非常规油气储层脆性评价方法研究进展
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摘要
岩石脆性评价方法对于非常规油气资源的勘探开发至关重要,其通过计算岩石脆性指数来量化岩石脆性进而用于表征岩石可压裂性,最终服务于非常规油气资源的工业化生产.尽管脆性指标如此重要,由于其物理内涵的特殊性及复杂性,至今业界对岩石脆性没有统一的定义,因此没有统一的岩石脆性评价方法.研究人员出于各自不同的考虑提出了众多岩石脆性评价方法,例如通过确定岩石中脆性矿物及塑性矿物提出的矿物组分法、利用室内岩石力学实验应力-应变曲线中获得的弹性参数及其他特征参数提出的弹性参数法、全应力-应变曲线特征参数法以及利用硬度或强度测试得到的硬度、强度参数提出的硬度法、强度法等.随着近年来的研究深入,许多基于传统方法、原理或不同于传统方法的新型计算方法也得到了更为长足的发展,研究人员对于岩石脆性的定义有了更加深刻的理解.本文对岩石脆性评价常用的方法进行了分析,对计算方法的原理、优越性及局限性等方面进行讨论,并对岩石脆性评价方法的发展趋势进行了展望.
Evaluation of rock brittleness has played a significant role in the exploration and development of unconventional oil/gas resources. Brittleness evaluation methods quantify rock brittleness by calculating brittleness index and then characterize rock brittleness, ultimately serving the industrial production of unconventional oil/gas resources. However, due to the particularity and complexity of rock brittleness, there is no uniform definition of rock brittleness and no uniform brittleness evaluation method despite the fact that the brittleness index is so important. Researchers have proposed many rock brittleness evaluation methods for different considerations. For example, the mineral component method take advantage of the brittle minerals and ductile mineral components in rocks; the elastic-parameter method and the stress-strain curve characteristic-parameter method were based on parameters from the stress-strain curve of indoor rock mechanics tests; the hardness method or strength method acquires the hardness or strength parameters from hardness or strength test, etc. With the in-depth research in recent years, a lot of new algorithms were developed based on traditional methods and principles. Researchers also have a deeper understanding of the definition of rock brittleness. In this paper, according to different characteristics of the algorithms, the methods which have been widely used are reviewed from the following aspects: algorithm basic principle, advantages, and limitations. The development trend of the rock brittleness evaluation method was also discussed.
Evaluation of rock brittleness has played a significant role in the exploration and development of unconventional oil/gas resources. Brittleness evaluation methods quantify rock brittleness by calculating brittleness index and then characterize rock brittleness, ultimately serving the industrial production of unconventional oil/gas resources. However, due to the particularity and complexity of rock brittleness, there is no uniform definition of rock brittleness and no uniform brittleness evaluation method despite the fact that the brittleness index is so important. Researchers have proposed many rock brittleness evaluation methods for different considerations. For example, the mineral component method take advantage of the brittle minerals and ductile mineral components in rocks; the elastic-parameter method and the stress-strain curve characteristic-parameter method were based on parameters from the stress-strain curve of indoor rock mechanics tests; the hardness method or strength method acquires the hardness or strength parameters from hardness or strength test, etc. With the in-depth research in recent years, a lot of new algorithms were developed based on traditional methods and principles. Researchers also have a deeper understanding of the definition of rock brittleness. In this paper, according to different characteristics of the algorithms, the methods which have been widely used are reviewed from the following aspects: algorithm basic principle, advantages, and limitations. The development trend of the rock brittleness evaluation method was also discussed.
引文
Altindag R. 2003. Correlation of specific energy with rock brittleness concepts on rock cutting[J]. The Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,103(3): 163-171.
Andreev G E. 1995. Brittle failure of rock materials[M]. CRC Press.
Bian H Y,Wang F,Zhang Y H,et al. 2015. Experimental study of dynamic and static elastic parameters of tight sandstones under reservoir conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese),34(s1): 3045-3054.边会媛,王飞,张永浩,等. 2015. 储层条件下致密砂岩动静态弹性力学参数实验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,34(s1): 3045-3054.
Bishop A W. 1967. Progressive failure with special reference to the mechanism causing it[A].//Proc. Geotech. Conf.[C]. Oslo,2: 142-150.
Chang C,Zoback M D,Khaksar A. 2006. Empirical relations between rock strength and physical properties in sedimentary rocks[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,51(3): 223-237.
