地理学视角下的城市棕地研究综述与展望
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摘要
快速城市化背景下,城市棕地频现并已成为工业化与城镇化过程中的"毒瘤"。针对城市棕地研究空间视角缺乏和新型城镇化对老工业基地"改造更新与保护修复"的实践需要,在明确城市棕地基本概念和内涵的基础上,基于CiteSpace对2001～2017年Web of Science和CNKI期刊引文数据库中关于棕地研究的461篇英文和244篇中文文献,分析其发文数量、年度前沿热点、关键词、研究学科等知识图谱,梳理城市棕地空间识别方法、GIS空间数据库、评估体系、污染治理技术、景观规划设计、再利用机制及政策等方面的现有研究,提出地理学视角下的棕地再利用研究展望,即构建多学科交融的城市棕地研究框架、重视地理学视角下的棕地研究热点、完善统一的棕地概念体系、挖掘棕地空间识别方法及建立数据库、强化棕地再开发综合评价方法及指标体系构建、深入研究棕地再生模式与规划设计、注重典型城市和典型棕地再开发的实践研究。
The rapid urbanization and de-industrialization process has produced many under-utilized or abandoned industrial and commercial properties, commonly referred to as brownfield. A brownfield is a property,the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Urban brownfield sites have frequently appeared and become‘cancers' in China. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties could increase local tax bases, facilitate job growth, utilize existing infrastructure, take development pressures off from undeveloped open land, improve and protect the environment. Despite these advantages, brownfield reclamation faces significant obstacles due to high clean up costs, insufficient investment resources, uncertain timelines and liability associated with contaminated properties. The importance of sustainable brownfield regeneration has recently been heightened by factors. However, this is a complex and multifaceted issue, since many existing brownfield sites not only present environmental challenges, but also raise issues of environmental justice and social equity. Urban brownfield is also a major forefront scientific problem, a weak research field need to be strengthened, and one of the greatest challenges for municipal planners and developers. In view of the lack of the spatial perspective and the practical needs of new-type urbanization to renovate and protect in the old industrial bases of China,this paper defines the basic definition and intension of urban brownfield, draws and analyzes the atlas of research hotpots, keywords, major research subjects on brownfield, taking the 461 related literatures on‘Web of Science'and the 244 related literatures on‘CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure)'from 2001 to2017 as subjects by using CiteSpace. It is the hotspots and main contents of heavy metal, sustainability, brownfield redevelopment, management, remediation, urban brownfield, and landscape architecture on the research of brownfiled. We review the present research on the method of identification, GIS database, assessment system, reconstruction technology, landscape planning and design, mechanism and policies, typical cases of brownfield. Also, this paper provides a framework of multidisciplinary integration and prospects on urban brownfield from a geographical perspective. In the future, efforts need to be made to establish a unified conceptual framework, pay attention to the hotspots of brownfield research from a geographical perspective, mining methods of identifying brownfield, build a GIS database, construct a comprehensive assessment mode, further study the model and planning of brownfield reuse, take a case study of particular cities and particular brownfield sites.
