宁夏固原寺口子剖面色度记录的29 Ma以来气候演化
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摘要
宁夏自治区南部固原寺口子剖面位于青藏高原东北缘,记录了青藏高原隆升、扩展与区域气候变化之间的相互作用过程,重建该地区气候演化历史对于揭示高原隆升与全球气候变冷对亚洲大陆腹地干旱化的影响具有重要意义。通过对寺口子剖面晚渐新世—第四纪地层沉积物色度(a~*、b~*、L~*)的系统测量,建立了29～0.5 Ma颜色指标变化序列,结合研究区内已发表的磁化率、孢粉和总无机碳数据,揭示出该区域气候经历了四个阶段:29～24.8 Ma为最湿热阶段、23.8～18 Ma为较湿热阶段、18～5 Ma为逐渐变冷阶段、5～0.5 Ma为快速变冷阶段。剖面记录了25～24 Ma、18 Ma、5 Ma两次显著的气候变冷事件和3 Ma气候变暖事件。结合青藏高原东北缘新生代盆地气候代用指标,发现这些气候变冷事件和3 Ma气候变暖事件具有区域性。通过对比深海氧同位素记录、北太平洋粉尘通量记录、青藏高原构造隆升事件和研究区气候演化特征,我们认为青藏高原隆升和全球气候变化共同控制了区域气候演化,但在不同时期所起作用有所差异。
Objectives: The Sikouzi Section,Guyuan,Ningxia,locates in the convergence zone of East Asian monsoon region and Central Asian drought region. The climate evolution history of the Sikouzi Section during the Cenozoic time is crucial for understanding the continental climate respondence under the background of global cooling and revealing whether global cooling or the uplift of Tibetan plateau is the first-order driver for aridification of Central Asia.Methods: Sediment color is a sensitive and useful index to record paleoclimate change. We adopted this index for the Sikouzi Section.Results: By measuring the fluvial-lacustrine sediment color proxies( a*,L*,b*) of the Sikouzi Section,we establish high-resolution color sequence from late Oligocene to Quaternary( 29 ～ 0.5 Ma). Integrating published susceptibility( SUS),pollen and total inorganic carbon( TIC) data,we reconstruct regional climatic evolution history since 29 Ma. The multiple proxies unravel four climate events: 25 ～ 24 Ma,18 Ma,5 Ma cooling events and 3 Ma warming events.Conclusion: Comparing climate proxies of other Cenozoic basin in northeastern Tibetan Plateau,these climate events are regional events,but climatic changes has regional discordance during 12 ～ 5 Ma. By sorting out the records of the deep sea oxygen isotopes,the dust fluxes in the northern Pacific Ocean,the tectonics of Tibetan Plateau and the climate evolution of study area,we speculate that regional climate evolution is controlled by the tectonics of Tibetan Plateau and global climate change. However,tectonics and climate factors play different roles in certain periods.
Objectives: The Sikouzi Section,Guyuan,Ningxia,locates in the convergence zone of East Asian monsoon region and Central Asian drought region. The climate evolution history of the Sikouzi Section during the Cenozoic time is crucial for understanding the continental climate respondence under the background of global cooling and revealing whether global cooling or the uplift of Tibetan plateau is the first-order driver for aridification of Central Asia.Methods: Sediment color is a sensitive and useful index to record paleoclimate change. We adopted this index for the Sikouzi Section.Results: By measuring the fluvial-lacustrine sediment color proxies( a*,L*,b*) of the Sikouzi Section,we establish high-resolution color sequence from late Oligocene to Quaternary( 29 ～ 0.5 Ma). Integrating published susceptibility( SUS),pollen and total inorganic carbon( TIC) data,we reconstruct regional climatic evolution history since 29 Ma. The multiple proxies unravel four climate events: 25 ～ 24 Ma,18 Ma,5 Ma cooling events and 3 Ma warming events.Conclusion: Comparing climate proxies of other Cenozoic basin in northeastern Tibetan Plateau,these climate events are regional events,but climatic changes has regional discordance during 12 ～ 5 Ma. By sorting out the records of the deep sea oxygen isotopes,the dust fluxes in the northern Pacific Ocean,the tectonics of Tibetan Plateau and the climate evolution of study area,we speculate that regional climate evolution is controlled by the tectonics of Tibetan Plateau and global climate change. However,tectonics and climate factors play different roles in certain periods.
引文
安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩,陈明扬,孙东怀,刘秀铭,王富葆,李力,孙有斌,周卫建,周杰,刘晓东,鹿化煜,张云翔,董光荣,强小科.1998.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动.中国科学,28(6) :481～490.
