加密货币的法律属性与监管框架——以比较研究为视角
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摘要
加密货币得益于其匿名性、去中心化、使用不受地域限制的特点,自产生以来越来越多地被用作支付工具、投融资工具,但同时也伴随着信用风险、流动性风险、安全风险以及诈骗、洗钱和逃税等犯罪风险。各国家和地区正在探索如何监管加密货币且态度不一。多数国家和地区使用"加密货币"这一术语,否认加密货币是货币,允许其存在并将其纳入现有税法和反洗钱法的监管框架之下。各国家和地区的实践表明加密货币的性质与其适用的法律监管框架之间无必然联系。考虑到现有的监管模式不利于加密货币的发展且不足以应对其可能引发的风险,学者提出了新的监管路径。我国对加密货币的态度过于消极,应考虑放宽对加密货币的限制,明确其定义并完善相应的监管措施。
Cryptocurrency has characteristics of anonymity,decentralization and beyond geographical restrictions.It was widely served as payment instrument and financial tool since it was created,but it also brings possibilities of credit risks,liquidity risks,security risks and criminal risks,such as fraud,money laundering and tax evasion.Countries and regions show different attitudes toward cryptocurrency and are exploring ways to regulate it.Most of them use the term "cryptocurrency",refuse to recognize it as currency,permit cryptocurrency markets to operate,and incorporate it into the regulatory framework of existing tax laws and anti-money laundering laws.Practices in various countries and regions indicate that there is no necessary connection between the nature of cryptocurrency and its applicable legal regulatory framework.Considering that the existing regulatory model is not conducive to the development of cryptocurrency and is not sufficient to deal with the risks it may cause,scholars have proposed new regulatory paths.China's attitude towards cryptocurrency is too negative.China should consider releasing restrictions on it,clarifying its definition,and improving related regulatory measures.
Cryptocurrency has characteristics of anonymity,decentralization and beyond geographical restrictions.It was widely served as payment instrument and financial tool since it was created,but it also brings possibilities of credit risks,liquidity risks,security risks and criminal risks,such as fraud,money laundering and tax evasion.Countries and regions show different attitudes toward cryptocurrency and are exploring ways to regulate it.Most of them use the term "cryptocurrency",refuse to recognize it as currency,permit cryptocurrency markets to operate,and incorporate it into the regulatory framework of existing tax laws and anti-money laundering laws.Practices in various countries and regions indicate that there is no necessary connection between the nature of cryptocurrency and its applicable legal regulatory framework.Considering that the existing regulatory model is not conducive to the development of cryptocurrency and is not sufficient to deal with the risks it may cause,scholars have proposed new regulatory paths.China's attitude towards cryptocurrency is too negative.China should consider releasing restrictions on it,clarifying its definition,and improving related regulatory measures.
引文
(1)See CoinMarketCap,available at https://coinmarketcap.com/,last visited on May 21,2019.
(2)See CoinMarketCap,available at https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/,last visited on May 21,2019.
(3)参见何东:《虚拟货币及其扩展:初步思考》,载《金融监管研究》2016年第4期。
(4)See Statement of Mythili Raman Acting Assistant Attorney General U.S.Justice Department Criminal Division Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate for a Hearing Entitled “Beyond the Silk Road”,available at https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-mythili-raman-acting-assistant-attorney-general-us-justice-department-criminal,last visited on May 21,2019.
(5)参见盛松成、翟春:《货币非国家化理念与比特币的乌托邦》,载《中国金融》2014年第1期。
(6)参见前引[5],何东文。
(7)See Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World,available at https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/cryptocurrency-world-survey.pdf,last visited on May 21,2019.
(8)See Regulation of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions,available at https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/regulation-of-cryptocurrency.pdf,last visited on May 21,2019.
(9)参见帅青红:《电子支付》,重庆大学出版社2016年版,第35-36页。
(10)See K.L.Macintosh,How to Encourage Global Electronic Commerce:The Case for Private Currencies on the Internet,11(3)Summer,Harvard Journal of Law & Technology,756(1998).
(11)参见赵天书:《比特币法律属性探析——从广义货币法的角度》,载《中国政法大学学报》2017年第5期。
(12)See Aleksandra Bal,Taxing Virtual Currency:Challenges and Solutions,43 Intertax 380-394(2015).
(13)参见弗里德曼、施瓦茨:《1867—1960年美国货币史》,1963年英文版,第650页,转引自盛松成、施兵超、陈健安:《现代货币经济学》,中国金融出版社2001年版,第31页。
(14)参见闵敏、柳永明:《互联网货币的价值来源与货币职能》,载《学术月刊》2014年第12期。
(15)BFH系统是新货币经济学的重要组成部分,指的是一种以自由竞争式无现金支付系统为特征的金融系统,因该系统的主要特征由布莱克(Black)、法马(Fama)和霍尔(Hall)三人共同创立而得名。
(16)See Richard Scott Carnell,Jonathan R.Macey,Geoffrey P.Miller,The Law of Financial Institutions,Aspen Publishers,2013,p.130.
