低温管路预冷过程两相流动与换热计算研究
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摘要
为揭示低温流体预冷管路过程中两相流动与换热特性,采用准稳态方法建立了低温管路预冷计算模型。该模型采用有限容积法来求解管内流体流动与换热方程,有限差分法求解管壁一维非稳态导热方程,流体与壁面的换热根据流型来判定选择对应的换热关联式,并对管壁外侧辐射漏热进行线性化离散处理。利用多组实验数据进行模型验证,结果表明模型对预冷时间预测的误差在10%之内。对预冷过程非稳态降温特性及流型与换热特性的计算结果表明:在低温流体预冷管路过程中,大部分换热方式为单相气强制对流和膜态沸腾,约占总预冷时间的95%,总换热量的75%,核态和过渡沸腾发生时间较短;预冷过程中存在一个最优质量流速,这既可以缩短预冷时间,同时可以减少推进剂的浪费。
To reveal the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics during the chill-down process of cryogenic fluid,a chill-down model was established with the quasi-steady-state method.In the model,the finite volume method was used to solve the fluid flow and heat transfer equation in the pipe,and the finite difference method was used to solve the one-dimensional unsteady heat transfer equation of the pipe wall.The heat transfer between fluid and the wall was calculated by appropriate heat transfer correlations,and the radiant heat in the pipe was linearized.The model was validated by the experimental data in literatures,and the results showed that the error of the model for chill-down time prediction is within 10%.The calculation results of the unsteady flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics of the chill-down process indicated that the single-phase gas forced convection and film boiling heat transfer occupy the most of chill-down process,accounting for about 95%of the total chill-down time and 75%of the total heat exchange flux.There is an optimal mass flow rate during the chill-down process,which can shorten the chill-down time and reduce the consumption of propellant.
To reveal the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics during the chill-down process of cryogenic fluid,a chill-down model was established with the quasi-steady-state method.In the model,the finite volume method was used to solve the fluid flow and heat transfer equation in the pipe,and the finite difference method was used to solve the one-dimensional unsteady heat transfer equation of the pipe wall.The heat transfer between fluid and the wall was calculated by appropriate heat transfer correlations,and the radiant heat in the pipe was linearized.The model was validated by the experimental data in literatures,and the results showed that the error of the model for chill-down time prediction is within 10%.The calculation results of the unsteady flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics of the chill-down process indicated that the single-phase gas forced convection and film boiling heat transfer occupy the most of chill-down process,accounting for about 95%of the total chill-down time and 75%of the total heat exchange flux.There is an optimal mass flow rate during the chill-down process,which can shorten the chill-down time and reduce the consumption of propellant.
引文
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[16]余红梅,李兆慈,孙恒.水平管道预冷过程研究[J].低温与特气,2009,42(9):16-21.YU Hongmei,LI Zhaoci,SUN Heng.Research on pre-cooling of LNG transfer pipeline[J].Low Temperature and Specialty Gases,2009,42(9):16-21.
[17]HARTWIG J,DARR S,ASENCIO A.Assessment of existing two phase heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux correlations for cryogenic flow boiling in pipe quenching experiments[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,93:441-463.
[18]KATTO Y,KURATA C.Critical heat flux of saturated convective boiling on uniformly heated plates in a parallel flow[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1980,6(6):575-582.
[19]YUAN K,YAN J,CHUNG J N.Cryogenic chilldown process under low flow rates[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2007,50(19):4011-4022.
[20]KAWANAMI O,NISHIDA T,HONDA I,et al.Flow and heat transfer on cryogenic flow boiling during tube quenching under upward and downward flow[J].Microgravity Science and Technology,2007,19(3/4):137-138.
[21]JIN L,CHO H,LEE C,et al.Experimental research and numerical simulation on cryogenic line chill-down process[J].Cryogenics,2018,89:42-52.
[22]DARR S R,HU H,SHAEFFER R,et al.Numerical simulation of the liquid nitrogen chilldown of a vertical tube[C]∥AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting.Reston,VA,USA:AIAA,2015:1-13.
[23]JACKSON J K.Cryogenic two-phase flow during chilldown:flow transition and nucleate boiling heat transfer[D].Gainesville,FL,USA:University of Florida,2006:57-90.
[24]CHEN Y.Heat transfer in film boiling of flowing water[M].Intech Open Access Publisher,2011.
[25]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:246-249.
[2]VELAT C J.Experiments in cryogenic two phase flow[D].Gainesville,FL,USA:University of Florida,2004:60-70.
