黄土高原休闲期深松后覆盖播种对旱地小麦产量的影响
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摘要
为明确旱地麦田休闲期深松、生育期覆盖对土壤水分的影响及其与产量构成因素的关系,探索旱地小麦增产增效的最佳蓄水保墒土壤管理技术,于2014-2016年在山西省闻喜县旱地麦田进行大田裂区试验,以休闲期深松和当地传统耕作(对照)为主区,以全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、常规条播三种播种方式为副区,研究休闲期深松、生育期覆盖播种对土壤水分和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:两试验年度休闲期深松耕作显著提高了播种期土壤蓄水量,0～300 cm土层较传统耕作多蓄水达24～33 mm;越冬-成熟期土壤蓄水量提高了12%～16%,休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高了18%～24%,降水生产效率提高了6%～11%,水分利用效率显著提高了15%～23%。2 a休闲期深松较对照小麦产量分别提高了12%～16%、18%～24%。休闲期深松条件下两种覆盖播种模式较常规条播产量显著提高了9%～13%、8%～21%;对照条件下,产量分别提高了6%～13%、12%～19%。2 a膜际条播较全膜覆土穴播产量分别提高了3%～7%、6%～12%,降水生产利用效率和水分利用效率均以膜际条播最高。年份对产量和穗数有极显著影响,休闲期深松效果大于播种方式效果。此外,本试验条件下,穗数的形成与越冬期上层土壤水分、拔节期中层土壤水分、孕穗期深层土壤水分相关性极显著。产量的形成与越冬期上层、拔节期上层和中层、孕穗期和开花期深层水分相关性极显著。休闲期深松可实现蓄水增产,土壤蓄墒每增加1 mm,2 a休闲期增墒增产量分别达26 kg·hm~(-2)、46 kg·hm~(-2),且结合膜际条播蓄水对产量的贡献最高。总之,休闲期采用深松、生育期采用覆盖,均有利于提高花前土壤水分,增产主要通过提高穗数来实现,且降水少的年份增产效果明显。因此,休闲期深松结合生育期膜际条播处理是兼顾高产蓄水高效的耕作栽培方式。
In order to better understand the effect of subsoiling in fallow period and sowing-mulching in growth stage on soil water in wheat field and its relationship with the yield components, we studied the soil management technology of retaining water and soil moisture for improving yield and water efficiency on dry land wheat. In 2014-2016, a split field experiment was carried out in Wenxi County in Shanxi Province. The subsoiling in fallow period and traditional farming(contrast) were used, and other treatments included film-covering soil hole sowing(FSH), film-mulch sowing(FM) and drilling sowing(DS). The results showed that in the two experimental years, the subsoiling in fallow period significantly improved the soil moisture at the sowing stage. The moisture in the 0～300 cm soil layer was between 24～33 mm more than that in the traditional farming; the water storage during the over-wintering-maturity period was increased by 12%～16%. In fallow period, soil water storage efficiency was significantly improved by 18%～24%, and the precipitation production efficiency was significantly increased by 6%～11%, and water use efficiency was significantly increased by 15%～23%. Compared with CK, the yields of subsoiling treatment during fallow period in the two experimental years were increased by 12%～16%, 18%～24%, respectively. Compared with DS, under the subsoiling conditions, yields of two coverage sowing modes significantly increased by 9%～13% and 8%～21%. Under the CK condition, the yield increased by 6%～13%, 12%～19%. During those two experimental years, the wheat yield of FM was higher than FSH, and increased by 3%～7%, 6%～12%, respectively. The precipitation production efficiency and water use efficiency were the highest among FM. Moreover, the year had a significant effect on yield and spike number, and the tillage of subsoiling effect during the fallow period was greater than the sowing mode effect. In addition, under the conditions of this experiment, the formation of number of ears was significantly correlated to the soil moisture at the upper layer of soil in winter, the middle layer of soil at jointing stage, and the deep layer of soil at booting stage. The formation of yield was significantly correlated to the soil moisture in upper layer of soil in winter, upper and middle layer of soil at jointing stage, deep layer of soil at booting stage and anthesis stage. In the fallow period, the tillage of subsoiling increased water storage and production, for every 1 mm increased in soil water storage, the increase in moisture and yield during two years was 26 kg·hm~(-2) and 46 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, and the combination of FM contributed the highest yield. In short, subsoiling during fallow period and coverage at growth stage were conducive to improve soil moisture before flowering mainly by increasing number of spikes to achieve higher yield. Its effect in increasing yield in years with less precipitation was more significant. Therefore, subsoiling in fallow period combined with FM during growth period is a better technique in obtaining high-yield, water-storage and high-efficiency cultivation.