何柳,孙有斌,安芷生.2010.中国黄土颜色变化的控制因素和古气候意义.地球化学,39(5) :447～455.
秦小光,殷志强,汪美华,赵无忌,穆燕,张磊.2017.青藏高原东北缘共和—贵德盆地全新世气候变化.地质学报,91(1):266～286.
宋春晖,白晋锋,赵彦德,金洪波,孟庆泉.2005.临夏盆地13～4.4 Ma湖相沉积物颜色记录的气候变化探讨.沉积学报,23(3):507～513.
宋友桂,方小敏.2000.六盘山东麓朝那剖面红粘土年代及其构造意义.第四纪研究,20(5) :457～463.
王二七.2013.青藏高原大地构造演化:主要构造热事件的制约及其成因探讨.地质科学,48(2) :334～353.
王培玉.1999.寺口子组质疑及建议新建岩石地层单位.地质论评,45(6):571～575.
王伟涛,张培震,张广良,郑德文,郑文俊,蒋汉朝.2010.青藏高原东北缘寺口子盆地新生代沉积演化及其构造意义.地质科学,45(2):440～452.
王伟涛,张培震,庞建章.2013.青藏高原东北缘寺口子剖面碎屑锆石示踪及其构造意义.地质学报,45(2):440～452.
杨胜利,方小敏,李吉均,安芷生,陈诗越,福泽仁之.2001.表土颜色和气候定性至半定量关系研究.中国科学,31(D) :175～181.
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,甘卫军,毛凤英,王志才,郑文俊,郭华.2004.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换.地质学报,78(2):270～278.
张进,马宗晋,李智敏,李文巧.2009.从西宁盆地新生代变形探讨青藏高原东北缘的变形特征.地质论评,55(4):457～472
张进,马宗晋,任文军.2006.试论宁夏地区始新统寺口子组沉积的构造背景.地质论评,52(2):207～214
张军.2013.天水盆地尧店剖面色度记录的晚中新世气候变化及其影响因素.中国科技论文在线:1～10.
An Zhisheng,Wang Sumin,Wu Xihao,Chen Minyang,Sun Donghuai,Liu Xiuming,Wang Fubao,Li Li,Sun Youbin,Zhou Weijian,Zhou Jie,Liu Xiaodong,Lu Huayu,Zhang Yunxiang,Dong Guangrong,Qiang Xiaoke.1998&.The eolian evidences of the Loess Plateau of China:the beginning of the Late Cenozoic glacial period and the uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Science in China,28(6):481～490.
An Zhisheng,Kutzbach J E,Prell W L,Poter S C.2001.Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times.Nature,411:62～66.
Craddock W,Kirby E,Zhang Huiping.2011.Late Miocene-Pliocene range growth in the interior of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Lithosphere,3(6):420～438.
Guo Zhengtang,Ruddiman W F,Hao Qingzhen,Qiao Yansong,Zhu Rixiang,Peng Shuzhen.2002.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,416:159～163.
He Liu,Sun Youbin,An Zhisheng.2010#.Changing color of Chinese loess:Controlling factors and paleocliamtic significances.Geochimica,39(5):447～455 .
Janecek.1983.Eolian deposition in the northeast Pacific Ocean:Cenozoic history of atmospheric circulation.Geological Society of America Bulletin,94:730～738.
Jiang Hanchao,Ji Junliang,Gao Ling,Tang Zihua,Ding Zhongli.2008a.Cooling-driven climate change at 12-11 Ma:Multiproxy records from a long fluviolacustrine sequence at Guyuan,Ningxia,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,265(1):148～158.
Jiang Hanchao,and Ding Zhongli.2008b.A 20 Ma pollen record of East-Asian summer monsoon evolution from Guyuan,Ningxia,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,265(1):30～38.
Kutzbach J E,Guetter P J,Ruddiman W F,Prell W L.1989.Sensitivity of climate to Late Cenozoic uplift in Southern Asia and the American West:numerical experiment.Journal of Geophysical Resarch,94(D15):18393～18407.
Lease R O,Burbank D W,Clark M K,Farley K A,Zheng Dewen,Zhang Huiping.2011.Middle Miocene reorganization of deformation along the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Geology,39(4):359～362.
Larsen H C,Saunders A D,Clif P D,Beget J,Wei Wuchang,Spezzaferri S,Ali J R.1994.Seven million years of glaciation in greenland.Science,264:952～955.
Miao Yunfa,Herrmann M,Wu Fuli,Yan Xiaoli,Yang Shengli.2012.What controlled Mid-Late Miocene long-term aridification in Central Asia?global cooling or Tibetan Plateau uplift:a review.Earth Science Reviews,112(3):155～172.