(17)See Lonnie Hobson,The Government of Anguilla Announces World’s First Cryptocurrency Registration Process for “Utility Token Offerings”,LINKEDIN,Nov.15,2017,available at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/government-anguilla-announces-worlds-first-process-utility-hobson/,last visited on May 21,2019.
(18)参见[德]卡尔·马克思:《资本论》,何小禾编译,重庆出版社2014年版,第4-5页。
(19)See Jurisdiction Subject to a FATF Call on its Members and Other Jurisdictions to Apply Enhanced Due Diligence Measures Proportionate to the Risks Arising from the Jurisdiction,available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/high-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/documents/public-statement-june-2018.html,last visited on May 21,2019.
(20)See Aleksi Grym,The great illusion of digital currencies,BoF Economics Review,2018,available at https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/handle/123456789/15564 _t_id=1B2M2Y8AsgTpgAmY7PhCfg%3d%3d&_t_q=cryptocurrencies&_t_tags=language%3aen%2csiteid%3a4a002108-dc8a-45da-be63-d5ceff3cc3a1&_t_ip=171.223.193.43&_t_hit.id=web_content/86f39a9d7b7f3354c85270c8a52e478f4d8b06d2&_t_hit.pos=2,last visited on May 21,2019.
(21)HM Revenue & Customs,Revenue and Customs Brief 9(2014):Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies,Mar.3,2014,available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/revenue-and-customs-brief-9-2014-bitcoin-and-other-cryptocurrencies,last visited on May 21,2019.
(22)See Kavid Singh,The New Wild West:Preventing Money Laundering in the Bitcoin Network,13 Nw.J.Tech.& Intell.Prop.,37(2015).
(23)See Brian Knight,Federalism and Federalization on the Fintech Frontier,available at https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/mercatus-knight-federalism-fintech-v1.pdf,last visited on May 21,2019.
(24)参见《泰国颁布〈数字资产法〉》,载http://www.most.gov.cn/gnwkjdt/201806/t20180614_140157.htm,最后访问时间:2019年2月13日。
(25)See Kevin V.Tu,Michael W.Meredith,Rethinking Virtual Currency Regulation in the Bitcoin Age,90 Washington Law Review,271-347(2015).
(26)See Samantha J.Syska,Eight-years-young:How the New York Bitlicense stifles Bitcoin innovation and expansion with its premature attempt to regulate the Virtury Currency industry,17 Journal of High Technology Law,313(2017).
(27)See Edmund Mokhtarian,Alexander Lindgren,Rise of the Crypto Hedge Fund:Operational Issues and Best Practices for Emergent Investment Industry,23(1),Winter,Stanford Journal of Law,Business & Finance,153-158(2018).
(28)See Carla L.Reyes,Moving Beyond Bitcoin to an Endogenous Theory of Decentralized Ledger Technology Regulation:An Initial Proposal,61 Villanova Law Review,221-222(2016).
(29)数据来源:国家互联网金融安全技术专家委员会发布的《2017上半年国内ICO发展情况报告》,载https://www.ifcert.org.cn/industry/158/IndustryDetail,最后访问时间:2019年5月21日。
(30)参见《中国人民银行办公厅关于加强特定非金融机构反洗钱监管工作的通知》,载http://www.pbc.gov.cn//fanxiqianju/135153/135173/3587072/index.html,最后访问时间:2019年2月1日。
[1]虚拟货币是一种以电子方式转移、储存或交易的数字化价值,它非由中央银行发行,与法定货币没有必然联系,但被自然人或者法人接受为交换工具。See European Banking Authority,Opinion on Virtual Currencies,EBA/Op/2014/08,10(2014).
[2] See Paul Vigna,Michael J.Casey,Cryptocurrency:The Future of Money?Random House,2016,p.42.
(2)See CoinMarketCap,available at https://coinmarketcap.com/currencies/bitcoin/,last visited on May 21,2019.
(3)参见何东:《虚拟货币及其扩展:初步思考》,载《金融监管研究》2016年第4期。
(4)See Statement of Mythili Raman Acting Assistant Attorney General U.S.Justice Department Criminal Division Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs United States Senate for a Hearing Entitled “Beyond the Silk Road”,available at https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-mythili-raman-acting-assistant-attorney-general-us-justice-department-criminal,last visited on May 21,2019.
(5)参见盛松成、翟春:《货币非国家化理念与比特币的乌托邦》,载《中国金融》2014年第1期。
(6)参见前引[5],何东文。
(7)See Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World,available at https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/cryptocurrency-world-survey.pdf,last visited on May 21,2019.
(8)See Regulation of Cryptocurrency in Selected Jurisdictions,available at https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/regulation-of-cryptocurrency.pdf,last visited on May 21,2019.
(9)参见帅青红:《电子支付》,重庆大学出版社2016年版,第35-36页。
(10)See K.L.Macintosh,How to Encourage Global Electronic Commerce:The Case for Private Currencies on the Internet,11(3)Summer,Harvard Journal of Law & Technology,756(1998).
