L.2008.Analysis on wave equation seismic directional illumination.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),43(6):645-651.
Qin L,Yin C,Liu W,et al.2016.Infill shot point design for improving illumination uniformity of targets.OGP(in Chinese),51(4):639-646.
Ramsden C,Bennett G,Long A.2005.High-resolution 3Dseismic imaging in practice.The Leading Edge,24(4):423-428.
Robertsson J O A,van Manen D J,Halliday D,et al.2008.Seismic data acquisition and source-side derivatives generation and application:United States Patent 7492665.
Robertsson J O A,Halliday D F,van Manen D J,et al.2012.Fullwavefield,towed-marine seismic acquisition and applications.∥74thEAGE Conference and Exhibition.SPE,EAGE.
Shen H L,Elboth T,Tian G,et al.2014.Modeling of multi-depth slanted airgun source for deghosting.Applied Geophysics,11(4):405-417.
Smith G C.1984.Three-dimensional air gun arrays.∥1984SEGAnnual Meeting.Atlanta,Georgia:SEG,282-285.
Wang R F,Xu F,Liu F L,et al.2011.Quantitative analysis of source array effectiveness based on wave equation.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(4):538-544.
Xie X B,He Y Q,Li P M.2013.Seismic illumination analysis and its applications in seismic survey design.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(5):1568-1581,doi:10.6038/cjg20130515.
Xiong Z.2005.Seismic exploration techniques suitable for piedmont thrust belts in Western China.Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),28(1):1-4,11.
Xu F,Liu F L,Liang X H.2011.The source combination design technology based on the phased-array theory.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(2):170-175.
Yoon K,Marfurt K J,Starr W.2004.Challenges in reverse-time migration.∥2004SEG Annual Meeting.Denver,Colorado:SEG,1057-1060.
Zhang Z,Liu C,Shao Z G.2003.Theory and experimentation of the charge sizes in seismic-sources for seismic exploration.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),18(4):724-728.
陈生昌,马在田,吴如山.2007.波动方程双程地下方向照明分析.同济大学学报(自然科学版),35(5):681-684.
陈生昌,毕亚杰,林晨.2009.地震观测系统评价的波动方程方向照明方法.石油地球物理勘探,44(6):656-661.
葛利华,姜弢,林君等.2012.相控震源在矿产勘探中应用的数值模拟研究.地球物理学报,55(12):4266-4276,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.038.
巩向博,韩立国,李洪建等.2014.起伏地表组合震源地震波场定向方法.地球物理学报,57(12):4150-4156,doi:10.6038/cjg20141226.
胡启宇.1981.时序激发等间隔震源组合获得指向性波束的原理与方法.石油物探,(1):32-44.
黄洪泽.1984.沙漠区浅井组合法的生命力.石油物探,23(4):99-101.
姜弢,林君,李桐林等.2006.相控震源对地震信号信噪比的改善研究.地球物理学报,49(6):1819-1825.
姜弢,林君,杨冬等.2008.相控震源定向地震波信号分析.地球物理学报,51(5):1551-1556.
姜弢,林君,陈祖斌.2009.延时参数对地震信号信噪比的改善.地球物理学报,52(6):1651-1656,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.06.028.
刘福烈,徐峰,李志勇等.2013.组合激发参数理论分析.石油地球物理勘探,48(1):1-7.
刘福烈,徐峰,刘文革.2014.不等深延时激发震源组合.石油地球物理勘探,49(2):225-229.
裴正林.2008.波动方程地震定向照明分析.石油地球物理勘探,43(6):645-651.
秦龙,尹成,刘伟等.2016.提高地震波照明均匀性的加密炮设计新方法.石油地球物理勘探,51(4):639-646.
汪仁富,徐峰,刘福烈等.2011.波动方程震源组合模拟定量研究.石油地球物理勘探,46(4):538-544.
谢小碧,何永清,李培明.2013.地震照明分析及其在地震采集设计中的应用.地球物理学报,56(5):1568-1581,doi:10.6038/cjg20130515.
熊翥.2005.我国西部山前冲断带油气勘探地震技术的几点思考.勘探地球物理进展,28(1):1-4,11.
徐峰,刘福烈,梁向豪.2011.基于相控理论的炮点组合设计技术.石油地球物理勘探,46(2):170-175.
张智,刘财,邵志刚.2003.地震勘探中的炸药震源药量理论与实验分析.地球物理学进展,18(4):724-728.
Chen S C,Ma Z T,Wu R S.2007.Two-way subsurface directional illumination analysis by wave equation.Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science)(in Chinese),35(5):681-684.
Chen S C,Bi Y J,Lin C.2009.Seismic acquisition geometry evaluation method based on wave equation directional illumination technique.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),44(6):656-661.
Evans B J.1997.A Handbook for Seismic Data Acquisition in Exploration.Tulsa:SEG Books.
Ge L H,Jiang T,Lin J,et al.2012.Numerical simulation of application of the Phased-array Vibrator System in mineral exploration.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),55(12):4266-4276,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.038.
Gong X B,Han L G,Li H J.2014.Quantitative analysis and numerical simulation for seismic source array.∥2014 SEGAnnual Meeting.Denver,Colorado,USA:SEG,270-274.
Gong X B,Han L G,Li H J,et al.2014.The method of the directional seismic wave-field based on a source array on the surface with topographic relief.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),57(12):4150-4156,doi:10.6038/cjg20141226.
Hu Q Y.1981.Principle and method of forming the directional beam by pre-set time sequence shot of equal interval sources array.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),(1):32-44.