Molnar P,and Stock J M.2009.Slowing of India’s convergence with Eurasia since 20 Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics.Tectonics,28(3):doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002271.
Molnar P,Boos W R,Battisti D S.2010.Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia:thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,38(1):77～102
Qiang Xiaoke,An Zhisheng,Song Yougui,Chang Hong,Sun Youbin,Liu Youguo,Ao Hong,Dong Jibao,Fu Chaofeng,Wu Feng,Lu Fengyan,Cai Yanjun,Zhou Wenjian,Cao Junji,Xu Xinwen,Ai Li.2010.New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago.Science China Earth Sciences,54(1):136～144.
Qin Xiaoguang,Yin Zhiqiang,Wang Meihua,Zhao Wuji,Mu Yan,Zhang Lei.2017&.Loess records of the Holocene climate change of Gonghe and Guide Basins in the northeastern boundary of the Tibet Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica,91(1):266～286 .
Raymo M E,Ruddiman W F.1992.Tectonic forcing of Late Cenozoic climate.Nature,359 :117～122.
Song Chunhui,Bai Jinfeng,Zhao Yande,Jin Hongbo,Meng Qinquan.2005&.The color of lacustrine sediments recorded climatic change from 13 to 4.5 Myr in Linxia Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,23(3):507～513.
Song Yougui,Fang Xiaomin.2000&.Age of red clay at Chaona section near eastern Liupan Mountain and its tectonic significances.Quaternary Science,20(5):457～463.
Tang Zihua,Ding Zhongli,White P D,Dong Xinxin,Ji Junliang,Jiang Hanchao,Luo Pan,Wang Xu.2011.Late Cenozoic central Asian drying inferred from a palynological record from the northern Tian Shan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,302(3):439～447.
Wang Erchie.2013&.Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau:as constrained by major tectonic-thermo events and a discussion on their origin.Chinese Journal of Geology,48(2):334～353..
Wang Peiyu.1999.Query on the Sikouzi Formation and suggestion on establishment of a new lithostratic unit.Geological Review,45(6):571～575.
Wang Weitao,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Guangliang,Zheng Dewen,Zheng Wenjun,Jiang Hanchao.2010&.Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Sikouzi Basin on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic significance.Chinese Journal of Geology,45(2):440～452.
Wang Weitao,Zhang Peizhen,Kirby E,Wang Lihua,Zhang Guangliang,Zheng Dewen,Chai Zhizhang.2011.A revised chronology for Tertiary sedimentation in the Sikouzi basin:Implications for the tectonic evolution of the northeastern corner of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,505(1):100～114.
Wang Weitao,Zheng Dewen,Pang Jianzhang.2013&.Provenancial tracing for the Cenozoic Sikouzi Section in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications.Acta Geological Sinica,45(2):440～452 .
Yang Shengli,Fang Xiaomin,Li Jijun,An Zhisheng,Chen Shiyue,Fukuzawa.2001#.Qualitative to semi-quantitative relationship research between surface soil color and climate.Science in China,31(D) :175～181.
Yang Shiling,Ding Zhongli.2003.Color reflectance of Chinese loess and its implications for climate gradient changes during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles.Geophysical Research Letters,30(20):1182～1200.
Yuan Daoyang,Zhang Peizhen,Liu Baichi,Gan Weijun,Mao Fengying,Wang Zhicai,Zheng Wenjun,Guo Hua.2004&.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of Late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica,78(2):270～278 .
Zachos J.2001.Trends,rhythms,and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.Science,292:689～693.
Zhang Jin,Ma Zongjin,Ren Wenjun.2006&.Discussion on the tectonic setting of deposition of the Eocene Sikouzi Formation in Ningxia Region.Acta Geologica Sinica,52(2):207～214 .
Zhang Jin,Ma Zongjin,Li Zhimin,Li Wenqiao.2009&.Study on deformational characteristics of Northeastern Qinghai—Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau from Late Cenozoic deformation in the Xining Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,55(4):457～472 .
Zhang Jun.2013#.Late Miocene climatic changes recorded by colors in the Yaodian section of the Tianshui Basin and its influencing fators.Chinese science and technology papers online,1～10.
Zhang Yuebao,Sun Donghuai,Li Zaijun,Wang Fei,Wang Xin,Li Baofeng,Guo Feng,Wu Sheng.2014.Cenozoic record of aeolian sediment accumulation and aridification from Lanzhou,China,driven by Tibetan Plateau uplift and global climate.Global and Planetary Change,120:1～15.
