任意形状曲线刃边的点扩散函数估计方法
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摘要
遥感图像的点扩散函数估计是降低光学模糊、提高质量的必要前提。倾斜直线刃边法受到靶标极大的限制。现有的曲线刃边估计法虽然克服了倾斜刃边法只能适用于直线刃边的缺点,但是会因坐标拉伸导致估计值误差偏大。利用移动窗口的思想,提出了一种基于投影法的任意形状曲线刃边法,并在理论上说明了可行性。试验验证过程中先进行线性拟合刀刃边缘点,再对选定窗口内一定行数或列数的灰度值运用投影法采样,并对不同采样窗口的采样中心进行对齐处理,剔除不适合的样本点后插值和重采样,最终得到估计的点扩散函数。对于曲率在0.001～0.01的刃边,在较强模糊下,峰值信噪比依旧能保持在35 dB以上,测得点扩散函数峰值的误差可以控制在20%以内。相比传统刃边法和曲线拟合法,峰值信噪比平均能提高10 dB以上,且具有一定的抗噪性。
The estimation of point spread function of remote sensing images is the necessary premise to improve the quality and to reduce the optical blur. The oblique straight edge method is greatly limited by the target. Though existing curve edge methods overcome the drawback that the oblique edge methods can only be applied to the straight edges, but will result in large estimation value error because of the stretching coordinate. An curve edge method of arbitrary shape based on the edge method of projection is proposed using the idea of moving windows. And the feasibility is explained theoretically. In the process of experimental verification, the proposed method first fits the edge points linearly, then uses the projection method to sample the gray values of the rows or columns in a selected window and aligned the sampling centers of different windows, finally estimates the point spread function using interpolation and resampling after eliminating the improper sampling points. For the edges with curvatures from 0.001 to 0.01, the peak signal-to-noise ratio can still stay above 35 dB even though under strong blur. The error of peak of the point spread function can be controlled within 20%. Compared with the traditional edge method and curve fitting method, our method has better results for all kinds of curves that the average peak signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by more than 10 dB, and has somewhat anti-noise performance.
The estimation of point spread function of remote sensing images is the necessary premise to improve the quality and to reduce the optical blur. The oblique straight edge method is greatly limited by the target. Though existing curve edge methods overcome the drawback that the oblique edge methods can only be applied to the straight edges, but will result in large estimation value error because of the stretching coordinate. An curve edge method of arbitrary shape based on the edge method of projection is proposed using the idea of moving windows. And the feasibility is explained theoretically. In the process of experimental verification, the proposed method first fits the edge points linearly, then uses the projection method to sample the gray values of the rows or columns in a selected window and aligned the sampling centers of different windows, finally estimates the point spread function using interpolation and resampling after eliminating the improper sampling points. For the edges with curvatures from 0.001 to 0.01, the peak signal-to-noise ratio can still stay above 35 dB even though under strong blur. The error of peak of the point spread function can be controlled within 20%. Compared with the traditional edge method and curve fitting method, our method has better results for all kinds of curves that the average peak signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by more than 10 dB, and has somewhat anti-noise performance.
引文
[1] FUKUNAGA M, ONISHI H, MATSUTOMO N, et al. Accuracy of modulation transfer function for target size and field of view in a circular edge strategy using the CT image measurement program[J]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi, 2016, 72(6): 489-495.
[2] MCGILLEM C D, ANUTA P E, MALARET E, et al. Estimation of a remote sensing system point-spread function from measured imagery[J]. lars technical reports, 1983: 81.
[3] HWANG H, CHOI Y W, KWAK S, et al. Mtf assessment of high resolution satellite images using ISO 12233 slanted-edge method[C]//Proceedings of the SPIE 7109, Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XIV. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom: SPIE, 2008: 710905.
[4] 李铁成, 陶小平, 冯华君, 等. 基于倾斜刃边法的调制传递函数计算及图像复原[J]. 光学学报, 2010, 30(10): 2891-2897. LI Tiecheng, TAO Xiaoping, FENG Huajun, et al. Modulation transfer function calculation and image restoration based on slanted-edge method[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2010, 30(10): 2891-2897.
[5] 郭玲玲, 吴泽鹏, 张立国, 等. 基于多通道盲反卷积的空间光学遥感器在轨点扩展函数估算[J]. 光学学报, 2013, 3(4): 428001. GUO Lingling, WU Zepeng, ZHANG Liguo, et al. Multichannel blind deconvolution-based on-orbit estimation of point spread function for space optical remote sensors[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2013, 33(4): 428001.
[6] GUO Lingling, WU Zepeng, ZHANG Liguo, et al. New approach to measure the on-orbit point spread function for spaceborne imagers[J]. Optical Engineering, 2013, 52(3): 033602.