The rapid urbanization and de-industrialization process has produced many under-utilized or abandoned industrial and commercial properties, commonly referred to as brownfield. A brownfield is a property,the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Urban brownfield sites have frequently appeared and become‘cancers' in China. Cleaning up and reinvesting in these properties could increase local tax bases, facilitate job growth, utilize existing infrastructure, take development pressures off from undeveloped open land, improve and protect the environment. Despite these advantages, brownfield reclamation faces significant obstacles due to high clean up costs, insufficient investment resources, uncertain timelines and liability associated with contaminated properties. The importance of sustainable brownfield regeneration has recently been heightened by factors. However, this is a complex and multifaceted issue, since many existing brownfield sites not only present environmental challenges, but also raise issues of environmental justice and social equity. Urban brownfield is also a major forefront scientific problem, a weak research field need to be strengthened, and one of the greatest challenges for municipal planners and developers. In view of the lack of the spatial perspective and the practical needs of new-type urbanization to renovate and protect in the old industrial bases of China,this paper defines the basic definition and intension of urban brownfield, draws and analyzes the atlas of research hotpots, keywords, major research subjects on brownfield, taking the 461 related literatures on‘Web of Science'and the 244 related literatures on‘CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure)'from 2001 to2017 as subjects by using CiteSpace. It is the hotspots and main contents of heavy metal, sustainability, brownfield redevelopment, management, remediation, urban brownfield, and landscape architecture on the research of brownfiled. We review the present research on the method of identification, GIS database, assessment system, reconstruction technology, landscape planning and design, mechanism and policies, typical cases of brownfield. Also, this paper provides a framework of multidisciplinary integration and prospects on urban brownfield from a geographical perspective. In the future, efforts need to be made to establish a unified conceptual framework, pay attention to the hotspots of brownfield research from a geographical perspective, mining methods of identifying brownfield, build a GIS database, construct a comprehensive assessment mode, further study the model and planning of brownfield reuse, take a case study of particular cities and particular brownfield sites.
引文
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[2]Page G W,Berger R S.Characteristics and land use of contaminated brownfield properties in voluntary cleanup agreement programs[J].Land Use Policy,2006,23(4):551-559.
[3]Li M S.Ecological restoration of mineland with particular reference to the metalliferous mine wasteland in China:A review of research and practice[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,357(1):38-53.
[4]Wernstedt K,Hanson J.Research article:Community revitalization through areawide brownfield regeneration,community land trusts,and progressive finance[J].Environmental Practice,2009,11(3):134-143.
[5]Enviromental Protection Agency(EPA).Overview of the brownfields program[DB/OL].https://www.epa.gov/brownfields/brownfield-overview-and-definition.2017-03-09.
[6]环境保护部,国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[R].2014.[Ministry of Environmental Protection,Ministry of Land and Resources.National soil pollution status survey bulletin,2014.]
[7]Liu C,Song W,Zhou C.Unsuccessful urban governance of brownfield land redevelopment:A lesson from the toxic soil event in Changzhou,China[J].Sustainability,2017,824(9):1-14.
[8]Wernstedt K,Blackman A,Lyon T P et al.Revitalizing underperforming and contaminated land through voluntary action:Perspectives from U.S.voluntary cleanup programs[J].Land Use Policy,2013,31(2):545-556.
[9]Davison G,Legacy C.Positive planning and sustainable brownfield regeneration:The role and potential of government land development agencies[J].International Planning Studies,2014,19(2):416-421.
[10]Howland M.The private market for brownfield properties[J].Cityscape,2010,12(3):37-54.
[11]De Sousa C A.Policy performance and brownfield redevelopment in Milwaukee,Wisconsin[J].The Professional Geographer,2005,57(2):312-327.
[12]Bliek D,Gauthier P.Mobilising urban heritage to counter the commodification of brownfield landscapes:Lessons from Montreal’s Lachine Canal[J].Canadian Journal of Urban Research,2007,16(1):39-58.
[13]Swickard T J.Regulatory incentives to promote private sector brownfield remediation and reuse[J].Journal of Soil Contamination,2008,17(2):121-136.
[14]Dixon T.The property development industry and sustainable urban brownfield regeneration in England:An analysis of case studies in Thames Gateway and Greater Manchester[J].Urban Studies,2007,44(12):2379-2400.
[15]Dixon T,Adams D.Housing supply and brownfield regeneration in a post-Barker World:Is there enough brownfield land in England and Scotland?[J].Urban Studies,2008,45(1):115-139.
[16]赵沁娜.城市土地置换过程中土壤污染研究进展评述[J].土壤,2009,41(3):350-355.[Zhao Qinna.Review on soil pollution during functional replacement of urban land.Soils,2009,41(3):350-355.]
[17]宋飏,林慧颖,王士君.国外棕地再利用的经验与启示[J].世界地理研究,2015,24(3):65-74.[Song Yang,Lin Huiying,Wang Shijun.International experience of brownfield reuse and its enlightenment.World Regional Studies,2015,24(3):65-74.]