Zheng Dewen,Zhang Peizhen,Wan Jinlin,Yuan D,Li Chuanyou,Yin Jinhui,Zhang Guangliang,Wang Zhicai,Min Wei,Chen Jie.2006.Rapid exhumation at ～8 Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology:Implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,248(1) :198～208.
何柳,孙有斌,安芷生.2010.中国黄土颜色变化的控制因素和古气候意义.地球化学,39(5) :447～455.
秦小光,殷志强,汪美华,赵无忌,穆燕,张磊.2017.青藏高原东北缘共和—贵德盆地全新世气候变化.地质学报,91(1):266～286.
宋春晖,白晋锋,赵彦德,金洪波,孟庆泉.2005.临夏盆地13～4.4 Ma湖相沉积物颜色记录的气候变化探讨.沉积学报,23(3):507～513.
宋友桂,方小敏.2000.六盘山东麓朝那剖面红粘土年代及其构造意义.第四纪研究,20(5) :457～463.
王二七.2013.青藏高原大地构造演化:主要构造热事件的制约及其成因探讨.地质科学,48(2) :334～353.
王培玉.1999.寺口子组质疑及建议新建岩石地层单位.地质论评,45(6):571～575.
王伟涛,张培震,张广良,郑德文,郑文俊,蒋汉朝.2010.青藏高原东北缘寺口子盆地新生代沉积演化及其构造意义.地质科学,45(2):440～452.
王伟涛,张培震,庞建章.2013.青藏高原东北缘寺口子剖面碎屑锆石示踪及其构造意义.地质学报,45(2):440～452.
杨胜利,方小敏,李吉均,安芷生,陈诗越,福泽仁之.2001.表土颜色和气候定性至半定量关系研究.中国科学,31(D) :175～181.
袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,甘卫军,毛凤英,王志才,郑文俊,郭华.2004.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换.地质学报,78(2):270～278.
张进,马宗晋,李智敏,李文巧.2009.从西宁盆地新生代变形探讨青藏高原东北缘的变形特征.地质论评,55(4):457～472
张进,马宗晋,任文军.2006.试论宁夏地区始新统寺口子组沉积的构造背景.地质论评,52(2):207～214
张军.2013.天水盆地尧店剖面色度记录的晚中新世气候变化及其影响因素.中国科技论文在线:1～10.
An Zhisheng,Wang Sumin,Wu Xihao,Chen Minyang,Sun Donghuai,Liu Xiuming,Wang Fubao,Li Li,Sun Youbin,Zhou Weijian,Zhou Jie,Liu Xiaodong,Lu Huayu,Zhang Yunxiang,Dong Guangrong,Qiang Xiaoke.1998&.The eolian evidences of the Loess Plateau of China:the beginning of the Late Cenozoic glacial period and the uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Science in China,28(6):481～490.
An Zhisheng,Kutzbach J E,Prell W L,Poter S C.2001.Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times.Nature,411:62～66.
Craddock W,Kirby E,Zhang Huiping.2011.Late Miocene-Pliocene range growth in the interior of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Lithosphere,3(6):420～438.
Guo Zhengtang,Ruddiman W F,Hao Qingzhen,Qiao Yansong,Zhu Rixiang,Peng Shuzhen.2002.Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China.Nature,416:159～163.
He Liu,Sun Youbin,An Zhisheng.2010#.Changing color of Chinese loess:Controlling factors and paleocliamtic significances.Geochimica,39(5):447～455 .
Janecek.1983.Eolian deposition in the northeast Pacific Ocean:Cenozoic history of atmospheric circulation.Geological Society of America Bulletin,94:730～738.
Jiang Hanchao,Ji Junliang,Gao Ling,Tang Zihua,Ding Zhongli.2008a.Cooling-driven climate change at 12-11 Ma:Multiproxy records from a long fluviolacustrine sequence at Guyuan,Ningxia,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,265(1):148～158.
Jiang Hanchao,and Ding Zhongli.2008b.A 20 Ma pollen record of East-Asian summer monsoon evolution from Guyuan,Ningxia,China.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,265(1):30～38.
Kutzbach J E,Guetter P J,Ruddiman W F,Prell W L.1989.Sensitivity of climate to Late Cenozoic uplift in Southern Asia and the American West:numerical experiment.Journal of Geophysical Resarch,94(D15):18393～18407.
Lease R O,Burbank D W,Clark M K,Farley K A,Zheng Dewen,Zhang Huiping.2011.Middle Miocene reorganization of deformation along the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Geology,39(4):359～362.
Larsen H C,Saunders A D,Clif P D,Beget J,Wei Wuchang,Spezzaferri S,Ali J R.1994.Seven million years of glaciation in greenland.Science,264:952～955.
