小熊猫育幼期间时间分配、活动节律以及育幼行为的研究
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摘要
育幼期是动物生长发育和繁衍的关键期,而产后30 d幼仔死亡率高发,是为其存活的关键时期。通过研究母体育幼期间的时间分配,活动节律以及育幼行为,将有助于提高其成活率,以及种群数量与质量。小熊猫的育幼期间的时间分配与活动节律缺乏系统的研究。本文采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件记录法,对2013至2016年期间4只育幼期小熊猫进行了研究。结果表明:1)休息行为(58.32%±1.78%)是主要表现形式,其次为育幼(20.43%±2.39%)、探究(6.89%±0.71%),运动(6.27%±0.88%)、求适(5.59%±0.69%)、摄食行为(2.49%±0.56%);2)育幼行为仅在01:00~5:00较低,摄食行为主要发生在19:00~21:00和01:00;3)育幼与摄食、运动、求适和休息显著负相关(P<0.01);而运动与摄食、求适行为显著性正相关(P<0.05);4)在育幼行为中,舔仔的发生频率最高(68.64%±3.02%),其次为哺乳行为(23.45%±2.71%)。
The nursing season is the key period for the growth and development of animals. The mortality of animal babies is really high during the first month after their birth,so the nursing season is especially important for their survival. By researches on the activity rhythms,time budget and nursing behaviors of endangered species during nursing season,the survival rate of the babies of endangered species can be enhanced,aiming to improve their population. As a companion of the giant panda,the red panda is also acompetitive animal to the giant panda in food,in spite of its scarce quantity,gentle temperament,highly ornamental value,the researchers and animal keepers still pay little attention to the lovely species. Thus,studies were made of the time budgets,activity rhythms and nursing behaviors of four female red pandas in Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from 2013 to 2016,by using instantaneous scan sampling and all-occurrence recording methods. It was found that resting was the main activity of red pandas during nursing season,followed by nursing behaviors,exploring,moving,grooming and feeding. The average percent of nursing behaviors during one day was about 20%,except for 01: 00 ~ 5: 00 in the morning;Feeding behaviors occurred more frequently on 19: 00 ~ 21: 00 and 01: 00 in the morning. Nursing behaviors had an extremely significant negative correlation to feeding and moving behaviors( P < 0. 05) and a significant negative correlation to grooming and resting behaviors( P < 0. 01); Moving behaviors had an extremely significant positive correlation to grooming and feeding behaviors( P < 0. 05). As for the nursing behaviors,licking the cub occurred the most frequently,reaching up to 70%,and followed by lactating,which was made up to 24%. The results showed the activity rhythms,time budget and nursing behaviors of red pandas,therefore able to have a better understanding of the living habits of red pandas during nursing season,and improve the population of the endangered species.
The nursing season is the key period for the growth and development of animals. The mortality of animal babies is really high during the first month after their birth,so the nursing season is especially important for their survival. By researches on the activity rhythms,time budget and nursing behaviors of endangered species during nursing season,the survival rate of the babies of endangered species can be enhanced,aiming to improve their population. As a companion of the giant panda,the red panda is also acompetitive animal to the giant panda in food,in spite of its scarce quantity,gentle temperament,highly ornamental value,the researchers and animal keepers still pay little attention to the lovely species. Thus,studies were made of the time budgets,activity rhythms and nursing behaviors of four female red pandas in Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from 2013 to 2016,by using instantaneous scan sampling and all-occurrence recording methods. It was found that resting was the main activity of red pandas during nursing season,followed by nursing behaviors,exploring,moving,grooming and feeding. The average percent of nursing behaviors during one day was about 20%,except for 01: 00 ~ 5: 00 in the morning;Feeding behaviors occurred more frequently on 19: 00 ~ 21: 00 and 01: 00 in the morning. Nursing behaviors had an extremely significant negative correlation to feeding and moving behaviors( P < 0. 05) and a significant negative correlation to grooming and resting behaviors( P < 0. 01); Moving behaviors had an extremely significant positive correlation to grooming and feeding behaviors( P < 0. 05). As for the nursing behaviors,licking the cub occurred the most frequently,reaching up to 70%,and followed by lactating,which was made up to 24%. The results showed the activity rhythms,time budget and nursing behaviors of red pandas,therefore able to have a better understanding of the living habits of red pandas during nursing season,and improve the population of the endangered species.
引文
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[14]马建章,徐利,张洪海,等.大兴安岭地区紫貂的活动节律[J].兽类学报,1999,19(2):95~100.
[15]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理(第三版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
[16]魏辅文,饶刚,李明,等.邛崃和相岭山系小熊猫种群的遗传结构[J].兽类学报,2002,22(4):241~247.