Chen J,Xiao X M. 2013. Mineral composition and brittleness of three sets of Paleozoic organic-rich shales in China South area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society (in Chinese),38(5): 822-826.陈吉,肖贤明. 2013. 南方古生界3套富有机质页岩矿物组成与脆性分析[J]. 煤炭学报,38(5): 822-826.
Dollinger G L,Handewith H J,Breeds C D. 1998. Use of the punch test for estimating TBM performance[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,13(4): 403- 408.
Eberhardt E,Stimpson B,Stead D. 1999. Effects of grain size on the initiation and propagation thresholds of stress-induced brittle fractures[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,32(2): 81-99.
Hajiabdolmajid V,Kaiser P. 2003. Brittleness of rock and stability assessment in hard rock tunneling[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,18(1): 35- 48.
Hajiabdolmajid V,Kaiser P,Martin C D. 2003. Mobilised strength components in brittle failure of rock[J]. Géotechnique,53(3): 327-336.
Handewith H J. 1970. Predicting economic success of continuous tunneling in hard rock[J]. Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin,63(697): 595-+.
Hao J F,Zhou C C,Li X,et al. 2012. Summary of shale gas evaluation applying geophysical logging[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),27(4): 1624-1632,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.040.郝建飞,周灿灿,李霞,等. 2012. 页岩气地球物理测井评价综述[J]. 地球物理学进展,27(4): 1624-1632,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.040.
Heidari M,Khanlari G R,Torabi-Kaveh M,et al. 2014. Effect of Porosity on Rock Brittleness[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,47(2): 785-790.
Hetényi M. 1950. Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis[M]. Wiley.
Holt R M,Fjaer E,Nes O M,et al. 2011. A shaly look at brittleness[A]. 45th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association[C].
Honda H,Sanada Y. 1956. Hardness of coal[J]. Fuel,35(4): 451- 461.
Howell J V. 1957. Book reviews: Glossary of geology and related sciences[J]. Science,126.
Hucka V,Das B. 1974. Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts,11(10): 389-392.
Jarvie D M,Hill R J,Ruble T E,et al. 2007. Unconventional shale-gas systems: The Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment[J]. Aapg Bulletin,91(4): 475- 499.
Jin X,Shah S N,Roegiers J C,et al. 2014a. Fracability evaluation in shale reservoirs-An integrated petrophysics and geomechanics approach[J]. SPE Journal,20(3): 518-526.
Jin X,Shah S N,Truax J A,et al. 2014b. A practical petrophysical approach for brittleness prediction from porosity and sonic logging in shale reservoirs[A].//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers[C].
Kent B. 2003. Recent development of the Barnett shale play,Forth Worth Basin[J]. West Texas Geological Society Bulletin,2: 6.
Lawn B R,Marshall D B. 1979. Hardness,toughness,and brittleness: an indentation analysis[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society,62(7-8): 347-350.
Li J Y. 2013. Analysis on mineral components and frangibility of shales in Dongying depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica (in Chinese),31(4): 616- 620.李钜源. 2013. 东营凹陷泥页岩矿物组成及脆度分析[J]. 沉积学报,31(4): 616- 620.
Li Q H,Chen M,Jin Y,et al. 2012. Indoor evaluation method for shale brittleness and improvement[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese),31(8): 1681-1685.李庆辉,陈勉,金衍,等. 2012. 页岩脆性的室内评价方法及改进[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,31(8): 1681-1685.
Liu E L,Shen Z J. 2005. Study on brittleness of geomaterials[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese),24(19): 3449-3453.刘恩龙,沈珠江. 2005. 岩土材料的脆性研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,24(19): 3449-3453.
Liu Z S,Sun Z D. 2015. New brittleness indexes and their application in shale/clay gas reservoir prediction[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development (in Chinese),42(1): 117-124.刘致水,孙赞东. 2015. 新型脆性因子及其在泥页岩储集层预测中的应用[J]. 石油勘探与开发,42 (1): 117-124.
Luan X,Di B,Wei J,et al. 2014. Laboratory measurements of brittleness anisotropy in synthetic shale with different cementation[A].//2014 SEG Annual Meeting[C]. Society of Exploration Geophysicists,3005-3009.
Morley A. 1944. Strength of materials: with 260 diagrams and numerous examples[A].//Longmans[C]. Greenand Company,New York.
Obert L,Duvall W I. 1967. Rock mechanics and the design of structures in rock[M]. Wiley.
Ozdemir L. 2002. Personnel communication[A].//Earth Mechanics Institute of Colorado School of Mines,Golden Co,USA[C].