In order to better understand the effect of subsoiling in fallow period and sowing-mulching in growth stage on soil water in wheat field and its relationship with the yield components, we studied the soil management technology of retaining water and soil moisture for improving yield and water efficiency on dry land wheat. In 2014-2016, a split field experiment was carried out in Wenxi County in Shanxi Province. The subsoiling in fallow period and traditional farming(contrast) were used, and other treatments included film-covering soil hole sowing(FSH), film-mulch sowing(FM) and drilling sowing(DS). The results showed that in the two experimental years, the subsoiling in fallow period significantly improved the soil moisture at the sowing stage. The moisture in the 0～300 cm soil layer was between 24～33 mm more than that in the traditional farming; the water storage during the over-wintering-maturity period was increased by 12%～16%. In fallow period, soil water storage efficiency was significantly improved by 18%～24%, and the precipitation production efficiency was significantly increased by 6%～11%, and water use efficiency was significantly increased by 15%～23%. Compared with CK, the yields of subsoiling treatment during fallow period in the two experimental years were increased by 12%～16%, 18%～24%, respectively. Compared with DS, under the subsoiling conditions, yields of two coverage sowing modes significantly increased by 9%～13% and 8%～21%. Under the CK condition, the yield increased by 6%～13%, 12%～19%. During those two experimental years, the wheat yield of FM was higher than FSH, and increased by 3%～7%, 6%～12%, respectively. The precipitation production efficiency and water use efficiency were the highest among FM. Moreover, the year had a significant effect on yield and spike number, and the tillage of subsoiling effect during the fallow period was greater than the sowing mode effect. In addition, under the conditions of this experiment, the formation of number of ears was significantly correlated to the soil moisture at the upper layer of soil in winter, the middle layer of soil at jointing stage, and the deep layer of soil at booting stage. The formation of yield was significantly correlated to the soil moisture in upper layer of soil in winter, upper and middle layer of soil at jointing stage, deep layer of soil at booting stage and anthesis stage. In the fallow period, the tillage of subsoiling increased water storage and production, for every 1 mm increased in soil water storage, the increase in moisture and yield during two years was 26 kg·hm~(-2) and 46 kg·hm~(-2), respectively, and the combination of FM contributed the highest yield. In short, subsoiling during fallow period and coverage at growth stage were conducive to improve soil moisture before flowering mainly by increasing number of spikes to achieve higher yield. Its effect in increasing yield in years with less precipitation was more significant. Therefore, subsoiling in fallow period combined with FM during growth period is a better technique in obtaining high-yield, water-storage and high-efficiency cultivation.
引文
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[3] 尹宝重,甄文超,郭丽果.海河低平原不同耕作方式下麦田土壤生态环境特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):186-194.
[4] 侯贤清,韩清芳,贾志宽,等.半干旱区夏闲期不同耕作方式对土壤水分及小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(5):52-58.
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[9] 武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉,等.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[10] Dai J,Dong H.Intensive cotton farming technologies in China:Achievements,challenges and countermeasures[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:99-110.