Miao Yunfa,Herrmann M,Wu Fuli,Yan Xiaoli,Yang Shengli.2012.What controlled Mid-Late Miocene long-term aridification in Central Asia?global cooling or Tibetan Plateau uplift:a review.Earth Science Reviews,112(3):155～172.
Molnar P,and Stock J M.2009.Slowing of India’s convergence with Eurasia since 20 Ma and its implications for Tibetan mantle dynamics.Tectonics,28(3):doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002271.
Molnar P,Boos W R,Battisti D S.2010.Orographic controls on climate and paleoclimate of Asia:thermal and mechanical roles for the Tibetan Plateau.Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,38(1):77～102
Qiang Xiaoke,An Zhisheng,Song Yougui,Chang Hong,Sun Youbin,Liu Youguo,Ao Hong,Dong Jibao,Fu Chaofeng,Wu Feng,Lu Fengyan,Cai Yanjun,Zhou Wenjian,Cao Junji,Xu Xinwen,Ai Li.2010.New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago.Science China Earth Sciences,54(1):136～144.
Qin Xiaoguang,Yin Zhiqiang,Wang Meihua,Zhao Wuji,Mu Yan,Zhang Lei.2017&.Loess records of the Holocene climate change of Gonghe and Guide Basins in the northeastern boundary of the Tibet Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica,91(1):266～286 .
Raymo M E,Ruddiman W F.1992.Tectonic forcing of Late Cenozoic climate.Nature,359 :117～122.
Song Chunhui,Bai Jinfeng,Zhao Yande,Jin Hongbo,Meng Qinquan.2005&.The color of lacustrine sediments recorded climatic change from 13 to 4.5 Myr in Linxia Basin.Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,23(3):507～513.
Song Yougui,Fang Xiaomin.2000&.Age of red clay at Chaona section near eastern Liupan Mountain and its tectonic significances.Quaternary Science,20(5):457～463.
Tang Zihua,Ding Zhongli,White P D,Dong Xinxin,Ji Junliang,Jiang Hanchao,Luo Pan,Wang Xu.2011.Late Cenozoic central Asian drying inferred from a palynological record from the northern Tian Shan.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,302(3):439～447.
Wang Erchie.2013&.Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau:as constrained by major tectonic-thermo events and a discussion on their origin.Chinese Journal of Geology,48(2):334～353..
Wang Peiyu.1999.Query on the Sikouzi Formation and suggestion on establishment of a new lithostratic unit.Geological Review,45(6):571～575.
Wang Weitao,Zhang Peizhen,Zhang Guangliang,Zheng Dewen,Zheng Wenjun,Jiang Hanchao.2010&.Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Sikouzi Basin on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai—Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic significance.Chinese Journal of Geology,45(2):440～452.
Wang Weitao,Zhang Peizhen,Kirby E,Wang Lihua,Zhang Guangliang,Zheng Dewen,Chai Zhizhang.2011.A revised chronology for Tertiary sedimentation in the Sikouzi basin:Implications for the tectonic evolution of the northeastern corner of the Tibetan Plateau.Tectonophysics,505(1):100～114.
Wang Weitao,Zheng Dewen,Pang Jianzhang.2013&.Provenancial tracing for the Cenozoic Sikouzi Section in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications.Acta Geological Sinica,45(2):440～452 .
Yang Shengli,Fang Xiaomin,Li Jijun,An Zhisheng,Chen Shiyue,Fukuzawa.2001#.Qualitative to semi-quantitative relationship research between surface soil color and climate.Science in China,31(D) :175～181.
Yang Shiling,Ding Zhongli.2003.Color reflectance of Chinese loess and its implications for climate gradient changes during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles.Geophysical Research Letters,30(20):1182～1200.
Yuan Daoyang,Zhang Peizhen,Liu Baichi,Gan Weijun,Mao Fengying,Wang Zhicai,Zheng Wenjun,Guo Hua.2004&.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of Late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Acta Geologica Sinica,78(2):270～278 .
Zachos J.2001.Trends,rhythms,and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.Science,292:689～693.
Zhang Jin,Ma Zongjin,Ren Wenjun.2006&.Discussion on the tectonic setting of deposition of the Eocene Sikouzi Formation in Ningxia Region.Acta Geologica Sinica,52(2):207～214 .
Zhang Jin,Ma Zongjin,Li Zhimin,Li Wenqiao.2009&.Study on deformational characteristics of Northeastern Qinghai—Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau from Late Cenozoic deformation in the Xining Basin.Acta Geologica Sinica,55(4):457～472 .
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