海南桑螟寄生蜂种类及优势种的寄生特性研究
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摘要
为明确桑树主要害虫桑螟的天敌寄生蜂资源及其寄生特性并利用生物防治措施有效控制桑螟的危害,对海南主要桑园桑螟寄生蜂进行了系统调查和研究。结果表明,海南桑螟天敌寄生蜂主要有5种,分别为桑螟绒茧蜂Apanteles heterusiae Wilkinson、食心虫白茧蜂Phanerotoma planifrons Nees、红铃虫甲腹茧蜂Chelonus pectinophorae Cushman、菲岛长距茧蜂Macrocentrus philippinensis Ashmead和广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus Walker。其中,桑螟绒茧蜂为优势种,田间寄生率高达63.24%,1头桑螟幼虫可出蜂3～16头;其他4种寄生蜂均为单寄生,田间平均寄生率依次为9.15%、6.21%、5.62%和5.24%。室内寄生特性研究发现,桑螟绒茧蜂对桑螟龄期和密度具有选择性,主要寄生1龄和2龄桑螟幼虫,偶尔寄生3龄幼虫,仅在1龄桑螟幼虫密度为9和2龄密度为8头时寄生率最高,且出蜂量最大。待被寄生桑螟幼虫发育至5龄时从桑螟体内啮出,并在5～7 h内结茧化蛹,啮出幼虫可全部化蛹,4～5 d后羽化,羽化率为33.33%～100%,性比为0～87.50%,成蜂寿命为1～3 d,多为2 d,雄蜂寿命略短于雌蜂。未观察到桑螟绒茧蜂寄生家蚕。研究为桑螟绒茧蜂的规模化繁育和利用提供前提。
It is very important to find out the natural enemy species and the biological characteristics of Glyphodes pyloalis Walker, one of the main mulberry pests, for improving efficiency of biological control. The investigations on the parasitic wasps of G. pyloalis in Hainan, China was carried out. Five parasitic wasps of G. pyloalis were described.They were Apanteles heterusiae Wilkinson, Phanerotoma planifrons Nees, Chelonus pectinophorae Cushman, Macrocentrus philippinensis Ashmead and Brachymeria lasus Walker. Among them, the dominant species was Apanteles heterusiae, which had the highest parasitic rate of 63.24%. A. heterusiae was gregarious parasitoids and the numbers of its offspring per female was 3–16. The other four parasitic wasps were all solitary parasitoids and the average parasitic rate in the field was 9.15%, 6.21%, 5.62% and 5.24%, respectively. A. heterusiae mainly parasitized the 1 st and 2 nd larvae of G. pyloalis and its parasitic rates get a higher level when the individual number of the 1 st and 2 nd larvae of G. pyloalis was 9 and 8, respectively. Occasionally the 3 rd larvae of G. pyloalis was also been observed being parasitized.Mature larvae gnawed out of body wall of the 5 th larvae of the host and pupated in 5–7 hours completely. Then the adults emerged with an emergence rate 33.33%–100% after 4–5 d. The sex ratio was 0–87.50% and the life span always 1 to 3 days and that of the male was slightly shorter than that of the female. In the similar experiment replaced G. pyloalis with the silkworm, no parasitism was observed. This study would provide precondition for the artificial reproduction of A.heterusiae.
It is very important to find out the natural enemy species and the biological characteristics of Glyphodes pyloalis Walker, one of the main mulberry pests, for improving efficiency of biological control. The investigations on the parasitic wasps of G. pyloalis in Hainan, China was carried out. Five parasitic wasps of G. pyloalis were described.They were Apanteles heterusiae Wilkinson, Phanerotoma planifrons Nees, Chelonus pectinophorae Cushman, Macrocentrus philippinensis Ashmead and Brachymeria lasus Walker. Among them, the dominant species was Apanteles heterusiae, which had the highest parasitic rate of 63.24%. A. heterusiae was gregarious parasitoids and the numbers of its offspring per female was 3–16. The other four parasitic wasps were all solitary parasitoids and the average parasitic rate in the field was 9.15%, 6.21%, 5.62% and 5.24%, respectively. A. heterusiae mainly parasitized the 1 st and 2 nd larvae of G. pyloalis and its parasitic rates get a higher level when the individual number of the 1 st and 2 nd larvae of G. pyloalis was 9 and 8, respectively. Occasionally the 3 rd larvae of G. pyloalis was also been observed being parasitized.Mature larvae gnawed out of body wall of the 5 th larvae of the host and pupated in 5–7 hours completely. Then the adults emerged with an emergence rate 33.33%–100% after 4–5 d. The sex ratio was 0–87.50% and the life span always 1 to 3 days and that of the male was slightly shorter than that of the female. In the similar experiment replaced G. pyloalis with the silkworm, no parasitism was observed. This study would provide precondition for the artificial reproduction of A.heterusiae.
引文
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[3]李松,滕飞,邓昌敏.浅谈桑螟虫的发生与防治[J].蚕学通讯,2010,30(4):47-49.
[4]钱祥明,洪志英,王卫明,等.桑螟的生物学特性研究[J].蚕业科学,1995,20(1):50-52.
[5]张永辉.桑螟食叶量测定及其防治指标的研究[J].江苏蚕业,2009,31(4):9-12.
[6]白锡川,杨海江,陆鸿英.湖州地区桑螟世代的演变[J].中国蚕业,2001,22(2):66-67.
[7]赵叙华,白锡川,施国方.桑螟发生规律及防治技术的研究进展[J].蚕桑通报,2013,44(3):5-10.
[8]蒋留芳.桑树主要病虫害防治技术[J].蚕桑茶叶通讯,2018(4):14-16.
[9]王燕红.家蚕对有机磷农药的代谢抗性机制研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2012:10-12.
[10]贝建设.桑树病虫害非化学农药防治技术[J].农业与技术,2018,38(13):96-98.
[11]Alhadidi S N,Griffin J N,Fowler M S.Natural enemy com position rather than richness determines pest suppression[J].Bio Control,2018,63(4):575-584.
[12]黄芊,蒋显斌,凌炎,等.广西稻田粘虫及其寄生性天敌昆虫发生种类调查初报[J].西南农业学报,2018,31(1):78-83.
[13]中国科学院动物研究所,浙江农业大学,华南农业大学,等.天敌昆虫图册[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
[14]潘丹丹,刘中现,陆明星,等.扬州地区水稻二化螟寄生蜂种类及主要寄生蜂发生动态[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(6):1106-1113.
[15]张建强.桑螟天敌的种类研究[J].蚕学通讯,1990,10(3):11-13.
[16]朱文炳.四川农业害虫天敌图册[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1990.
[17]余虹,周勤.浙江省桑螟寄生蜂调查研究[J].蚕业科学,2003(4):330-334.
[18]于军香.桑螟寄生性天敌资源及其优势种群的生物学特性研究[D].苏州:苏州大学,2003:2-5.