若尔盖高原不同退化程度草地植物种群生态位特征
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摘要
为探索高寒脆弱生态区不同退化程度草地生态系统中各植物种群资源利用能力,通过草地群落学调查结合物种重要值、 Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度指数、 Pianka生态位重叠指数等对若尔盖高原轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极重度退化草地植物群落特征及主要种的生态位进行了研究。结果表明:①在轻度、中度退化群落中,建群种为莎草科Cyperaceae植物线叶嵩草Kobresia capillifolia,已侵入不可食性杂类草,且具有较高的重要值;在重度、极重度群落中,建群种更替为禾本科Poaceae植物垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans和赖草Leymus secalinus,群落中不可食性杂类草的重要值高于轻度和中度退化群落。②随着退化程度加剧,除建群种具有较高的生态位宽度以外,退化草地指示种也在群落中占较大的生态位宽度,增加了草地优良牧草的生长压力。③群落中主要种之间的所有生态位重叠指数平均值随退化程度加剧而降低,依次为轻度退化(0.59),中度退退化(0.58),重度退化(0.42)和极重度退化(0.40),主要种群之间对资源的利用随退化程度加剧在整体上逐渐趋向于离散。轻度退化群落中的线叶嵩草、黄帚橐吾Ligularia virgaurea,中度退化中的线叶嵩草、乳白香青Anaphalis lactea,重度退化中的垂穗披碱草以及极重度退化中的赖草,与群落中的其他种群之间的生态位重叠值较高。综上,若尔盖高原草地在退化过程中,伴随具有不同资源利用策略的植物种群替代的过程。
This study was conducted to explore utilization capabilities for each group of resources in grassland ecosystems at different stages of degeneration in the alpine fragile ecological zone and to provide data support for management and restoration of degraded grasslands.A grassland community survey was combined with a species importance value,Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index,and Pianka niche overlap index to analyze the characteristics of plant communities and main niche species with lightly degraded(LD),moderately degraded(MD),severely degraded(SD),and extremely severe degradation(ESD) in grasslands of the Zoigê Plateau.Results showed that(1) in LD and MD communities,the constructive species was Kobresia capillifolia,which had invaded the incombustible weeds and had a higher importance value.In SD and ESD communities,the constructive species were poaceae plants,namely Elymus nutans and Leymus secalinus,with the importance value of incombustible weeds being higher than those in the LD and MD communities.(2) As deterioration intensified,except for the higher niche breadth of constructive species,the indicator species of degraded grasslands were more niche breadth in the community increasing the growth pressure on the excellent forage species.(3) The mean value of the overlap index for all niches of the main species in the community decreased with the degree of degeneration in the order of LD(0.59),MD(0.58),SD(0.42),ESD(0.40).Also,utilization of resources between major populations tended to be more and more dispersed as the degree of degeneration increased.Higher niche overlap with other populations in the community was found that Kobresia capillifolia and Ligularia virgaurea in LD communities,K.capillifolia and Anaphalis latialata in MD communities,E.nutans in SD communities,and L.secalinus in ESD.In summary,the process of degradation of grasslands on the ZoigêPlateau was accompanied by substitution of plant populations with different resource utilization strategies.
This study was conducted to explore utilization capabilities for each group of resources in grassland ecosystems at different stages of degeneration in the alpine fragile ecological zone and to provide data support for management and restoration of degraded grasslands.A grassland community survey was combined with a species importance value,Shannon-Wiener niche breadth index,and Pianka niche overlap index to analyze the characteristics of plant communities and main niche species with lightly degraded(LD),moderately degraded(MD),severely degraded(SD),and extremely severe degradation(ESD) in grasslands of the Zoigê Plateau.Results showed that(1) in LD and MD communities,the constructive species was Kobresia capillifolia,which had invaded the incombustible weeds and had a higher importance value.In SD and ESD communities,the constructive species were poaceae plants,namely Elymus nutans and Leymus secalinus,with the importance value of incombustible weeds being higher than those in the LD and MD communities.(2) As deterioration intensified,except for the higher niche breadth of constructive species,the indicator species of degraded grasslands were more niche breadth in the community increasing the growth pressure on the excellent forage species.(3) The mean value of the overlap index for all niches of the main species in the community decreased with the degree of degeneration in the order of LD(0.59),MD(0.58),SD(0.42),ESD(0.40).Also,utilization of resources between major populations tended to be more and more dispersed as the degree of degeneration increased.Higher niche overlap with other populations in the community was found that Kobresia capillifolia and Ligularia virgaurea in LD communities,K.capillifolia and Anaphalis latialata in MD communities,E.nutans in SD communities,and L.secalinus in ESD.In summary,the process of degradation of grasslands on the ZoigêPlateau was accompanied by substitution of plant populations with different resource utilization strategies.
引文
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[2]肖玉,贾婷婷,赵旭,等.青藏高原腹地退化青藏苔草草原植物生态位的特征[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(1):30-37.XIAO Yu,JIA Tingting,ZHAO Xu,et al.Plant niche of degraded Carex moorcroftii steppe in the hinterland region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chin J Grassland,2015,37(1):30-37.
[3]PONTES L D S,MAIRE V,SCHELLBERG J,et al.Grass strategies and grassland community responses to environmental drivers:a review[J].Agron Sustain Dev,2015,35(4):1297-1318.
[4]KUSTER T M,WIKINSON A,HILL P W,et al.Warming alters competition for organic and inorganic nitrogen between co-existing grassland plant species[J].Plant Soil,2016,406(1/2):117-129.
[5]NATHAN R.Long-distance dispersal of plants[J].Science,2006,313(5788):786-788.