[18]Enviromental Protection Agency(EPA).Brownfields road map to understanding options for site investigation and cleanup(Sixth Edition)[EB/OL].https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-11/documents/brownfieldsroadmapepa542-r-12-001,2018-06-26.
[19]Federation of Canadian Municipalities.Brownfields[R].Ottawa,Ontario:Federation of Canadian Municipalities,2009.
[20]Communities and Local Government.Planning policy statement 3:Housing(PPS3)[EB/OL].http://www.housinglin.org.uk/_library/Resources/Housing/Policy_documents/PPS3.pdf,2015-06-28.
[21]TIMBRE Project-Tailored Improvement of Brownfield Regeneration in Europe Project.Conceptual definitions of brownfields and strategies of their regeneration[EB/OL].http://www.timbre-project.eu/en/germany.html,2018-03-10.
[22]Ministry of the Environment Government of Japan.Current status of the brownfield issue in Japan,interimreport[EB/OL].https://www.env.go.jp/en/water/soil/brownfields/interin-rep0703.pdf,2018-06-25.
[23]CABERNET-Concerted Actionon Brownfield and Economic Regeneration Network.‘Brownfield definition’online on the internet[EB/OL].http://www.cabernet.org.uk/index.asp?c=1134,2018-06-09.
[24]牛慧恩.美国对“棕地”的更新改造与再开发[J].国外城市规划,2001(2):30-31+26-48.[Niu Huien.The renovation and redevelopment of‘Brownfield’in USA.Urban Planning International,2001(2):30-31+26-48.]
[25]Ferrara V,Beriatos E,Brebbia C A.Brownfield identification:different approaches for analysing data detected by means of remote sensing[J].Wit Transactions on Ecology&the Environment,2008,107:45-54.
[26]Kadioglu S,Daniels J J.3D visualization of integrated ground penetrating radar data and EM-61 data to determine buried objects and their characteristics[J].Journal of Geophysics&Engineering,2008,5(4):448-456.
[27]Morio M,Finkel M.A screening level method to derive contaminant distributions in groundwater for early stage assessments of brownfields[C]//Schirmer M et al.GQ10:Groundwater quality management in a rapidly changing world.Wallingford,UK:IAHS-AISH publication,2011:189-193.
[28]陈月珍,谢红彬,林明水.褐色土地识别方法构建与运用--以福州市某典型地块为例[J].海南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,26(4):452-457.[Chen Yuezhen,Xie Hongbin,Lin Mingshui.Methodology construction of brownfield identification and its application-A case study of typical site in Fuzhou.Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),2013,26(4):452-457.]
[29]Coffin S L.Closing the brownfield information gap:some practical methods for identifying brownfields[J].Environmental Practice,2003,5(1):34-39.
[30]Frickel S,Elliott J R.Tracking industrial land use conversions:A new approach for studying relict waste and urban development[J].Organization&Environment,2008,21(2):128-147.
[31]林慧颖,宋飏,王士君.城市棕地信息识别及数据库建设方法研究--以长春市为例[J].中国土地科学,2016,30(7):80-87.[Lin Huiying,Song Yang,Wang Shijun.Research on the method of urban brownfield information identification and brownfield database construction:Taking Changchun as an example.China Land Science,2016,30(7):80-87.]
[32]Bacon G M.Application of object-oriented image classification to identify potential brownfield sites in Syracuse[M].New York:State University of New York,2007.
[33]Tilley J S,Paul R,Slonecker T et al.The use of spatial analytical techniques to identify potential brownfields sites[C]//William A et al.Rates,trends,causes,and consequences of urban land-use change in the United States.Reston,U S:U.S.Geological Survey,2006:87-95.
[34]Bezama A,Agüero R,Márquez F.Land register of contaminated sites in an industrial chilean region:Identification and evaluation of suspected sites[J].Waste Management,2008,28(3):588-596.
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