对“妇女解放”的认知——1949-1964年三份妇联刊物中底层妇女自述初探
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摘要
在1949至1964年的三份妇联刊物中,底层妇女作者将官方的政治和性别话语融入她们的自述文本中,呈现了丰富的"(妇女)解放的语言"。她们借用"劳动者""剥削""阶级"等不同社会主义话语框定自身经验,再现自身遭遇的以经济剥夺为基础的阶级和性别等多重压迫;用"封建"命名和反抗公共和私人领域的男权思想;用"劳动妇女""主人""同志"等概念重塑自我认同,肯定自身的劳动付出和意义,想象新的性别身份和关系,并在这一过程中积极构建平等、受尊重的和政治性的主体身份。她们没有将自己看作新社会体系的被动的受益者,而是在自我解放和再现中努力呈现自身的能动性。
This paper studies the abundant"language of( women's) liberation"in personal narratives of subaltern working-class women in three magazines sponsored by Chinese national and local women's federations. These authors reframed their past experiences and represented their sufferings from economic exploitation and oppressions based on class and gender,using new socialist rhetoric and categories like"laborer","exploitation"and"class". They adopted discourses like"feudalism"to name and challenge the patriarchal ideologies in both public and private spheres. They employed concepts like"working-class women","masters of the state","comradeship"to construct new gendered subjectivities as well as new social identities that are equal,respectful and political. As they were empowered by the revolutionary discourses and rhetoric,they identified themselves as active agents in their self-liberation instead of mere passive beneficiaries of the new socialist regime.
This paper studies the abundant"language of( women's) liberation"in personal narratives of subaltern working-class women in three magazines sponsored by Chinese national and local women's federations. These authors reframed their past experiences and represented their sufferings from economic exploitation and oppressions based on class and gender,using new socialist rhetoric and categories like"laborer","exploitation"and"class". They adopted discourses like"feudalism"to name and challenge the patriarchal ideologies in both public and private spheres. They employed concepts like"working-class women","masters of the state","comradeship"to construct new gendered subjectivities as well as new social identities that are equal,respectful and political. As they were empowered by the revolutionary discourses and rhetoric,they identified themselves as active agents in their self-liberation instead of mere passive beneficiaries of the new socialist regime.
引文
[1][美]罗丽莎.另类的现代性[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2006.
[2]Hershatter,Gail.The Subaltern Talks Back:Reflections on Subaltern Theory and Chinese History[J].Positions,1993,1(1).
[3][美]王玲珍著,肖画译.中国社会主义女性主义实践再思考——兼论美国冷战思潮、自由/本质女性主义对社会主义妇女研究的持续影响[J].妇女研究论丛,2015,(3).
[3]Evans,Harriet.The Language of Liberation:Gender and Jiefang in Early CCP Discourse[J].Intersections:Gender,History and Culture in the Asian Context,1998,(1).
[5]Yang Mayfair.From Gender Erasure to Gender Difference:State Feminism,Consumer Sexuality and Women’s Public Sphere in China[A].Spaces of Their Own:Women’s Public Sphere in Transnational China[C].Ed.Yang,Mei-hui Mayfair.Minneapolis,Minn.London:University of Minnesota Press,1999.
[6]Wang Ban.Words and Their Stories:Essays on the Language of the Chinese Revolution.Leiden;Boston:Brill,2011.
[7]Lin Chun.Women’s Studies in China[A].A Companion to Feminist Philosophy[C].Ed.Young,Alison Jaggar&Iris Marion,Wiley-Blackwel,2000.
[8]Lin Chun.The Transformation of Chinese Socialism[M].Durham N.C.:Duke University Press,2006.
[9]Meng Yue.Female Images and National Myth[A].Gender Politics in Modern China:Writing and Feminism[C].Ed.by Tani E.Barlow.Durham,North Carolina:Duke University Press,1993.
[10]钟雪萍.“妇女能顶半边天”:一个有四种说法的故事[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2009,(4).
[11]Hershatter,Gail.Disquiet in the House of Gender[J].The Journal of Asian Studies,2012,71(4).
[12][美]贺萧著,张赟译.记忆的性别:农村妇女和中国集体化历史[M].北京:人民出版社,2017.
[13]Manning,Kimberley Ens.Making a Great Leap Forward?The Politics of Women’s Liberation in Maoist China[J].Gender&History,2006,18(3).
[14]Zhang,Naihua.The All-China Women’s Federation,Chinese Women and the Women’s Movement:1949-1993[D].Michigan State University,1996.
[15]Wang Zheng.Women in the Chinese Enlightenment:Oral and Textual Histories[M].Berkeley,Calif.:University of California Press,1999.
