美国国家公园管理的成功经验及其对我国的借鉴作用
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摘要
美国是世界上第1个建立国家公园的国家,经过100多年的发展与实践积累了丰富的管理经验,很好地实现了保护与利用的双重功能,成为世界各国学习的标杆。我国自2015年首次建立三江源试点国家公园以来,迄今已有10个试点国家公园,在管理体制和运营机制上进行了较多的探索和尝试,在一定程度上解决了原有保护地体系中所存在的多头碎片化管理和过度开发利用等问题,实现了对国家公园资源和环境的有效保护。然而,由于我国国家公园覆盖面积广阔、保护对象和所涵盖的原有保护地类型多样、涉及的利益相关者众多,因而在管理和保护上都将面临较大的挑战,急需借鉴美国等发达国家的先进经验并结合我国国情不断完善和改进管理机制,以便更好地实现国家公园有效保护与合理利用以及多利益相关者的协调。文中在总结美国国家公园在管理体系、法律、规划和解说、志愿服务体系以及公众参与机制5个方面成功经验的基础上,进一步分析了我国如何借鉴其成功经验建设有中国特色的国家公园管理机制,以确保其能够健康有序地发展。
The USA is the first country to set up the national park all over the world,and become the example in terms of realizing protection-utilization balance with its rich experiences in national park development and management for over 100-year practices. Since the establishment of the Three-River-Source National Park in 2015 for the first time,China has established 10 pilot national parks and made many explorations and attempts in the management system and operation mechanism,which have solved to certain extent the problems of fragmented management by multi-sectors and over-utilization that were found in the previous management system for protected sites,and realized the effective protection of national park resources and environment. However,because the pilot national parks in China cover a vast area,engage multiple protection objects and diverse types of protected sites,and involve many stakeholders,greater challenges are faced about the management and protection of national parks. Thus it is urgent to learn the advanced experiences from the USA and other developed countries and constantly improve the management mechanism based on the national condition in China,so as to better realize the effective protection and rational utilization of national parks and coordinate the multiple stakeholders. The paper summarized the successful management experiences in administration,laws,planning and interpretation,volunteer service system and public participation in the USA,and further explored the ways that China could take to develop national park management mechanism with Chinese characteristics so as to ensure the healthy and organized development of national parks in China.
The USA is the first country to set up the national park all over the world,and become the example in terms of realizing protection-utilization balance with its rich experiences in national park development and management for over 100-year practices. Since the establishment of the Three-River-Source National Park in 2015 for the first time,China has established 10 pilot national parks and made many explorations and attempts in the management system and operation mechanism,which have solved to certain extent the problems of fragmented management by multi-sectors and over-utilization that were found in the previous management system for protected sites,and realized the effective protection of national park resources and environment. However,because the pilot national parks in China cover a vast area,engage multiple protection objects and diverse types of protected sites,and involve many stakeholders,greater challenges are faced about the management and protection of national parks. Thus it is urgent to learn the advanced experiences from the USA and other developed countries and constantly improve the management mechanism based on the national condition in China,so as to better realize the effective protection and rational utilization of national parks and coordinate the multiple stakeholders. The paper summarized the successful management experiences in administration,laws,planning and interpretation,volunteer service system and public participation in the USA,and further explored the ways that China could take to develop national park management mechanism with Chinese characteristics so as to ensure the healthy and organized development of national parks in China.
引文
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[15]张静雅,李卅,张玉钧.美国国家公园环境解说规划管理及启示[J].建筑与文化,2016(3):170-173.
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[21]周密.美国国家公园制度及对我国发展优质旅游的启示[C].中国旅游科学年会,北京,2018.
[2]徐菲菲,FOX D.英美国家公园体制比较及启示[J].旅游学刊,2015,30(6):5-8.
[3]陈飞.美国国家公园规划与管理对中国风景名胜区的启示:以兰格尔-圣伊莱亚斯国家公园暨保护区为例[J].现代商贸工业,2009(10):58-59.
[4]李如生.美国国家公园管理体制[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005:1-10.
[5]孟宪民.美国国家公园体系的管理经验:兼谈对中国风景名胜区的启示[J].世界林业研究,2007,20(1):75-79.
[6]United States National Park Service.Management policies 2006[EB/OL].(2016-08)[2018-01-20].https://www.nps.gov/policy/mp/policies.html.
[7]余俊,解小冬.从美国国家公园制度看我国自然保护区立法目的定位[J].生态经济,2011(3):172-175.
[8]王小慧,彭赟.美国国家公园与我国风景名胜区制度的比较[J].华商,2009(20):68,7.
[9]杨锐.美国国家公园的立法和执法[J].中国园林,2009,19(5):63-66.
[10]王佳.美国国家公园立法体系分析[J].经济研究导刊,2015(17):296-297.
[11]United States National Park Service.Policy related laws[EB/OL].(2016-03)[2017-07-15]https://www.nps.gov/applications/npspolicy/getlaws.cfm.
[12]United States National Park Service.Regulations[EB/OL].(2016-05)[2017-08-20].https://www.nps.gov/applications/npspolicy/getregs.cfm.
[13]张振威,杨锐.美国国家公园管理规划的公众参与制度[J].中国园林,2015(2):23-27.
[14]王辉,张佳琛,刘小宇,等.美国国家公园的解说与教育服务研究:以西奥多·罗斯福国家公园为例[J].旅游学刊,2016,31(5):119-126.
[15]张静雅,李卅,张玉钧.美国国家公园环境解说规划管理及启示[J].建筑与文化,2016(3):170-173.
[16]孙燕.美国国家公园环境解说的兴起及启示[J].中国园林,2012,28(6):110-112.
[17]张佳琛.美国国家公园的解说与教育服务研究[M].辽宁大连:辽宁师范大学,2017.
[18]United States National Park Service.Civic engagement and public involvement[EB/OL].(2016-03)[2017-07-15].https://www.nps.gov/policy/DOrders/75A.htm.
[19]郭娜,蔡君.美国国家公园合作志愿者计划管理探讨[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2017,16(4):170-173.
[20]United States National Park Service.Volunteers-in-parks[EB/OL].(2016-05)[2018-01-15].https://www.nps.gov/policy/DOrders/DO_7_2016.htm.
[21]周密.美国国家公园制度及对我国发展优质旅游的启示[C].中国旅游科学年会,北京,2018.