[6]龚容,高琼,王亚林.围封对温带半干旱典型草原群落种间关联的影响[J].植物生态学报,2016,40(6):554-563.GONG Rong,GAO Qiong,WANG Yalin.Effects of exclosure on community inter-specific relationships in a typical temperate grassland[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,2016,40(6):554-563.
[7]吴初平,袁位高,盛卫星,等.浙江省典型天然次生林主要树种空间分布格局及其关联性[J].生态学报,2018,38(2):537-549.WU Chuping,YUAN Weigao,SHENG Weixing,et al.Spatial distribution patterns and associations of tree species in typical natural secondary forest communities in Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2018,38(2):537-549.
[8]DONG Zhibao,HU Guangyin,YAN Changzhen,et al.Aeolian desertification and its causes in the ZoigêPlateau of China’s Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Environ Earth Sci,2010,59(8):1731-1740.
[9]GAO Junqin,ZHANG Xuewen,LEI Guangchun,et al.Soil organic carbon and its fractions in relation to degradation and restoration of wetlands on the ZoigêPlateau,China[J].Wetlands,2014,34(2):235-241.
[10]YU Kaifeng,LEHMKUHL F,FALK D.Quantifying land degradation in the ZoigêBasin,NE Tibetan Plateau using satellite remote sensing data[J].J Mt Sci,2017,14(1):77-93.
[11]青烨,孙飞达,李勇,等.若尔盖高寒退化湿地土壤碳氮磷比及相关性分析[J].草业学报,2015,24(3):38-47.QING Ye,SUN Feida,LI Yong,et al.Analysis of soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus in degraded alpine wetland,Zoigê,southwest China[J].Acta Pratac Sin,2015,24(3):38-47.
[12]税伟,白剑平,简小枚,等.若尔盖沙化草地恢复过程中土壤特性及水源涵养功能[J].生态学报,2017,37(1):277-285.SHUI Wei,BAI Jianping,JIAN Xiaomei,et al.Changes in water conservation and soil physicochemical properties during the recovery of desertified grassland in Zoigê,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2017,37(1):277-285.
[13]SHEN Songtao,ZHANG Shujie,PAN Min,et al.Classification of plant functional types based on the nutrition traits:a case study on alpine meadow community in the ZoigêPlateau[J].J Mt Sci,2017,14(10):2003-2012.
[14]D魱AZ S,CABIDO M.Plant functional types and ecosystem function in relation to global change[J].J Veg Sci,19978(4):463-474.
[15]吴东丽,张金屯,王春乙,等.野生大豆群落主要种群生态位特征研究[J].草地学报,2009,17(2):166-173.WU Dongli,ZHANG Jintun,WANG Chunyi,et al.Niche characteristic of dominant species in the national protected plant,Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.community[J].Acta Agrest Sin,2009,17(2):166-173.
[16]陈吉泉,阳树英.陆地生态学研究方法[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014:237.
[17]罗久富,周金星,赵文霞,等.围栏措施对青藏高原高寒草甸群落结构和稳定性的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(3):565-574.LUO Jiufu,ZHOU Jinxing,ZHAO Wenxia,et al.Effect of fences on functiona groups and stability of the alpine meadow plant community in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Pratac Sci,2017,34(3):565-574.
[18]罗久富,郑景明,周金星,等.青藏高原高寒草甸区铁路工程迹地植被恢复过程的种间关联性[J].生态学报,2016,36(20):6528-6537.LUO Jiufu,ZHENG Jingming,ZHOU Jinxing,et al.Analysis of the interspecific associations present in an alpine meadow community undergoing revegetation on the railway-construction affected land of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2016,36(20):6528-6537.
[19]肖玉,陈米贵,周杰,等.青藏高原腹地青藏苔草草原不同退化程度的植物群落特征[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,20(4):639-645.XIAO Yu,CHEN Migui,ZHOU Jie,et al.Plant community features of Carex moorcroftii steppe at different degradation degrees in the hinterland region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chin J Appl Environ Ecol,2014,20(4):639-645.
[20]戚登臣,陈文业,刘振恒,等.黄河首曲-玛曲县高寒草甸沙化演替进程中群落结构及种群生态位特征[J].西北植物学报,2011,31(12):2522-2531.QI Dengchen,CHEN Wenye,LIU Zhenheng,et al.Population structure and niche characteristics of plant communities in the sandy succession of Maqu alpine meadow in first meander of Yellow Rive[J].Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin,2011,31(12):2522-2531.
[21]字洪标,阿的鲁骥,刘敏,等.高寒草甸不同类型草地群落特征及优势种植物生态位差异[J].应用与环境生物学报,2016,22(4):546-554.ZI Hongbiao,ADE Luji,LIU Min,et al.Difference of community characteristics and niche of dominant species in different grassland types of alpine meadow[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,2016,22(4):546-554.
[22]张爱宁,安沙舟,张蕊思,等.不同退化梯度下大尤尔都斯高寒草原植物种群生态位特征[J].草业科学,2017,34(2):302-309.ZHANG Aining,AN Shazhou,ZHANG Ruisi,et al.Study on niche characteristics of the plant community in the alpine grassland of Big Youerdusi under a degeneration gradient[J].Pratac Sci,2017,34(2):302-309.
[23]石明明,张永超,张典业,等.高寒草甸草地微斑块植物特征及其土壤性质的研究[J].草业学报,2015,24(9):197-205.SHI Mingming,ZHANG Yongchao,ZHANG Dianye,et al.Plant traits and soil properties in pasture mini-patches in an alpine meadow[J].Acta Pratac Sin,2015,24(9):197-205.
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