[16]Wang Zheng.“State Feminism”?Gender and Socialist State Formation in Maoist China[J].Feminist Studies,2005,31(3).
[17]Wang Zheng.Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front:Women of China(1949-1966)[J].The China Quarterly,2010(204);Wang Zheng.Finding Women in the State:A Socialist Feminist Revolution in the People’s Republic of China,1949-1964[M].University of California Press,2016.
[18][美]王玲珍著,肖画译.王苹与中国社会主义女性电影——主流女性主义文化、多维主体实践和互嵌性作者身份[J].妇女研究论丛,2015,(4).
[19]宋少鹏.“社会主义妇女解放与西方女权主义的区别:理论与实践”座谈会综述[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2011,38(4).
[20]见面话[J].新中国妇女,1956,(1).
[21]刘晓丽.1950年《新中国妇女》杂志评析[J].史志学刊,2015,(1).
[22]《新中国妇女》月刊投稿条列.新中国妇女,1949,(2).
[23]刘人锋.中国妇女报刊史研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.
[24]我这四十年.编者按[J].中国妇女,1963,(20).
[25]问题解答[J].新中国妇女,1950,(10).
[26]区梦觉.怎样做一个新社会的新妇女[J].新中国妇女,1949,(1).
[27]赵廼庄.从新做人[J].新中国妇女,1949,(9).
[28]赵廼庄.向姐妹们报告我的进步[J].新中国妇女,1951,(20).
[29]蓝陈香.我从一个童养媳成为全国丰产模范[J].新中国妇女,1952,(10).
[30]左淑兰.我们真正做主人了[J].北京妇女,1949,(12).
[31]刘晓丽.1950年的中国妇女[M].太原:山西教育出版社,2014.
[32]金凤.婚姻法敲碎了我的枷锁[J].现代妇女,1950,(8).
[33]再生.婚姻法带给我一个有意义的人生[J].新中国妇女,1951,(22).
[34]陈梅英.我是怎样争取婚姻自主的[J].中国妇女,1963,(10).
[35]赵美林.我的生活与斗争(我写我)[J].新中国妇女,1953,(6).
[36]肖扬.1950年代国家对性别文化和性别关系的改造与重构[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2013,(6).
(1)代表性的几本著作有伊丽莎白·克罗尔(Elisabeth J.Croll)早期的《女权主义与社会主义在中国》(Feminism and Socialism in China,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1978)、菲莉斯·安德思(P hyllis Andors)的《中国女性未完成的革命,1949-1980》(The Unfinished Liberation of Chinese Women,1949-1980,Bloomington,Brighton,Sussex:Indiana University Press;Wheatsheaf Books,1983)、朱迪思·斯泰西(Judith Stacey)的《父权制与中国的社会主义革命》(Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China,Berkeley:University of California Press,1983)、玛杰里·沃尔夫(Margery Wolf)的《被延迟了的革命:中国当代女性》(Revolution Postponed:Women in Contemporary China,Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1985)以及学者哈里特·埃文斯(Harriet Evans)和杨美惠(Mayfair Yang)的一些研究论文等。
(2)相关的著作有:李小江:《夏娃的探索》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1988年;李小江:《走向女人:新时期妇女研究纪实》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1995年;李小江:《妇女研究运动:中国个案》,牛津大学出版社,1997年;孟悦、戴锦华:《浮出历史地表》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1989年;孟悦、唐小兵:《(白毛女)演变的启示---兼论延安文艺的历史的多质性》,唐小兵编:《再解读:大众文艺与意识形态》,北京:北京大学出版社,1993年。
(3)相关的研究有:贺桂梅:《当代女性文学批评的三种资源》,《文艺研究》2003年第6期;Zhong Xueping,“Who is a Feminist?Understanding the Ambivalence towards Shanghai Baby,‘Body Writing’and Feminism in Post-Women’s Liberation China”,Gender&History,2006,18(3);Zhong Xueping,“Women Can Hold Up Half the Sky”,Words and Their Stories:Essays on the Language of the Chinese Revolution,Ed.Ban Wang,Leiden;Boston:Brill,2011.