(11)参见赵天书:《比特币法律属性探析——从广义货币法的角度》,载《中国政法大学学报》2017年第5期。
(12)See Aleksandra Bal,Taxing Virtual Currency:Challenges and Solutions,43 Intertax 380-394(2015).
(13)参见弗里德曼、施瓦茨:《1867—1960年美国货币史》,1963年英文版,第650页,转引自盛松成、施兵超、陈健安:《现代货币经济学》,中国金融出版社2001年版,第31页。
(14)参见闵敏、柳永明:《互联网货币的价值来源与货币职能》,载《学术月刊》2014年第12期。
(15)BFH系统是新货币经济学的重要组成部分,指的是一种以自由竞争式无现金支付系统为特征的金融系统,因该系统的主要特征由布莱克(Black)、法马(Fama)和霍尔(Hall)三人共同创立而得名。
(16)See Richard Scott Carnell,Jonathan R.Macey,Geoffrey P.Miller,The Law of Financial Institutions,Aspen Publishers,2013,p.130.
(17)See Lonnie Hobson,The Government of Anguilla Announces World’s First Cryptocurrency Registration Process for “Utility Token Offerings”,LINKEDIN,Nov.15,2017,available at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/government-anguilla-announces-worlds-first-process-utility-hobson/,last visited on May 21,2019.
(18)参见[德]卡尔·马克思:《资本论》,何小禾编译,重庆出版社2014年版,第4-5页。
(19)See Jurisdiction Subject to a FATF Call on its Members and Other Jurisdictions to Apply Enhanced Due Diligence Measures Proportionate to the Risks Arising from the Jurisdiction,available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/publications/high-risk-and-other-monitored-jurisdictions/documents/public-statement-june-2018.html,last visited on May 21,2019.
(20)See Aleksi Grym,The great illusion of digital currencies,BoF Economics Review,2018,available at https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/handle/123456789/15564 _t_id=1B2M2Y8AsgTpgAmY7PhCfg%3d%3d&_t_q=cryptocurrencies&_t_tags=language%3aen%2csiteid%3a4a002108-dc8a-45da-be63-d5ceff3cc3a1&_t_ip=171.223.193.43&_t_hit.id=web_content/86f39a9d7b7f3354c85270c8a52e478f4d8b06d2&_t_hit.pos=2,last visited on May 21,2019.
(21)HM Revenue & Customs,Revenue and Customs Brief 9(2014):Bitcoin and Other Cryptocurrencies,Mar.3,2014,available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/revenue-and-customs-brief-9-2014-bitcoin-and-other-cryptocurrencies,last visited on May 21,2019.
(22)See Kavid Singh,The New Wild West:Preventing Money Laundering in the Bitcoin Network,13 Nw.J.Tech.& Intell.Prop.,37(2015).
(23)See Brian Knight,Federalism and Federalization on the Fintech Frontier,available at https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/mercatus-knight-federalism-fintech-v1.pdf,last visited on May 21,2019.
(24)参见《泰国颁布〈数字资产法〉》,载http://www.most.gov.cn/gnwkjdt/201806/t20180614_140157.htm,最后访问时间:2019年2月13日。
(25)See Kevin V.Tu,Michael W.Meredith,Rethinking Virtual Currency Regulation in the Bitcoin Age,90 Washington Law Review,271-347(2015).
(26)See Samantha J.Syska,Eight-years-young:How the New York Bitlicense stifles Bitcoin innovation and expansion with its premature attempt to regulate the Virtury Currency industry,17 Journal of High Technology Law,313(2017).
(27)See Edmund Mokhtarian,Alexander Lindgren,Rise of the Crypto Hedge Fund:Operational Issues and Best Practices for Emergent Investment Industry,23(1),Winter,Stanford Journal of Law,Business & Finance,153-158(2018).
(28)See Carla L.Reyes,Moving Beyond Bitcoin to an Endogenous Theory of Decentralized Ledger Technology Regulation:An Initial Proposal,61 Villanova Law Review,221-222(2016).
(29)数据来源:国家互联网金融安全技术专家委员会发布的《2017上半年国内ICO发展情况报告》,载https://www.ifcert.org.cn/industry/158/IndustryDetail,最后访问时间:2019年5月21日。
(30)参见《中国人民银行办公厅关于加强特定非金融机构反洗钱监管工作的通知》,载http://www.pbc.gov.cn//fanxiqianju/135153/135173/3587072/index.html,最后访问时间:2019年2月1日。
[1]虚拟货币是一种以电子方式转移、储存或交易的数字化价值,它非由中央银行发行,与法定货币没有必然联系,但被自然人或者法人接受为交换工具。See European Banking Authority,Opinion on Virtual Currencies,EBA/Op/2014/08,10(2014).
[2] See Paul Vigna,Michael J.Casey,Cryptocurrency:The Future of Money?Random House,2016,p.42.