[17]张志和,魏辅文.大熊猫迁地保护理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[18]Beaulah Budithi N R,Kumar V,Yalla S K,et al.Non-invasive monitoring of reproductive and stress hormones in the endangered red panda(Ailurus fulgens fulgens)[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2016,172:173~181.
[19]Dendup P,Cheng E,Lham C,et al.Response of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens to anthropogenic disturbances,and its distribution in Phrumsengla National Park,Bhutan[J].2016,1~8.
[20]Grier,JW&Burk T.Biology of animal behavior[M].MosbyYear Book,1992.
[21]Lynch M,Mccracken H,Slocombe R.Hyperostotic bone disease in red pandas(Ailurus fulgens)[J].Journal of Zoo&Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians,2015,33(3):263~71.
[22]Snyder RJ,Zhang AJ,Zhang ZH,et al.Behavioral and developmental consequences of early rearing experience for captive giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)[J].Journal of Comparative Psychology,2003,117(3):235~45.
[23]Thomas Le Tallec,Marc Théry,Martine Perret.Effects of light pollution on seasonal estrus and daily rhythms in a nocturnal primate[J].Journal of Mammalogy,2015,96(2):438~445.
[24]Velho N,Srinivasan U,Singh P,et al.Large mammal use of protected and community-managed lands in a biodiversity hotspot[J].Animal Conservation,2016,32(2):345~346.
[2]胡锦矗,Schaller GB,潘文石,等.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1985.
[3]胡锦矗.小熊猫的繁殖生物学研究[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版),1991,(1):1~5.
[4]韩宗先,胡锦矗,杨建东.小熊猫夏秋季的昼夜活动节律[J].四川动物,2006,25(3):159~164.
[5]兰存子,刘旭,刁丽丽,等.圈养条件下小熊猫指名亚种旱季的活动规律[J].野生动物学报,2011,32(4):191~193.
[6]李春.小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)通讯行为研究[D].华东师范大学,2007.
[7]李明,饶刚,魏辅文,等.小熊猫种群遗传结构和地理分化[J].动物学报(Current Zoology),2002,48(4):480~486.
[8]李文华,周兴民.青藏高原生态系统及优化利用模式[M].广东科技出版社,1998.
[9]李昕,张明明.SPSS 22.0统计分析从入门到精通[M].电子工业出版社,2015.
[10]刘定震,张贵权.大熊猫个体不同性活跃能力的行为比较[J].Current Zoology,1998,44(1):27~34.
[11]刘定震,张贵权,魏荣平,等.性别与年龄对圈养大熊猫行为的影响[J].动物学报(Current Zoology),2002,48(5):585~590.
[12]刘雪卿,张泽钧,魏辅文,等.圈养小熊猫育幼行为的初步观察[J].兽类学报,2003,23(4):366~368.
[13]刘雪卿,张泽钧,魏辅文,等.圈养小熊猫繁殖行为变化及繁殖行为对策[J].兽类学报,2004,24(2):173~176.
[14]马建章,徐利,张洪海,等.大兴安岭地区紫貂的活动节律[J].兽类学报,1999,19(2):95~100.
[15]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理(第三版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
[16]魏辅文,饶刚,李明,等.邛崃和相岭山系小熊猫种群的遗传结构[J].兽类学报,2002,22(4):241~247.
[17]张志和,魏辅文.大熊猫迁地保护理论与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[18]Beaulah Budithi N R,Kumar V,Yalla S K,et al.Non-invasive monitoring of reproductive and stress hormones in the endangered red panda(Ailurus fulgens fulgens)[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2016,172:173~181.
[19]Dendup P,Cheng E,Lham C,et al.Response of the Endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens fulgens to anthropogenic disturbances,and its distribution in Phrumsengla National Park,Bhutan[J].2016,1~8.
[20]Grier,JW&Burk T.Biology of animal behavior[M].MosbyYear Book,1992.
[21]Lynch M,Mccracken H,Slocombe R.Hyperostotic bone disease in red pandas(Ailurus fulgens)[J].Journal of Zoo&Wildlife Medicine Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians,2015,33(3):263~71.
[22]Snyder RJ,Zhang AJ,Zhang ZH,et al.Behavioral and developmental consequences of early rearing experience for captive giant pandas(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)[J].Journal of Comparative Psychology,2003,117(3):235~45.
[23]Thomas Le Tallec,Marc Théry,Martine Perret.Effects of light pollution on seasonal estrus and daily rhythms in a nocturnal primate[J].Journal of Mammalogy,2015,96(2):438~445.
[24]Velho N,Srinivasan U,Singh P,et al.Large mammal use of protected and community-managed lands in a biodiversity hotspot[J].Animal Conservation,2016,32(2):345~346.