比较政治学:学科研究特征与前景
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摘要
比较政治学是政治学诸多分支学科中唯一以方法命名的学科,它在具有确定的方法论的同时,又在研究内容(对象及研究设计)、理论、学科知识积累以及学科研究取向等方面,表现出明显的多样性甚至不确定性。这些多样性和不确定性主要表现为确定的研究方法,及其在研究范围、层级等方面的多元运用以及不同的研究设计,各种理论与范式多元共存所导致的学科横向分裂,以及主要表现为学科知识积累的非累积和非线性特征、乃至学科记忆稀薄的学科纵向分裂等。在实现学科科学化与保持学科人文传统的持续张力中,比较政治学无法避免和摆脱在不同时期遭遇不同理论与现实挑战的困境,也在从多样性中创造统一性的不间断的努力中,为学科发展创造了新的机会和可能空间。
As the only sub-discipline carrying a methodological label in political science,comparative politics is also characterized by considerable diversity and indefiniteness.Such diversity and indefiniteness or even contradictions include definite research methods and their diverse application in research scope and level and different research designs,in horizontal dividedness caused by competing theories and paradigms,and in longitudinal fragmentation mainly shown as the non-cumulative and non-linear knowledge accumulation,and the weak disciplinary memory.Under the continuous tension of becoming more "scientific" and maintaining the humanity disciplinary tradition,comparative politics cannot be free of the challenge from theory and reality in its developmental process and it also gains more chance and space for further development in the consistent endeavor to create coherence from diversity.
As the only sub-discipline carrying a methodological label in political science,comparative politics is also characterized by considerable diversity and indefiniteness.Such diversity and indefiniteness or even contradictions include definite research methods and their diverse application in research scope and level and different research designs,in horizontal dividedness caused by competing theories and paradigms,and in longitudinal fragmentation mainly shown as the non-cumulative and non-linear knowledge accumulation,and the weak disciplinary memory.Under the continuous tension of becoming more "scientific" and maintaining the humanity disciplinary tradition,comparative politics cannot be free of the challenge from theory and reality in its developmental process and it also gains more chance and space for further development in the consistent endeavor to create coherence from diversity.
引文
①Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693.
②Edward A.Freeman,Comparative Politics,London:Macmillan,1873.转引自Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693。
①Alexis de Tocqueville to Ernest de Chabrol,October 7,1831,and Louis Kergolay,October 18,1847,in Boesche,ed.,Alexis de Tocqueville:Selected Letters on Politics and Society,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1985,p.59,p.191.转引自Gabriel A.Almond,Russell J.Dalton,G.Bingham Powell,Jr.,and Kaare Strm,eds.,Comparative Politics Today:a world view,(8 th ed.),New York:Pearson Longman,2006,p.31。
②See Giovanni Sartori,“Comparing and Miscomparing”,Journal of Theoretical Politics,1991(3):243-257.
③See Lawrence C.Mayer,John H.Burnett,and Suzanne Ogden,Comparative Politics:nations and theories in a changing world,Upper Saddle River,N.J.:Prentice Hall,1996,p.2.
④Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693.
⑤拉斯托(Dankwart A.Rustow)认为,作为区域研究基础的单纯地理上的接近并不必然提供比较的最好基础,同时还存在学者将就着使用现成的概括而不是通过所研究的区域检验其假设,从而成为其研究对象的奴隶的研究倾向。Dankwart A.Rustow,“Modernization and Comparative Politics:Prospects in Research and Theory”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):37-51.
①亚当.普沃斯基:《民主与市场:东欧与拉丁美洲的政治经济改革》,包雅钧、刘忠瑞、胡元梓译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
②See Howard J.Wiarda,Introduction to Comparative Politics:Concepts and Processes(2 nd ed.),Belmont,CA:Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,2000,pp.8-10.
③Giovanni Sartori,“Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics”,American Political Science Review,LXIV(4)(1970):1033-1053.