Qin X Y,Wang Z L,Yu H Y,et al. 2016. Geophysical well logging in brittleness evaluation based on rock mechanics characteristic—a case study from the member 7 shale of Yanchang Formation in southeast Ordos Basin[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),31(2): 762-769,doi:10.6038/pg20160235.秦晓艳,王震亮,于红岩,等. 2016. 基于岩石力学特征的陆相泥页岩脆性地球物理测井评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部下寺湾地区延长组长7段为例[J]. 地球物理学进展,31(2): 762-769,doi:10.6038/pg20160235.
Quinn J B,Quinn G D. 1997. Indentation brittleness of ceramics: a fresh approach[J]. Journal of Materials Science,32(16): 4331- 4346.
Protodyakonov M M. 1962. Mechanical properties and drillability of rocks[A].//Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Rock Mechanics[C]. University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,103-118.
Ramsay J G. 1968. Folding and Fracturing of Rock[R].
Reichmuth D R. 1967. Point load testing of brittle materials to determine tensile strength and relative brittleness [A]. The 9th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS) [C]. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Rickman R,Mullen M J,Petre J E,et al. 2008. A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: All shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale[A].//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition[C]. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Sun J M,Han Z L,Qin R B,et al. 2015. Log evaluation method of fracturing performance in tight gas reservoir[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica (in Chinese),36(1):74-80.孙建孟,韩志磊,秦瑞宝,等. 2015. 致密气储层可压裂性测井评价方法[J]. 石油学报,36(1): 74-80.
Szwedzicki T. 1998. Draft ISRM suggested method for determining the indentation hardness index of rock materials[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,35(6): 833-835.
Tan M J,Zhang S Y. 2010. Progress in geophysical logging technology for shale gas researvoirs[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),25(6): 2024-2030,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.06.018.谭茂金,张松扬. 2010. 页岩气储层地球物理测井研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展,25(6): 2024-2030,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.06.018.
Tarasov B,Potvin Y. 2013. Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,59(4): 57- 69.
Wang F P,Gale J F. 2009. Screening criteria for shale-gas systems. Gulf Coast Association[J]. Geological Society Transactions,59: 779-793.
Wang S Z. 1993. Brittle-ductile transition and plastic-flow networks in rocks[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),8(4): 25-37.王绳祖. 1993. 岩石的脆性-延性转变及塑性流动网络[J]. 地球物理学进展,8(4): 25-37.
Wasantha P L P,Ranjith P G. 2014. Water-weakening behavior of Hawkesbury sandstone in brittle regime[J]. Engineering Geology,178(8): 91-101.
Yagiz S. 2009. Assessment of brittleness using rock strength and density with punch penetration test[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,24(1): 66-74.
Yang Y,Sone H,Hows A,et al. 2013. Comparison of brittleness indices in organic-rich shale formations[A]. 47th U.S. rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium[C]. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Yao X X,Geng N G,Chen Y. 1980. The effect of stress path on brittleness and ductility of rocks[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),23(3): 313-319.姚孝新,耿乃光,陈颙. 1980. 应力途径对岩石脆性-延性变化的影响[J]. 地球物理学报,23(3): 313-319.
Yilmaz N G,Karaca Z,Goktan R M,et al. 2009. Relative brittleness characterization of some selected granitic building stones: influence of mineral grain size[J]. Construction and Building Materials,23(1): 370-375.
Yu T,Ba J,Chen H,et al. 2017. Analysis of brittleness evaluation methods in tight oil rocks[A]. 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2017[C].
Zhong J H,Liu S X,Ma Y S,et al. 2015. Macro-fracture mode and micro-fracture mechanism of shale[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development (in Chinese),42(2): 242-250.钟建华,刘圣鑫,马寅生,等. 2015. 页岩宏观破裂模式与微观破裂机理[J]. 石油勘探与开发,42(2): 242-250.
Andreev G E. 1995. Brittle failure of rock materials[M]. CRC Press.
Bian H Y,Wang F,Zhang Y H,et al. 2015. Experimental study of dynamic and static elastic parameters of tight sandstones under reservoir conditions[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese),34(s1): 3045-3054.边会媛,王飞,张永浩,等. 2015. 储层条件下致密砂岩动静态弹性力学参数实验研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,34(s1): 3045-3054.
Bishop A W. 1967. Progressive failure with special reference to the mechanism causing it[A].//Proc. Geotech. Conf.[C]. Oslo,2: 142-150.