(4)这些回忆录包括Zhong Xueping,Wang Zheng,and Bai Di,Some of Us:Chinese Women Growing up in the Mao Era,New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,2001;Lin Chun,“Toward a Chinese Feminism:A Personal Story”,Twentieth-Century China:New Approaches,Ed.Wasserstrom,Jeffrey,London;New York:Routledge,2003;Wang,Zheng,“Call Me Qingnian but Not Funü:A Maoist Youth in Retrospect”,Feminist Studies,2001,27(1):9-34;叶维丽:《动荡的青春:红色大院的女儿们---叶维丽、马笑东对谈录》,2008年。
(5)相关的研究有Dooling,Amy D.,Women’s Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China,Palgrave Macmillan US,2005;贺桂梅:《“可见的女性”如何可能:以〈青春之歌〉为中心》,《中国现代文学研究丛刊》2010年第3期;刘希:《毛泽东时代女性的主体性问题---以韦君宜小说〈女人〉为例》,《妇女研究论丛》2012年第4期。
(6)现有的研究包括Wang Zheng,“Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front:Women of China(1949-1966)”,The China Quarterly,2010,(204);Tina Mai Chen,“Female Icons,Feminist Iconography?Socialist Rhetoric and Women’s Agency in 1950s China”,Gender and History,2003,15(2);冷琪:《建构“新中国妇女”---对1949-1956年〈新中国妇女〉的话语分析》,厦门大学硕士学位论文,2009;李巧宁:《新中国对新女性形象的塑造:1949-1965》,《山西师大学报(社会科学版)》2006年第33卷第6期。
[2]Hershatter,Gail.The Subaltern Talks Back:Reflections on Subaltern Theory and Chinese History[J].Positions,1993,1(1).
[3][美]王玲珍著,肖画译.中国社会主义女性主义实践再思考——兼论美国冷战思潮、自由/本质女性主义对社会主义妇女研究的持续影响[J].妇女研究论丛,2015,(3).
[3]Evans,Harriet.The Language of Liberation:Gender and Jiefang in Early CCP Discourse[J].Intersections:Gender,History and Culture in the Asian Context,1998,(1).
[5]Yang Mayfair.From Gender Erasure to Gender Difference:State Feminism,Consumer Sexuality and Women’s Public Sphere in China[A].Spaces of Their Own:Women’s Public Sphere in Transnational China[C].Ed.Yang,Mei-hui Mayfair.Minneapolis,Minn.London:University of Minnesota Press,1999.
[6]Wang Ban.Words and Their Stories:Essays on the Language of the Chinese Revolution.Leiden;Boston:Brill,2011.
[7]Lin Chun.Women’s Studies in China[A].A Companion to Feminist Philosophy[C].Ed.Young,Alison Jaggar&Iris Marion,Wiley-Blackwel,2000.
[8]Lin Chun.The Transformation of Chinese Socialism[M].Durham N.C.:Duke University Press,2006.
[9]Meng Yue.Female Images and National Myth[A].Gender Politics in Modern China:Writing and Feminism[C].Ed.by Tani E.Barlow.Durham,North Carolina:Duke University Press,1993.
[10]钟雪萍.“妇女能顶半边天”:一个有四种说法的故事[J].南开学报(哲学社会科学版),2009,(4).
[11]Hershatter,Gail.Disquiet in the House of Gender[J].The Journal of Asian Studies,2012,71(4).
[12][美]贺萧著,张赟译.记忆的性别:农村妇女和中国集体化历史[M].北京:人民出版社,2017.
[13]Manning,Kimberley Ens.Making a Great Leap Forward?The Politics of Women’s Liberation in Maoist China[J].Gender&History,2006,18(3).
[14]Zhang,Naihua.The All-China Women’s Federation,Chinese Women and the Women’s Movement:1949-1993[D].Michigan State University,1996.
[15]Wang Zheng.Women in the Chinese Enlightenment:Oral and Textual Histories[M].Berkeley,Calif.:University of California Press,1999.
[16]Wang Zheng.“State Feminism”?Gender and Socialist State Formation in Maoist China[J].Feminist Studies,2005,31(3).
[17]Wang Zheng.Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front:Women of China(1949-1966)[J].The China Quarterly,2010(204);Wang Zheng.Finding Women in the State:A Socialist Feminist Revolution in the People’s Republic of China,1949-1964[M].University of California Press,2016.
[18][美]王玲珍著,肖画译.王苹与中国社会主义女性电影——主流女性主义文化、多维主体实践和互嵌性作者身份[J].妇女研究论丛,2015,(4).
[19]宋少鹏.“社会主义妇女解放与西方女权主义的区别:理论与实践”座谈会综述[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2011,38(4).
[20]见面话[J].新中国妇女,1956,(1).
[21]刘晓丽.1950年《新中国妇女》杂志评析[J].史志学刊,2015,(1).
[22]《新中国妇女》月刊投稿条列.新中国妇女,1949,(2).
[23]刘人锋.中国妇女报刊史研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012.
[24]我这四十年.编者按[J].中国妇女,1963,(20).
[25]问题解答[J].新中国妇女,1950,(10).
[26]区梦觉.怎样做一个新社会的新妇女[J].新中国妇女,1949,(1).