Huang H Z.1984.The vitality of shallow-well combination in desert area.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),23(4):99-101.
Jiang T,Lin J,Li T L,et al.2006.Boosting signal to noise ratio of seismic signals using the phased-array vibrator system.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),49(6):1819-1825.
Jiang T,Lin J,Yang D,et al.2008.Analysis of directional seismic signal based on phased-array vibrator system.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),51(5):1551-1556.
Jiang T,Lin J,Chen Z B.2009.SNR improvement of seismic signals with different time delays.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),52(6):1651-1656,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.06.028.
Liu F L,Xu F,Li Z Y,et al.2013.Source pattern parameters theoretical analysis.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),48(1):1-7.
Liu F L,Xu F,Liu W G.2014.Unequal-deep and time-delay source array.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),49(2):225-229.
Moldoveanu N.2000.Vertical source array in marine seismic exploration.∥2000SEG Annual Meeting.Calgary,Alberta:SEG,53-56.
Pei Z L.2008.Analysis on wave equation seismic directional illumination.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),43(6):645-651.
Qin L,Yin C,Liu W,et al.2016.Infill shot point design for improving illumination uniformity of targets.OGP(in Chinese),51(4):639-646.
Ramsden C,Bennett G,Long A.2005.High-resolution 3Dseismic imaging in practice.The Leading Edge,24(4):423-428.
Robertsson J O A,van Manen D J,Halliday D,et al.2008.Seismic data acquisition and source-side derivatives generation and application:United States Patent 7492665.
Robertsson J O A,Halliday D F,van Manen D J,et al.2012.Fullwavefield,towed-marine seismic acquisition and applications.∥74thEAGE Conference and Exhibition.SPE,EAGE.
Shen H L,Elboth T,Tian G,et al.2014.Modeling of multi-depth slanted airgun source for deghosting.Applied Geophysics,11(4):405-417.
Smith G C.1984.Three-dimensional air gun arrays.∥1984SEGAnnual Meeting.Atlanta,Georgia:SEG,282-285.
Wang R F,Xu F,Liu F L,et al.2011.Quantitative analysis of source array effectiveness based on wave equation.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(4):538-544.
Xie X B,He Y Q,Li P M.2013.Seismic illumination analysis and its applications in seismic survey design.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(5):1568-1581,doi:10.6038/cjg20130515.
Xiong Z.2005.Seismic exploration techniques suitable for piedmont thrust belts in Western China.Progress in Exploration Geophysics(in Chinese),28(1):1-4,11.
Xu F,Liu F L,Liang X H.2011.The source combination design technology based on the phased-array theory.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),46(2):170-175.
Yoon K,Marfurt K J,Starr W.2004.Challenges in reverse-time migration.∥2004SEG Annual Meeting.Denver,Colorado:SEG,1057-1060.
Zhang Z,Liu C,Shao Z G.2003.Theory and experimentation of the charge sizes in seismic-sources for seismic exploration.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),18(4):724-728.
陈生昌,马在田,吴如山.2007.波动方程双程地下方向照明分析.同济大学学报(自然科学版),35(5):681-684.
陈生昌,毕亚杰,林晨.2009.地震观测系统评价的波动方程方向照明方法.石油地球物理勘探,44(6):656-661.
葛利华,姜弢,林君等.2012.相控震源在矿产勘探中应用的数值模拟研究.地球物理学报,55(12):4266-4276,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.038.
巩向博,韩立国,李洪建等.2014.起伏地表组合震源地震波场定向方法.地球物理学报,57(12):4150-4156,doi:10.6038/cjg20141226.
胡启宇.1981.时序激发等间隔震源组合获得指向性波束的原理与方法.石油物探,(1):32-44.
黄洪泽.1984.沙漠区浅井组合法的生命力.石油物探,23(4):99-101.
姜弢,林君,李桐林等.2006.相控震源对地震信号信噪比的改善研究.地球物理学报,49(6):1819-1825.
姜弢,林君,杨冬等.2008.相控震源定向地震波信号分析.地球物理学报,51(5):1551-1556.
姜弢,林君,陈祖斌.2009.延时参数对地震信号信噪比的改善.地球物理学报,52(6):1651-1656,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2009.06.028.
刘福烈,徐峰,李志勇等.2013.组合激发参数理论分析.石油地球物理勘探,48(1):1-7.
刘福烈,徐峰,刘文革.2014.不等深延时激发震源组合.石油地球物理勘探,49(2):225-229.
裴正林.2008.波动方程地震定向照明分析.石油地球物理勘探,43(6):645-651.
秦龙,尹成,刘伟等.2016.提高地震波照明均匀性的加密炮设计新方法.石油地球物理勘探,51(4):639-646.
汪仁富,徐峰,刘福烈等.2011.波动方程震源组合模拟定量研究.石油地球物理勘探,46(4):538-544.
谢小碧,何永清,李培明.2013.地震照明分析及其在地震采集设计中的应用.地球物理学报,56(5):1568-1581,doi:10.6038/cjg20130515.
熊翥.2005.我国西部山前冲断带油气勘探地震技术的几点思考.勘探地球物理进展,28(1):1-4,11.
徐峰,刘福烈,梁向豪.2011.基于相控理论的炮点组合设计技术.石油地球物理勘探,46(2):170-175.
张智,刘财,邵志刚.2003.地震勘探中的炸药震源药量理论与实验分析.地球物理学进展,18(4):724-728.
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