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[12] 陈梦楠,孙敏,高志强,等.旱地麦田休闲期覆盖对土壤水分积耗的影响及与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(13):2572-2582.
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[15] 刘晓伟,何宝林,康恩祥,等.播种方式对旱区冬小麦产量及土壤水分、土壤温度的影响[J].作物杂志,2011,(5):77-81.
[16] 李凤民,鄢王旬,王俊,等.地膜覆盖导致春小麦产量下降的机理[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(3):330-333.
[17] 刘爽,武雪萍,吴会军,等.休闲期不同耕作方式对洛阳冬小麦农田土壤水分的影响[J].中国农业气象,2007,28(3):292-295.
[18] 贺立恒,高志强,孙敏,等.旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(15):106-111.
[19] 李俊红,姚宇卿,吕军杰,等.双深松覆盖对丘陵旱区土壤水分和作物产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(11):17-20.
[20] 付国占,李潮海,王俊忠,等.残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(1):52-56.
[21] Borghei A M,Taghinejad J,Minaei S,et al.Effect of subsoiling on soil bulk density,penetration resistance,and cotton yield in northwest of Iran[J].International Journal of Agriculture & Biology,2008,10(1):120-123.
[22] 熊淑萍,王静,王小纯,等.耕作方式及施氮量对砂姜黑土区小麦氮代谢及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(7):767-775.
[23] 刘金海,党占平,曹卫贤,等.不同覆盖和播种方式对渭北旱地小麦产量及土壤水分的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2005,(4):91-94.
[24] 赵虹,杨兆生,阎素红,等.不同种植方式下小麦主要性状与产量的关系[J].麦类作物学报,2001,21(1):60-64.
[25] 王法宏,任德昌,王旭清,等.施肥对小麦根系活性、延缓旗叶衰老及产量的效应[J].麦类作物学报,2001,21(3):51-54.
[26] 杜守宇,田恩平,温敏,等.春小麦垄盖膜际条播栽培研究[J].宁夏农林科技,1999,(3):1-6.
[27] 岳维云,宋建荣,赵尚文,等.不同覆膜方式对地温及冬小麦地上干物质累积规律的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(4):133-139.
[28] 董琦,冯变娥,乔俊芳,等.不同种植方式对丘陵地小麦田土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].激光生物学报,2015,24(6):573-579.
[29] 杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(4):661-671.
[30] 谢英荷,李廷亮,洪坚平,等.施氮和垄膜沟播种植对晋南旱地冬小麦水分利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(8):2038-2044.
[31] 刘庚山,安顺清,吕厚荃,等.华北地区不同底墒对冬小麦生长发育及产量影响的研究[J].应用气象学报,2000,6(11):164-169.
[32] 孟晓瑜,王朝辉,李富翠,等.底墒和施氮量对渭北旱塬冬小麦产量与水分利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(2):369-375.
[33] 程宪国,汪德水,张美荣,等.不同土壤水分条件对冬小麦生长及养分吸收的影响[J].中国农业科学,1996,29(4):67-74.
[34] Izumi Y,Yoshida T,Iijima M.Effects of subsoiling to the non-tilled field of wheat-soybean rotation on the root system development,water uptake,and yield[J].Plant Production Science,2009,12(3):327-335.
[35] 雷妙妙,孙敏,高志强,等.休闲期深松蓄水适期播种对旱地小麦产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(15):2904-2915.
[2] 崔欢虎.山西旱地小麦栽培发展战略[J].山西农业(致富科技版),2001,(11):21-22.
[3] 尹宝重,甄文超,郭丽果.海河低平原不同耕作方式下麦田土壤生态环境特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(1):186-194.
[4] 侯贤清,韩清芳,贾志宽,等.半干旱区夏闲期不同耕作方式对土壤水分及小麦水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(5):52-58.
[5] 周兴祥,高焕文,刘晓峰.华北平原一年两熟保护性耕作体系试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(6):81-84.