Chang C,Zoback M D,Khaksar A. 2006. Empirical relations between rock strength and physical properties in sedimentary rocks[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,51(3): 223-237.
Chen J,Xiao X M. 2013. Mineral composition and brittleness of three sets of Paleozoic organic-rich shales in China South area[J]. Journal of China Coal Society (in Chinese),38(5): 822-826.陈吉,肖贤明. 2013. 南方古生界3套富有机质页岩矿物组成与脆性分析[J]. 煤炭学报,38(5): 822-826.
Dollinger G L,Handewith H J,Breeds C D. 1998. Use of the punch test for estimating TBM performance[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,13(4): 403- 408.
Eberhardt E,Stimpson B,Stead D. 1999. Effects of grain size on the initiation and propagation thresholds of stress-induced brittle fractures[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,32(2): 81-99.
Hajiabdolmajid V,Kaiser P. 2003. Brittleness of rock and stability assessment in hard rock tunneling[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,18(1): 35- 48.
Hajiabdolmajid V,Kaiser P,Martin C D. 2003. Mobilised strength components in brittle failure of rock[J]. Géotechnique,53(3): 327-336.
Handewith H J. 1970. Predicting economic success of continuous tunneling in hard rock[J]. Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin,63(697): 595-+.
Hao J F,Zhou C C,Li X,et al. 2012. Summary of shale gas evaluation applying geophysical logging[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),27(4): 1624-1632,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.040.郝建飞,周灿灿,李霞,等. 2012. 页岩气地球物理测井评价综述[J]. 地球物理学进展,27(4): 1624-1632,doi: 10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.040.
Heidari M,Khanlari G R,Torabi-Kaveh M,et al. 2014. Effect of Porosity on Rock Brittleness[J]. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,47(2): 785-790.
Hetényi M. 1950. Handbook of Experimental Stress Analysis[M]. Wiley.
Holt R M,Fjaer E,Nes O M,et al. 2011. A shaly look at brittleness[A]. 45th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association[C].
Honda H,Sanada Y. 1956. Hardness of coal[J]. Fuel,35(4): 451- 461.
Howell J V. 1957. Book reviews: Glossary of geology and related sciences[J]. Science,126.
Hucka V,Das B. 1974. Brittleness determination of rocks by different methods[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts,11(10): 389-392.
Jarvie D M,Hill R J,Ruble T E,et al. 2007. Unconventional shale-gas systems: The Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment[J]. Aapg Bulletin,91(4): 475- 499.
Jin X,Shah S N,Roegiers J C,et al. 2014a. Fracability evaluation in shale reservoirs-An integrated petrophysics and geomechanics approach[J]. SPE Journal,20(3): 518-526.
Jin X,Shah S N,Truax J A,et al. 2014b. A practical petrophysical approach for brittleness prediction from porosity and sonic logging in shale reservoirs[A].//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers[C].
Kent B. 2003. Recent development of the Barnett shale play,Forth Worth Basin[J]. West Texas Geological Society Bulletin,2: 6.
Lawn B R,Marshall D B. 1979. Hardness,toughness,and brittleness: an indentation analysis[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society,62(7-8): 347-350.
Li J Y. 2013. Analysis on mineral components and frangibility of shales in Dongying depression[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica (in Chinese),31(4): 616- 620.李钜源. 2013. 东营凹陷泥页岩矿物组成及脆度分析[J]. 沉积学报,31(4): 616- 620.
Li Q H,Chen M,Jin Y,et al. 2012. Indoor evaluation method for shale brittleness and improvement[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese),31(8): 1681-1685.李庆辉,陈勉,金衍,等. 2012. 页岩脆性的室内评价方法及改进[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,31(8): 1681-1685.
Liu E L,Shen Z J. 2005. Study on brittleness of geomaterials[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese),24(19): 3449-3453.刘恩龙,沈珠江. 2005. 岩土材料的脆性研究[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报,24(19): 3449-3453.
Liu Z S,Sun Z D. 2015. New brittleness indexes and their application in shale/clay gas reservoir prediction[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development (in Chinese),42(1): 117-124.刘致水,孙赞东. 2015. 新型脆性因子及其在泥页岩储集层预测中的应用[J]. 石油勘探与开发,42 (1): 117-124.
Luan X,Di B,Wei J,et al. 2014. Laboratory measurements of brittleness anisotropy in synthetic shale with different cementation[A].//2014 SEG Annual Meeting[C]. Society of Exploration Geophysicists,3005-3009.