[3]VELAT C,JACKSON J,KLAUSNER J F,et al.Cryogenic two-phase flow during chilldown[C]∥ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference.New York,USA:ASME,2004:717-722.
[4]HU H,CHUNG J N,AMBER S H.An experimental study on flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics during cryogenic chilldown in a vertical pipe[J].Cryogenics,2012,52(4/5/6):268-277.
[5]SHAEFFER R,HU H,CHUNG J N.An experimental study on liquid nitrogen pipe chilldown and heat transfer with pulse flows[J].International Journal of Heat&Mass Transfer,2013,67(6):955-966.
[6]HARTWIG J,HU H,STYBORSKI J,et al.Comparison of cryogenic flow boiling in liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen chilldown experiments[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2015,88:662-673.
[7]DARR S R,HU H,GLIKIN N G,et al.An experimental study on terrestrial cryogenic transfer line chilldown:I Effect of mass flux,equilibrium quality,and inlet subcooling[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,103:1225-1242.
[8]DARR S R,HU H,GLIKIN N G,et al.An experimental study on terrestrial cryogenic tube chilldown:IIEffect of flow direction with respect to gravity and new correlation set[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,103:1243-1260.
[9]JIN L,PARK C,CHO H,et al.Experimental investigation on chill-down process of cryogenic flow line[J].Cryogenics,2016,79:96-105.
[10]JOHNSON J,SHINE S R.Transient cryogenic chill down process in horizontal and inclined pipes[J].Cryogenics,2015,71:7-17.
[11]CHUNG J.Cryogenic two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer during pipe chilldown[C]∥37th AIAA Thermophysics Conference.Reston,VA,USA:AIAA,2004:2175.
[12]LIAO J.Modeling two-phase transport during cryogenic chilldown in a pipeline[D].Gainesville,FL,USA:University of Florida,2005.
[13]YUAN K,JI Y,CHUNG J N.Cryogenic chilldown process under low flow rates[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2007,50(19):4011-4022.
[14]孙恒,徐烈,李兆慈,等.低温液体输送过程中的参数计算与分析[J].低温与超导,2000,28(4):39-45.SUN Heng,XU Lie,LI Zhaoci.The analysis and calculation of the cryogenic liquid in transporting process[J].Cryogenics and Superconductivity,2000,28(4):39-45.
[15]高芳,陈阳,张振鹏.低温液体推进剂充填管路的数值模拟[J].航空动力学报,2007,22(1):108-113.GAO Fang,CHEN Yang,ZHANG Zhenpeng.Numerical simulation of filling pipe of cryogenic liquid propellant[J].Journal of Aerospace Power,2007,22(1):108-113.
[16]余红梅,李兆慈,孙恒.水平管道预冷过程研究[J].低温与特气,2009,42(9):16-21.YU Hongmei,LI Zhaoci,SUN Heng.Research on pre-cooling of LNG transfer pipeline[J].Low Temperature and Specialty Gases,2009,42(9):16-21.
[17]HARTWIG J,DARR S,ASENCIO A.Assessment of existing two phase heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux correlations for cryogenic flow boiling in pipe quenching experiments[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2016,93:441-463.
[18]KATTO Y,KURATA C.Critical heat flux of saturated convective boiling on uniformly heated plates in a parallel flow[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,1980,6(6):575-582.
[19]YUAN K,YAN J,CHUNG J N.Cryogenic chilldown process under low flow rates[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2007,50(19):4011-4022.
[20]KAWANAMI O,NISHIDA T,HONDA I,et al.Flow and heat transfer on cryogenic flow boiling during tube quenching under upward and downward flow[J].Microgravity Science and Technology,2007,19(3/4):137-138.
[21]JIN L,CHO H,LEE C,et al.Experimental research and numerical simulation on cryogenic line chill-down process[J].Cryogenics,2018,89:42-52.
[22]DARR S R,HU H,SHAEFFER R,et al.Numerical simulation of the liquid nitrogen chilldown of a vertical tube[C]∥AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting.Reston,VA,USA:AIAA,2015:1-13.
[23]JACKSON J K.Cryogenic two-phase flow during chilldown:flow transition and nucleate boiling heat transfer[D].Gainesville,FL,USA:University of Florida,2006:57-90.
[24]CHEN Y.Heat transfer in film boiling of flowing water[M].Intech Open Access Publisher,2011.
[25]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2006:246-249.