④See David Robertson,The Penguin Dictionary of Politics(2 nd.),London:Penguin Books Ltd.,1993,p.99;Mark Kesselman,Joel Krieger,and William A.Joseph,Introduction to Comparative Politics(3 rd ed.),Boston,MA:Houghton Mifflin,2004,pp.xxv-xxvi.
⑤See Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry,New York:Wiley,1970,pp.32-33.
⑥Eric R.Wolf,Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century,New York:Harper&Row,1969.
①Carsten Anckar,“On the Application of the Most Similar Systems Desgn and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research”,International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11.5(2008):389-401;Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry,New York:Wiley,1970,p.35.
②Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan,Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation:Southern Europe,South America,and Post-Communist Europe,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1996.
③Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693.
④Gabriel A.Almond,Russell J.Dalton,G.Bingham Powell,Jr.,and Kaare Strm,eds.,Comparative Politics Today:a world view,(8 th ed.),Pearson,2006,p.33.
⑤See Georg Simonis,Hans-Joachim Lauth,and Stephan Brhler,“Comparative Politics in the 21 st Century”,Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:35-54;Philippe C.Schmitter,“The nature and future of comparative politics”,European Political Science Review(2009),1:33-61.
①Mehrann Kamrava,Understanding Comparative Politics:a framework for analysis,London and New York:Routledge,1996,p.1.
②Harold D.Lasswell,“The Future of the Comparative Method”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):3-18.
③James A.Bill and Robert L.Hardgrave,Comparative Politics:The Quest for Theory,Washington,DC:University Press of America,1981,pp.13-15.
④Howard J.Wiarda,New Directions in Comparative Politics(3 rd ed.),Boulder,CO:Westview Press,2002,p.11.
①See Dankwart A.Rustow,“Modernization and Comparative Politics:Prospects in Research and Theory”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):37-51;Roy C.Macridis,“Comparative Politics and the Study of Government:The Search for Focus”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):79-90.
②Dankwart A.Rustow,“Modernization and Comparative Politics:Prospects in Research and Theory”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):37-51.
③参见[美]罗纳德.H.奇尔科特:《比较政治学理论——新范式的探索》,高銛、潘世强译,北京:社会科学文献出版社1998年版,第79页。
④Philippe C.Schmitter,“The nature and future of comparative politics”,European Political Science Review(2009),1:33-61.
⑤Joseph LaPalombara,“Macrotheories and Microapplications in Comparative Politics:A Widening Chasm”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):52-78.
⑥Detlef Jahn,“What is Comparative Politics?Standpoints and Debates in Germany and The United States”,in Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:17-34.
①Howard J.Wiarda,New Directions in Comparative Politics,Westview Press,2002,p.222;Paul W.Zagorski,Comparative Politics:continuity and breakdown in the contemporary world,London and New York:Routledge,2009,p.8.
②虽然仍然有学者以预测的口吻提出其论点,但作出预测已不再像过去一样是今天比较政治学的抱负。参见Todd Landman,Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics:an introduction(2 nd edition),London and New York:Routledge,2003,p.10.
③Lawrence C.Mayer,Redefining Comparative Politics:Promise Versus Performance,Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1989,Ch.2.转引自Detlef Jahn,“What is Comparative Politics?Standpoints and Debates in Germany and The United States”,in Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:17-34。
④Mattei Dogan,“Paradigms in Social Sciences”,in N.J.Smelser and P.B.Baltes,eds.,International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences,2001.转引自Detlef Jahn,“What is Comparative Politics?Standpoints and Debates in Germany and The United States”,in Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:17-34。
①参见[美]尼考劳斯.扎哈里亚迪斯主编:《比较政治学:理论、案例与方法》,宁骚、欧阳景根等译,北京:北京大学出版社2008年版,第8—10页。
①Joseph LaPalombara,“Macrotheories and Microapplications in Comparative Politics:A Widening Chasm”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):52-78.