[6] 杨永辉,武继承,张玉亭.耕作与保墒措施对小麦不同生育阶段水分利用及产量的影响[J].华北农学报,2016,31(3):184-190.
[7] 黄明,吴金芝,李友军,等.不同耕作方式对旱作冬小麦旗叶衰老和籽粒产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(6):1355-1361.
[8] 赵亚丽,薛志伟,郭海斌,等.耕作方式与秸秆还田对冬小麦-夏玉米耗水特性和水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(17):3359-3371.
[9] 武继承,管秀娟,杨永辉,等.地面覆盖和保水剂对冬小麦生长和降水利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):86-92.
[10] Dai J,Dong H.Intensive cotton farming technologies in China:Achievements,challenges and countermeasures[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:99-110.
[11] Qin S,Zhang J,Dai H,et al.Effect of ridge-furrow and plastic-mulching planting patterns on yield formation and water movement of potato in a semi-arid area[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,131(1):87-94.
[12] 陈梦楠,孙敏,高志强,等.旱地麦田休闲期覆盖对土壤水分积耗的影响及与产量的关系[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(13):2572-2582.
[13] 李儒,崔荣美,贾志宽,等.不同沟垄覆盖方式对冬小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(16):3312-3322.
[14] 白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):135-139,162.
[15] 刘晓伟,何宝林,康恩祥,等.播种方式对旱区冬小麦产量及土壤水分、土壤温度的影响[J].作物杂志,2011,(5):77-81.
[16] 李凤民,鄢王旬,王俊,等.地膜覆盖导致春小麦产量下降的机理[J].中国农业科学,2001,34(3):330-333.
[17] 刘爽,武雪萍,吴会军,等.休闲期不同耕作方式对洛阳冬小麦农田土壤水分的影响[J].中国农业气象,2007,28(3):292-295.
[18] 贺立恒,高志强,孙敏,等.旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(15):106-111.
[19] 李俊红,姚宇卿,吕军杰,等.双深松覆盖对丘陵旱区土壤水分和作物产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2013,42(11):17-20.
[20] 付国占,李潮海,王俊忠,等.残茬覆盖与耕作方式对土壤性状及夏玉米水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(1):52-56.
[21] Borghei A M,Taghinejad J,Minaei S,et al.Effect of subsoiling on soil bulk density,penetration resistance,and cotton yield in northwest of Iran[J].International Journal of Agriculture & Biology,2008,10(1):120-123.
[22] 熊淑萍,王静,王小纯,等.耕作方式及施氮量对砂姜黑土区小麦氮代谢及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响[J].植物生态学报,2014,38(7):767-775.
[23] 刘金海,党占平,曹卫贤,等.不同覆盖和播种方式对渭北旱地小麦产量及土壤水分的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2005,(4):91-94.
[24] 赵虹,杨兆生,阎素红,等.不同种植方式下小麦主要性状与产量的关系[J].麦类作物学报,2001,21(1):60-64.
[25] 王法宏,任德昌,王旭清,等.施肥对小麦根系活性、延缓旗叶衰老及产量的效应[J].麦类作物学报,2001,21(3):51-54.
[26] 杜守宇,田恩平,温敏,等.春小麦垄盖膜际条播栽培研究[J].宁夏农林科技,1999,(3):1-6.
[27] 岳维云,宋建荣,赵尚文,等.不同覆膜方式对地温及冬小麦地上干物质累积规律的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(4):133-139.
[28] 董琦,冯变娥,乔俊芳,等.不同种植方式对丘陵地小麦田土壤水分、产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].激光生物学报,2015,24(6):573-579.
[29] 杨长刚,柴守玺,常磊,等.不同覆膜方式对旱作冬小麦耗水特性及籽粒产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(4):661-671.
[30] 谢英荷,李廷亮,洪坚平,等.施氮和垄膜沟播种植对晋南旱地冬小麦水分利用的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(8):2038-2044.
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