[7] SROUBEK F, MILANFAR P. Robust multichannel blind deconvolution via fast alternating minimization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2012, 21(21): 1687-1700.
[8] SOUIDENE W, ABED-MERAIM K, BEGHDADI A. A new look to multichannel blind image deconvolution[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2009, 18(7): 1487-500.
[9] ZHANG Tao, WANG Hongli, LU Jinhui. A PSF estimation method based on Joint transform correlation[C]//Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Chinese Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference. Nanjing, China: IEEE, 2016: 1559-1564.
[10] LI Weihong, LI Quanli, GONG Weiguo, et al. Total variation blind deconvolution employing split bregman iteration[J]. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 2012, 23(3): 409-417.
[11] KAISER G, SCHNEIDER W. Estimation of sensor point spread function by spatial subpixel analysis[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2008, 29(7): 2137-2155.
[12] ZHANG Shaohui, WANG Lin, SHI Xueyan, et al. High-resolution remote sensing image restoration based on double-knife-edge method[C]//Proceedings of the SPIE 9124, Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Processing X. Baltimore, Maryland, United States: SPIE, 2014: 912405.
[13] MASAOKA K, YAMASHITA T, NISHIDA Y, et al. Modified slanted-edge method and multidirectional modulation transfer function estimation[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(5): 6040-6046.
[14] CARDEI V, FOWLER B, KAVUSI S, et al. MTF Measurements of wide field of view cameras[J]. Electronic Imaging, 2016(18): 1-5.
[15] ZHOU Zhongxing, GAO Feng, ZHAO Huijuan, et al. Improving the accuracy of MTF measurement at low frequencies based on oversampled edge spread function deconvolution[J]. Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, 2015, 23(4): 517-529.
[16] 郭玲玲, 吴泽鹏, 张立国, 等. 遥感相机在轨点扩散函数高精度测量方法[J]. 测绘学报, 2014(3): 284-289, 297. DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0041.GUO Lingling, WU Zepeng, ZHANG Liguo, et al. A precise method to measure the on-orbit point spread function of remote sensors[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2014, 43(3): 284-289, 297. DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0041.
[17] WANG Qiaojue, XU Yuanjing, YUAN Qiangqiang, et al. Restoration of CBERS-02B remote sensing image based on knife-edge PSF estimation and regularization reconstruction model[C]//Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. Shenzhen, Guangdong, China: IEEE, 2011: 687-690.
[18] NEWKIRK M H, BROWN G S, VANDEMARK D C. Proceedings of IGARSS’94—1994 IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium[C]//Proceedings of 1994 Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2002.
[19] ZANDHUIS J A, PYCOCK D, QUIGLEY S F, et al. Sub-pixel non-parametric PSF estimation for image enhancement[J]. IEE Proceedings-Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 1997, 144(5): 285-292.
[20] 秦荣君, 龚健雅. 不受刀刃边缘倾角约束的遥感影像点扩散函数稳健计算方法[J]. 遥感学报, 2011, 15(5): 895-907. QIN Rongjun, GONG Jianya. A robust method of calculating point spread function from knife-edge without angular constraint in remote sensing images[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 15(5): 895-907.
[21] SAMEI E, RANGER N T, DOBBINS III J T, et al. Intercomparison of methods for image quality characterization. I. modulation transfer function[J]. Medical Physics, 2006, 33(5): 1454-1465.
[22] 朱近, 潘瑜, 徐涛, 等. 基于弯曲刃边的中低分辨率遥感影像MTF计算方法[J]. 遥感信息, 2009(3): 3-6. ZHU Jin, PAN Yu, XU Tao, et al. The algorithm for computing MTF of remote sensing image in mid-low spatial resolution and with curve edge[J]. Remote Sensing Information, 2009(3): 3-6.
[23] 王俊琦, 张立国, 陈起行, 等. 可利用任意形状刃边的遥感器在轨点扩散函数估算[J]. 光电子(激光), 2016, 27(5): 549-556. WANG Junqi, ZHANG Liguo, CHEN Qihang, et al. Estimation of the on-orbit point spread function for remote sensors applicable to any edge[J]. Journal of Optoelectronics·Laser, 2016, 27(5): 549-556.
[24] 徐源璟, 汪俏珏, 沈焕锋, 等. 基于刃边法与正则化方法的遥感影像复原[J]. 测绘信息与工程, 2010, 35(6): 7-9. XU Yuanjing, WANG Qiaojue, SHEN Huanfeng, et al. A remote sensing image restoration method based on estimation and regularization model[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2010, 35(6): 7-9.