②See Joseph LaPalombara,“Macrotheories and Microapplications in Comparative Politics:A Widening Chasm”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):52-78;[美]尼考劳斯.扎哈里亚迪斯主编:《比较政治学:理论、案例与方法》,宁骚、欧阳景根等译,第10-17页。
③关于政治学与比较政治学间关系的相关讨论,可参见张小劲、景跃进:《比较政治学导论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社2008年版,第6—8页。
④Gabriel A.Almond,A Discipline Divided:Schools and Sects in Political Science,Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1990,p.13.
⑤Philippe C.Schmitter,“The nature and future of comparative politics”,European Political Science Review(2009)1:33-61.
①See Georg Simonis,Hans-Joachim Lauth,and Stephan Brhler,“Comparative Politics in the 21st Century”,Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:35-54.
②有关政治学中的科学主义的更多讨论,参见王沪宁:《比较政治分析》,上海:上海人民出版社1987年版,第302—305页。
②Edward A.Freeman,Comparative Politics,London:Macmillan,1873.转引自Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693。
①Alexis de Tocqueville to Ernest de Chabrol,October 7,1831,and Louis Kergolay,October 18,1847,in Boesche,ed.,Alexis de Tocqueville:Selected Letters on Politics and Society,Berkeley,CA:University of California Press,1985,p.59,p.191.转引自Gabriel A.Almond,Russell J.Dalton,G.Bingham Powell,Jr.,and Kaare Strm,eds.,Comparative Politics Today:a world view,(8 th ed.),New York:Pearson Longman,2006,p.31。
②See Giovanni Sartori,“Comparing and Miscomparing”,Journal of Theoretical Politics,1991(3):243-257.
③See Lawrence C.Mayer,John H.Burnett,and Suzanne Ogden,Comparative Politics:nations and theories in a changing world,Upper Saddle River,N.J.:Prentice Hall,1996,p.2.
④Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693.
⑤拉斯托(Dankwart A.Rustow)认为,作为区域研究基础的单纯地理上的接近并不必然提供比较的最好基础,同时还存在学者将就着使用现成的概括而不是通过所研究的区域检验其假设,从而成为其研究对象的奴隶的研究倾向。Dankwart A.Rustow,“Modernization and Comparative Politics:Prospects in Research and Theory”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):37-51.
①亚当.普沃斯基:《民主与市场:东欧与拉丁美洲的政治经济改革》,包雅钧、刘忠瑞、胡元梓译,北京:北京大学出版社2005年版。
②See Howard J.Wiarda,Introduction to Comparative Politics:Concepts and Processes(2 nd ed.),Belmont,CA:Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,2000,pp.8-10.
③Giovanni Sartori,“Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics”,American Political Science Review,LXIV(4)(1970):1033-1053.
④See David Robertson,The Penguin Dictionary of Politics(2 nd.),London:Penguin Books Ltd.,1993,p.99;Mark Kesselman,Joel Krieger,and William A.Joseph,Introduction to Comparative Politics(3 rd ed.),Boston,MA:Houghton Mifflin,2004,pp.xxv-xxvi.
⑤See Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry,New York:Wiley,1970,pp.32-33.
⑥Eric R.Wolf,Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century,New York:Harper&Row,1969.
①Carsten Anckar,“On the Application of the Most Similar Systems Desgn and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research”,International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11.5(2008):389-401;Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune,The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry,New York:Wiley,1970,p.35.
②Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan,Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation:Southern Europe,South America,and Post-Communist Europe,Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press,1996.
③Arend Lijphart,“Comparative Politics and the Comparative Method”,American Political Science Review,65(3)(1971):682-693.
④Gabriel A.Almond,Russell J.Dalton,G.Bingham Powell,Jr.,and Kaare Strm,eds.,Comparative Politics Today:a world view,(8 th ed.),Pearson,2006,p.33.
⑤See Georg Simonis,Hans-Joachim Lauth,and Stephan Brhler,“Comparative Politics in the 21 st Century”,Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:35-54;Philippe C.Schmitter,“The nature and future of comparative politics”,European Political Science Review(2009),1:33-61.
