低氮密植对机插晚稻产量形成和光合特性的影响
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摘要
【目的】探明低氮密植对机插晚稻产量形成和光合特性的影响,为推广低氮密植栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】在大田试验条件下,采用裂区设计,以杂交稻泰优390和常规稻湘晚籼13为材料,设低氮高密(N 120 kg/ha、36.36万穴/ha)和常规栽培(N 150 kg/ha、28.57万穴/ha)2种氮肥密度水平,测定不同氮肥密度处理下机插晚稻的产量及其构成因素、茎蘖动态、干物质含量、主要生育时期叶面积指数和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)及齐穗期叶片的光合特性参数。【结果】与常规栽培相比,低氮高密处理下泰优390产量降低5.56%,但差异不显著(P>0.05,下同),湘晚籼13产量无显著变化;低氮高密处理机插晚稻的有效穗数、单位面积茎蘖数、成穗率、收获指数和生育中后期群体生长率上升,群体干物重和叶面积指数无显著变化;泰优390生育中后期叶片SPAD值和净光合速率(Pn)显著下降(P<0.05),湘晚籼13生育中后期叶片SPAD值和Pn无显著变化。【结论】在氮肥施用量减少20%的条件下(150 kg/ha降至120 kg/ha)适当增加种植密度,机插晚稻仍可稳产。综合考虑产量、肥料成本和环境保护,低氮密植栽培技术值得推广。
【Objective】In order to provide theoretical basis for popularizing the planting technique of nitrogen-decreasing and density-increasing,the effects of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on yield components and photosynthetic characteristics of machine-transplanted late rice were studied.【Method】Under the field experiment condition,taking hybrid rice Taiyou 390 and conventional rice Xiangwanxian 13 as materials with two nitrogen and density levels. Low nitrogen rate with high density(N 120 kg/ha,363600 hole/ha)and conventional cultivation(N 150 kg/ha,285700 hole/ha)were set up using split panel design. The yield and yield components,dynamic of collective tillers,dry matter content,leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll relative content(value of SPAD)in main growth period,and photosynthetic parameters in full heading stage of machine-transplanted late rice under different nitrogen applications rates and densities were measured.【Result】Compared to conventional cultivation,under the treatment of low nitrogen rate with high density,the yield of Taiyou 390 decreased by 5.56%,but not significantly(P>0.05,the same below),and the yield of Xiangwanxian13 had not significant change. The number of effective panicles,the number of tillers per unit area,the rate of productive tillers,the harvest index and the population growth rate at middle and late stage of rice growth had increased under the treatment of low nitrogen rate with high density,while the dry matter weight of population and the leaf area index had not significant change. The value of SPAD in leaf and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)at the middle and late growing period of Taiyou 390 were significantly decreased(P<0.05),but those of Xiangwanxian13 had not significant change.【Conclusion】Under the condition of 20% reduction of nitrogen application(from 150 kg/ha to 120 kg/ha)and proper increasing planting density,machine-transplanted late rice can still guarantee the original yield. Considering the rice yield,fertilizer cost and environmental protection,the planting technique of nitrogen-decreasing and density-increasing is worth popularizing.
【Objective】In order to provide theoretical basis for popularizing the planting technique of nitrogen-decreasing and density-increasing,the effects of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on yield components and photosynthetic characteristics of machine-transplanted late rice were studied.【Method】Under the field experiment condition,taking hybrid rice Taiyou 390 and conventional rice Xiangwanxian 13 as materials with two nitrogen and density levels. Low nitrogen rate with high density(N 120 kg/ha,363600 hole/ha)and conventional cultivation(N 150 kg/ha,285700 hole/ha)were set up using split panel design. The yield and yield components,dynamic of collective tillers,dry matter content,leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll relative content(value of SPAD)in main growth period,and photosynthetic parameters in full heading stage of machine-transplanted late rice under different nitrogen applications rates and densities were measured.【Result】Compared to conventional cultivation,under the treatment of low nitrogen rate with high density,the yield of Taiyou 390 decreased by 5.56%,but not significantly(P>0.05,the same below),and the yield of Xiangwanxian13 had not significant change. The number of effective panicles,the number of tillers per unit area,the rate of productive tillers,the harvest index and the population growth rate at middle and late stage of rice growth had increased under the treatment of low nitrogen rate with high density,while the dry matter weight of population and the leaf area index had not significant change. The value of SPAD in leaf and net photosynthetic rate(Pn)at the middle and late growing period of Taiyou 390 were significantly decreased(P<0.05),but those of Xiangwanxian13 had not significant change.【Conclusion】Under the condition of 20% reduction of nitrogen application(from 150 kg/ha to 120 kg/ha)and proper increasing planting density,machine-transplanted late rice can still guarantee the original yield. Considering the rice yield,fertilizer cost and environmental protection,the planting technique of nitrogen-decreasing and density-increasing is worth popularizing.
引文
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陈乾,刘科,何爱斌,龙继锐,卢碧林,田小海,张运波.2015.氮肥和密度互作对机插超级杂交稻叶型、光合特性及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,44(4):27-30.[Chen Q,Liu K,He A B,Long J R,Lu B L,Tian X H,Zhang Y B.2015.Effects of interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on leaf type,photosynthetic characteristics and yield of mechanical-transplanting super hybrid rice[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,44(4):27-30.]