[25] 王天慧, 李盛阳, 李绪志. 利用参考图像的遥感图像模糊估计与恢复[J]. 遥感学报, 2010, 14(3): 460-467. WANG Tianhui, LI Shengyang, LI Xuzhi. Blur estimation and restoration of remote sensing images using a reference image[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010, 14(3): 460-467.
[26] 赵占平, 付兴科, 黄巧林, 等. 基于刃边法的航天光学遥感器在轨MTF测试研究[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 2009, 30(2): 37-43. ZHAO Zhanping, FU Xingke, HUANG Qiaolin, et al. On orbit MTF test research of remote sensors based on knife-edge method[J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2009, 30(2): 37-43.
[27] LEGER D, DUFFAUT J, ROBINET F. MTF Measurement using spotlight[C]//Proceedings of IGARSS’94—1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1994. Pasadena, CA, USA, USA: IEEE, 1994(4): 2010-2012.
[28] 白鹏, 魏延恒, 安涛. 基于PSF尺寸预估计的天文图像复原优化算法[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2017, 53(16): 172-176. BAI Peng, WEI Yanheng, AN Tao. Improved astronomical image restoration algorithm based on PSF size pre-estimation[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2017, 53(16): 172-176.
[29] 范冲, 李冠达, 伍超云, 等. 点扩散函数的改进倾斜刃边重建的高精度估计[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(11): 1219-1226. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140400.FAN Chong, LI Guanda, WU Chaoyun, et al. High accurate estimation of point spread function based on improved reconstruction of slant edge[J]. Acta Geodaeticaet Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(11): 1219-1226. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140400.
[2] MCGILLEM C D, ANUTA P E, MALARET E, et al. Estimation of a remote sensing system point-spread function from measured imagery[J]. lars technical reports, 1983: 81.
[3] HWANG H, CHOI Y W, KWAK S, et al. Mtf assessment of high resolution satellite images using ISO 12233 slanted-edge method[C]//Proceedings of the SPIE 7109, Image and Signal Processing for Remote Sensing XIV. Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom: SPIE, 2008: 710905.
[4] 李铁成, 陶小平, 冯华君, 等. 基于倾斜刃边法的调制传递函数计算及图像复原[J]. 光学学报, 2010, 30(10): 2891-2897. LI Tiecheng, TAO Xiaoping, FENG Huajun, et al. Modulation transfer function calculation and image restoration based on slanted-edge method[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2010, 30(10): 2891-2897.
[5] 郭玲玲, 吴泽鹏, 张立国, 等. 基于多通道盲反卷积的空间光学遥感器在轨点扩展函数估算[J]. 光学学报, 2013, 3(4): 428001. GUO Lingling, WU Zepeng, ZHANG Liguo, et al. Multichannel blind deconvolution-based on-orbit estimation of point spread function for space optical remote sensors[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2013, 33(4): 428001.
[6] GUO Lingling, WU Zepeng, ZHANG Liguo, et al. New approach to measure the on-orbit point spread function for spaceborne imagers[J]. Optical Engineering, 2013, 52(3): 033602.
[7] SROUBEK F, MILANFAR P. Robust multichannel blind deconvolution via fast alternating minimization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2012, 21(21): 1687-1700.
[8] SOUIDENE W, ABED-MERAIM K, BEGHDADI A. A new look to multichannel blind image deconvolution[J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2009, 18(7): 1487-500.
[9] ZHANG Tao, WANG Hongli, LU Jinhui. A PSF estimation method based on Joint transform correlation[C]//Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Chinese Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference. Nanjing, China: IEEE, 2016: 1559-1564.
[10] LI Weihong, LI Quanli, GONG Weiguo, et al. Total variation blind deconvolution employing split bregman iteration[J]. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation, 2012, 23(3): 409-417.
[11] KAISER G, SCHNEIDER W. Estimation of sensor point spread function by spatial subpixel analysis[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2008, 29(7): 2137-2155.
[12] ZHANG Shaohui, WANG Lin, SHI Xueyan, et al. High-resolution remote sensing image restoration based on double-knife-edge method[C]//Proceedings of the SPIE 9124, Satellite Data Compression, Communications, and Processing X. Baltimore, Maryland, United States: SPIE, 2014: 912405.
[13] MASAOKA K, YAMASHITA T, NISHIDA Y, et al. Modified slanted-edge method and multidirectional modulation transfer function estimation[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(5): 6040-6046.
[14] CARDEI V, FOWLER B, KAVUSI S, et al. MTF Measurements of wide field of view cameras[J]. Electronic Imaging, 2016(18): 1-5.
[15] ZHOU Zhongxing, GAO Feng, ZHAO Huijuan, et al. Improving the accuracy of MTF measurement at low frequencies based on oversampled edge spread function deconvolution[J]. Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, 2015, 23(4): 517-529.