[27]赵廼庄.从新做人[J].新中国妇女,1949,(9).
[28]赵廼庄.向姐妹们报告我的进步[J].新中国妇女,1951,(20).
[29]蓝陈香.我从一个童养媳成为全国丰产模范[J].新中国妇女,1952,(10).
[30]左淑兰.我们真正做主人了[J].北京妇女,1949,(12).
[31]刘晓丽.1950年的中国妇女[M].太原:山西教育出版社,2014.
[32]金凤.婚姻法敲碎了我的枷锁[J].现代妇女,1950,(8).
[33]再生.婚姻法带给我一个有意义的人生[J].新中国妇女,1951,(22).
[34]陈梅英.我是怎样争取婚姻自主的[J].中国妇女,1963,(10).
[35]赵美林.我的生活与斗争(我写我)[J].新中国妇女,1953,(6).
[36]肖扬.1950年代国家对性别文化和性别关系的改造与重构[J].山西师大学报(社会科学版),2013,(6).
(1)代表性的几本著作有伊丽莎白·克罗尔(Elisabeth J.Croll)早期的《女权主义与社会主义在中国》(Feminism and Socialism in China,London:Routledge&Kegan Paul,1978)、菲莉斯·安德思(P hyllis Andors)的《中国女性未完成的革命,1949-1980》(The Unfinished Liberation of Chinese Women,1949-1980,Bloomington,Brighton,Sussex:Indiana University Press;Wheatsheaf Books,1983)、朱迪思·斯泰西(Judith Stacey)的《父权制与中国的社会主义革命》(Patriarchy and Socialist Revolution in China,Berkeley:University of California Press,1983)、玛杰里·沃尔夫(Margery Wolf)的《被延迟了的革命:中国当代女性》(Revolution Postponed:Women in Contemporary China,Stanford,Calif.:Stanford University Press,1985)以及学者哈里特·埃文斯(Harriet Evans)和杨美惠(Mayfair Yang)的一些研究论文等。
(2)相关的著作有:李小江:《夏娃的探索》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1988年;李小江:《走向女人:新时期妇女研究纪实》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1995年;李小江:《妇女研究运动:中国个案》,牛津大学出版社,1997年;孟悦、戴锦华:《浮出历史地表》,郑州:河南人民出版社,1989年;孟悦、唐小兵:《(白毛女)演变的启示---兼论延安文艺的历史的多质性》,唐小兵编:《再解读:大众文艺与意识形态》,北京:北京大学出版社,1993年。
(3)相关的研究有:贺桂梅:《当代女性文学批评的三种资源》,《文艺研究》2003年第6期;Zhong Xueping,“Who is a Feminist?Understanding the Ambivalence towards Shanghai Baby,‘Body Writing’and Feminism in Post-Women’s Liberation China”,Gender&History,2006,18(3);Zhong Xueping,“Women Can Hold Up Half the Sky”,Words and Their Stories:Essays on the Language of the Chinese Revolution,Ed.Ban Wang,Leiden;Boston:Brill,2011.
(4)这些回忆录包括Zhong Xueping,Wang Zheng,and Bai Di,Some of Us:Chinese Women Growing up in the Mao Era,New Brunswick,N.J.:Rutgers University Press,2001;Lin Chun,“Toward a Chinese Feminism:A Personal Story”,Twentieth-Century China:New Approaches,Ed.Wasserstrom,Jeffrey,London;New York:Routledge,2003;Wang,Zheng,“Call Me Qingnian but Not Funü:A Maoist Youth in Retrospect”,Feminist Studies,2001,27(1):9-34;叶维丽:《动荡的青春:红色大院的女儿们---叶维丽、马笑东对谈录》,2008年。
(5)相关的研究有Dooling,Amy D.,Women’s Literary Feminism in Twentieth-Century China,Palgrave Macmillan US,2005;贺桂梅:《“可见的女性”如何可能:以〈青春之歌〉为中心》,《中国现代文学研究丛刊》2010年第3期;刘希:《毛泽东时代女性的主体性问题---以韦君宜小说〈女人〉为例》,《妇女研究论丛》2012年第4期。
(6)现有的研究包括Wang Zheng,“Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front:Women of China(1949-1966)”,The China Quarterly,2010,(204);Tina Mai Chen,“Female Icons,Feminist Iconography?Socialist Rhetoric and Women’s Agency in 1950s China”,Gender and History,2003,15(2);冷琪:《建构“新中国妇女”---对1949-1956年〈新中国妇女〉的话语分析》,厦门大学硕士学位论文,2009;李巧宁:《新中国对新女性形象的塑造:1949-1965》,《山西师大学报(社会科学版)》2006年第33卷第6期。