Morley A. 1944. Strength of materials: with 260 diagrams and numerous examples[A].//Longmans[C]. Greenand Company,New York.
Obert L,Duvall W I. 1967. Rock mechanics and the design of structures in rock[M]. Wiley.
Ozdemir L. 2002. Personnel communication[A].//Earth Mechanics Institute of Colorado School of Mines,Golden Co,USA[C].
Qin X Y,Wang Z L,Yu H Y,et al. 2016. Geophysical well logging in brittleness evaluation based on rock mechanics characteristic—a case study from the member 7 shale of Yanchang Formation in southeast Ordos Basin[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),31(2): 762-769,doi:10.6038/pg20160235.秦晓艳,王震亮,于红岩,等. 2016. 基于岩石力学特征的陆相泥页岩脆性地球物理测井评价——以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部下寺湾地区延长组长7段为例[J]. 地球物理学进展,31(2): 762-769,doi:10.6038/pg20160235.
Quinn J B,Quinn G D. 1997. Indentation brittleness of ceramics: a fresh approach[J]. Journal of Materials Science,32(16): 4331- 4346.
Protodyakonov M M. 1962. Mechanical properties and drillability of rocks[A].//Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium on Rock Mechanics[C]. University of Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,103-118.
Ramsay J G. 1968. Folding and Fracturing of Rock[R].
Reichmuth D R. 1967. Point load testing of brittle materials to determine tensile strength and relative brittleness [A]. The 9th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS) [C]. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Rickman R,Mullen M J,Petre J E,et al. 2008. A practical use of shale petrophysics for stimulation design optimization: All shale plays are not clones of the Barnett Shale[A].//SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition[C]. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Sun J M,Han Z L,Qin R B,et al. 2015. Log evaluation method of fracturing performance in tight gas reservoir[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica (in Chinese),36(1):74-80.孙建孟,韩志磊,秦瑞宝,等. 2015. 致密气储层可压裂性测井评价方法[J]. 石油学报,36(1): 74-80.
Szwedzicki T. 1998. Draft ISRM suggested method for determining the indentation hardness index of rock materials[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,35(6): 833-835.
Tan M J,Zhang S Y. 2010. Progress in geophysical logging technology for shale gas researvoirs[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),25(6): 2024-2030,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.06.018.谭茂金,张松扬. 2010. 页岩气储层地球物理测井研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展,25(6): 2024-2030,doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-2903.2010.06.018.
Tarasov B,Potvin Y. 2013. Universal criteria for rock brittleness estimation under triaxial compression[J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,59(4): 57- 69.
Wang F P,Gale J F. 2009. Screening criteria for shale-gas systems. Gulf Coast Association[J]. Geological Society Transactions,59: 779-793.
Wang S Z. 1993. Brittle-ductile transition and plastic-flow networks in rocks[J]. Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),8(4): 25-37.王绳祖. 1993. 岩石的脆性-延性转变及塑性流动网络[J]. 地球物理学进展,8(4): 25-37.
Wasantha P L P,Ranjith P G. 2014. Water-weakening behavior of Hawkesbury sandstone in brittle regime[J]. Engineering Geology,178(8): 91-101.
Yagiz S. 2009. Assessment of brittleness using rock strength and density with punch penetration test[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,24(1): 66-74.
Yang Y,Sone H,Hows A,et al. 2013. Comparison of brittleness indices in organic-rich shale formations[A]. 47th U.S. rock mechanics/geomechanics symposium[C]. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Yao X X,Geng N G,Chen Y. 1980. The effect of stress path on brittleness and ductility of rocks[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),23(3): 313-319.姚孝新,耿乃光,陈颙. 1980. 应力途径对岩石脆性-延性变化的影响[J]. 地球物理学报,23(3): 313-319.
Yilmaz N G,Karaca Z,Goktan R M,et al. 2009. Relative brittleness characterization of some selected granitic building stones: influence of mineral grain size[J]. Construction and Building Materials,23(1): 370-375.
Yu T,Ba J,Chen H,et al. 2017. Analysis of brittleness evaluation methods in tight oil rocks[A]. 79th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2017[C].
Zhong J H,Liu S X,Ma Y S,et al. 2015. Macro-fracture mode and micro-fracture mechanism of shale[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development (in Chinese),42(2): 242-250.钟建华,刘圣鑫,马寅生,等. 2015. 页岩宏观破裂模式与微观破裂机理[J]. 石油勘探与开发,42(2): 242-250.