[16] 郭玲玲, 吴泽鹏, 张立国, 等. 遥感相机在轨点扩散函数高精度测量方法[J]. 测绘学报, 2014(3): 284-289, 297. DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0041.GUO Lingling, WU Zepeng, ZHANG Liguo, et al. A precise method to measure the on-orbit point spread function of remote sensors[J]. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 2014, 43(3): 284-289, 297. DOI:10.13485/j.cnki.11-2089.2014.0041.
[17] WANG Qiaojue, XU Yuanjing, YUAN Qiangqiang, et al. Restoration of CBERS-02B remote sensing image based on knife-edge PSF estimation and regularization reconstruction model[C]//Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation. Shenzhen, Guangdong, China: IEEE, 2011: 687-690.
[18] NEWKIRK M H, BROWN G S, VANDEMARK D C. Proceedings of IGARSS’94—1994 IEEE international geoscience and remote sensing symposium[C]//Proceedings of 1994 Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2002.
[19] ZANDHUIS J A, PYCOCK D, QUIGLEY S F, et al. Sub-pixel non-parametric PSF estimation for image enhancement[J]. IEE Proceedings-Vision, Image and Signal Processing, 1997, 144(5): 285-292.
[20] 秦荣君, 龚健雅. 不受刀刃边缘倾角约束的遥感影像点扩散函数稳健计算方法[J]. 遥感学报, 2011, 15(5): 895-907. QIN Rongjun, GONG Jianya. A robust method of calculating point spread function from knife-edge without angular constraint in remote sensing images[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2011, 15(5): 895-907.
[21] SAMEI E, RANGER N T, DOBBINS III J T, et al. Intercomparison of methods for image quality characterization. I. modulation transfer function[J]. Medical Physics, 2006, 33(5): 1454-1465.
[22] 朱近, 潘瑜, 徐涛, 等. 基于弯曲刃边的中低分辨率遥感影像MTF计算方法[J]. 遥感信息, 2009(3): 3-6. ZHU Jin, PAN Yu, XU Tao, et al. The algorithm for computing MTF of remote sensing image in mid-low spatial resolution and with curve edge[J]. Remote Sensing Information, 2009(3): 3-6.
[23] 王俊琦, 张立国, 陈起行, 等. 可利用任意形状刃边的遥感器在轨点扩散函数估算[J]. 光电子(激光), 2016, 27(5): 549-556. WANG Junqi, ZHANG Liguo, CHEN Qihang, et al. Estimation of the on-orbit point spread function for remote sensors applicable to any edge[J]. Journal of Optoelectronics·Laser, 2016, 27(5): 549-556.
[24] 徐源璟, 汪俏珏, 沈焕锋, 等. 基于刃边法与正则化方法的遥感影像复原[J]. 测绘信息与工程, 2010, 35(6): 7-9. XU Yuanjing, WANG Qiaojue, SHEN Huanfeng, et al. A remote sensing image restoration method based on estimation and regularization model[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2010, 35(6): 7-9.
[25] 王天慧, 李盛阳, 李绪志. 利用参考图像的遥感图像模糊估计与恢复[J]. 遥感学报, 2010, 14(3): 460-467. WANG Tianhui, LI Shengyang, LI Xuzhi. Blur estimation and restoration of remote sensing images using a reference image[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2010, 14(3): 460-467.
[26] 赵占平, 付兴科, 黄巧林, 等. 基于刃边法的航天光学遥感器在轨MTF测试研究[J]. 航天返回与遥感, 2009, 30(2): 37-43. ZHAO Zhanping, FU Xingke, HUANG Qiaolin, et al. On orbit MTF test research of remote sensors based on knife-edge method[J]. Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2009, 30(2): 37-43.
[27] LEGER D, DUFFAUT J, ROBINET F. MTF Measurement using spotlight[C]//Proceedings of IGARSS’94—1994 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1994. Pasadena, CA, USA, USA: IEEE, 1994(4): 2010-2012.
[28] 白鹏, 魏延恒, 安涛. 基于PSF尺寸预估计的天文图像复原优化算法[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2017, 53(16): 172-176. BAI Peng, WEI Yanheng, AN Tao. Improved astronomical image restoration algorithm based on PSF size pre-estimation[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2017, 53(16): 172-176.
[29] 范冲, 李冠达, 伍超云, 等. 点扩散函数的改进倾斜刃边重建的高精度估计[J]. 测绘学报, 2015, 44(11): 1219-1226. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140400.FAN Chong, LI Guanda, WU Chaoyun, et al. High accurate estimation of point spread function based on improved reconstruction of slant edge[J]. Acta Geodaeticaet Cartographica Sinica, 2015, 44(11): 1219-1226. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2015.20140400.