樊红柱,曾祥忠,张冀,吕世华.2010.移栽密度与供氮水平对水稻产量、氮素利用影响[J].西南农业学报,23(4):1137-1141.[Fan H Z,Zeng X Z,Zhang J,LüS H.2010.Effects of transplanting density and nitrogen management on rice grain and nitrogen utilization efficiency[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Science,23(4):1137-1141.]
付景,王生轩,尹海庆,王付华,王越涛,陈献功,王亚,杨文博,白涛.2017.施氮量对直播稻郑旱10号群体特征及产量的影响[J].河南农业科学,46(1):30-35.[Fu J,Wang S X,Yin H Q,Wang F H,Wang Y T,Chen X G,Wang Y,Yang W B,Bai T.2017.Effect of nitrogen application rate on population characteristics and yield of direct-seeded rice Zhenghan No.10[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,46(1):30-35.]
管正策,冯跃华,徐桂玲,黄佑岗,张佳凤,牟桂婷,欧达,王玲莉,苏卫.2018.施氮量和机插密度对钵苗机插杂交籼稻C两优华占产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].南方农业学报,49(8):1498-1504.[Guan Z C,Feng Y H,Xu G L,Huang Y G,Zhang J F,Mou G T,Ou D,Wang L L,Su W.2018.Effects of nitrogen application rate and planting density on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of indica hybrid rice C Liangyouhuazhan with bowl mechanical-transplanting method[J].Journal of Southern Agriculture,49(8):1498-1504.]
韩正光,张安存,陈永华,韩素华.2015.机插密度与氮肥对淮稻5号产量特性的影响[J].现代农业科技,20(19):26-27.[Han Z G,Zhang A C,Chen Y H,Han S H.2015.Effects of planting density and nitrogen on yield characteristics of conventional rice Huaidao 5[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,20(19):26-27.]
李超,陈恺林,刘洋,方宝华,汤文光,陈丽妮,张玉烛.2014a.增苗节氮对早稻抛秧群体质量及光合参数的影响[J].中国农学通报,30(27):5-14.[Li C,Chen K L,Liu Y,Fang B H,Tang W G,Chen L N,Zhang Y Z.2014a.Performance on population quality and photosynthetic parameters of early rice of throwing transplanting under seedling-increase and nitrogen-reduction measures[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,30(27):5-14.]
李超,陈恺林,刘洋,杨光立,汤文光,胡杨,张玉烛.2014b.增苗节氮对早稻抛秧群体生物学特性及产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,22(7):774-781.[Li C,Chen K L,Liu Y,Yang G L,Tang W G,Hu Y,Zhang Y Z.2014b.Population biological characteristics and yield of early rice of throwing transplanting under seedling-increase and nitrogen-reduction measures[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,22(7):774-781.]
龙文飞,傅志强,钟娟,苏姗,李康丽.2016.节水灌溉条件下氮密互作对双季晚稻光合特性的影响[J].华北农学报,31(6):206-212.[Long W F,Fu Z Q,Zhong J,Su S,Li KL.2016.Effects of nitrogen and density on late rice photosynthetic traits under condition of water saving irrigation[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,31(6):206-212.]
龙文飞,傅志强,钟娟,苏姗,李康丽.2017.节水灌溉条件下氮密互作对双季晚稻丰源优299物质生产特性的影响[J].华北农学报,32(2):185-193.[Long W F,Fu Z Q,Zhong J,Su S,Li K L.2017.Effects of nitrogen application and planting density on late rice Fengyuanyou 299material production characteristics under the condition of water saving irrigation[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,32(2):185-193.]
马国辉,龙继锐,戴清明,周静.2008.超级杂交中稻Y两优1号最佳缓释氮肥用量与密度配置研究[J].杂交水稻,23(6):73-77.[Ma G H,Long J R,Dai Q M,Zhou J.2008.Studies on the optimized allocation of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer application and planting density for medium super hybrid rice combination Y Liangyou 1[J].Hybrid Rice,23(6):73-77.]
聂军,郑圣先,戴平安,肖剑,易国英.2005.控释氮肥调控水稻光合功能和叶片衰老的生理基础[J].中国水稻科学,19(3):255-261.[Nie J,Zheng S X,Dai P A,Xiao J,Yi G Y.2005.Regulation of senescence and photosynthetic function of rice leaves by controlled release nitrogen fertilizer[J].Chinese Journal Rice Science,19(3):255-261.]
秦俭,杨志远,孙永健,徐徽,吕腾飞,代邹,郑家奎,蒋开锋,马均.2017.氮素穗肥运筹对两个杂交中籼稻叶片形态、光合生产及产量的影响[J].中国水稻科学,31(4):391-399.[Qin J,Yang Z Y,Sun Y J,Xu H,LüT F,Dai Z,Zheng J K,Jiang K F,Ma J.2017.Effects of nitrogen topdressing for panicle initiation on leaf morphology,photosynthetic production and grain yield of two middleseason hybrid rice[J].Chinese Journal Rice Science,31(4):391-399.]
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