①Mehrann Kamrava,Understanding Comparative Politics:a framework for analysis,London and New York:Routledge,1996,p.1.
②Harold D.Lasswell,“The Future of the Comparative Method”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):3-18.
③James A.Bill and Robert L.Hardgrave,Comparative Politics:The Quest for Theory,Washington,DC:University Press of America,1981,pp.13-15.
④Howard J.Wiarda,New Directions in Comparative Politics(3 rd ed.),Boulder,CO:Westview Press,2002,p.11.
①See Dankwart A.Rustow,“Modernization and Comparative Politics:Prospects in Research and Theory”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):37-51;Roy C.Macridis,“Comparative Politics and the Study of Government:The Search for Focus”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):79-90.
②Dankwart A.Rustow,“Modernization and Comparative Politics:Prospects in Research and Theory”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):37-51.
③参见[美]罗纳德.H.奇尔科特:《比较政治学理论——新范式的探索》,高銛、潘世强译,北京:社会科学文献出版社1998年版,第79页。
④Philippe C.Schmitter,“The nature and future of comparative politics”,European Political Science Review(2009),1:33-61.
⑤Joseph LaPalombara,“Macrotheories and Microapplications in Comparative Politics:A Widening Chasm”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):52-78.
⑥Detlef Jahn,“What is Comparative Politics?Standpoints and Debates in Germany and The United States”,in Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:17-34.
①Howard J.Wiarda,New Directions in Comparative Politics,Westview Press,2002,p.222;Paul W.Zagorski,Comparative Politics:continuity and breakdown in the contemporary world,London and New York:Routledge,2009,p.8.
②虽然仍然有学者以预测的口吻提出其论点,但作出预测已不再像过去一样是今天比较政治学的抱负。参见Todd Landman,Issues and Methods in Comparative Politics:an introduction(2 nd edition),London and New York:Routledge,2003,p.10.
③Lawrence C.Mayer,Redefining Comparative Politics:Promise Versus Performance,Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1989,Ch.2.转引自Detlef Jahn,“What is Comparative Politics?Standpoints and Debates in Germany and The United States”,in Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:17-34。
④Mattei Dogan,“Paradigms in Social Sciences”,in N.J.Smelser and P.B.Baltes,eds.,International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences,2001.转引自Detlef Jahn,“What is Comparative Politics?Standpoints and Debates in Germany and The United States”,in Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:17-34。
①参见[美]尼考劳斯.扎哈里亚迪斯主编:《比较政治学:理论、案例与方法》,宁骚、欧阳景根等译,北京:北京大学出版社2008年版,第8—10页。
①Joseph LaPalombara,“Macrotheories and Microapplications in Comparative Politics:A Widening Chasm”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):52-78.
②See Joseph LaPalombara,“Macrotheories and Microapplications in Comparative Politics:A Widening Chasm”,Comparative Politics,Vol.1,No.1(Oct.,1968):52-78;[美]尼考劳斯.扎哈里亚迪斯主编:《比较政治学:理论、案例与方法》,宁骚、欧阳景根等译,第10-17页。
③关于政治学与比较政治学间关系的相关讨论,可参见张小劲、景跃进:《比较政治学导论》,北京:中国人民大学出版社2008年版,第6—8页。
④Gabriel A.Almond,A Discipline Divided:Schools and Sects in Political Science,Newbury Park,CA:Sage,1990,p.13.
⑤Philippe C.Schmitter,“The nature and future of comparative politics”,European Political Science Review(2009)1:33-61.
①See Georg Simonis,Hans-Joachim Lauth,and Stephan Brhler,“Comparative Politics in the 21st Century”,Z Vgl Polit Wiss(2010)4:35-54.
②有关政治学中的科学主义的更多讨论,参见王沪宁:《比较政治分析》,上海:上海人民出版社1987年版,第302—305页。
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