评价框架中态度资源的完善——以小组讨论中评价语言使用为例
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摘要
系统功能语言学中的评价框架自建立以来已应用于不同体裁中评价语言的研究。根据对研究生英汉语小组讨论中口头话语评价资源使用的研究,本文提出如下观点:可进一步完善态度系统,对Martin和White(2005)提出的态度框架的修改和完善可分两个阶段:第一是对情感系统中非意愿/意愿和非安全/安全的重新分类和鉴赏系统中影响和品质的再理论化;第二是对判断和鉴赏的扩展。这些完善有助于发展评价框架,提供更有效的评价立场表达方式。
Since its establishment,the appraisal framework in Systemic Functional Linguistics has gone through some refinements to be applicable in studies of the evaluative language in different genres. Based on a study of the use of evaluative resources in spoken discourse by postgraduate students in small group discussions in English and in Chinese,it is argued that more refinements can be made to the system of attitude,involving a two-stage process of modification and refinement of Martin & White's (2005) attitude framework. These refinements,consisting of the re-categorization of dis/inclination and in/security in the affect system and the re-theorization of impact and quality in the appreciation system,as well as an extension of Judgment and appreciation,help to develop the appraisal framework and provide means of expressing evaluative stances more effectively.
Since its establishment,the appraisal framework in Systemic Functional Linguistics has gone through some refinements to be applicable in studies of the evaluative language in different genres. Based on a study of the use of evaluative resources in spoken discourse by postgraduate students in small group discussions in English and in Chinese,it is argued that more refinements can be made to the system of attitude,involving a two-stage process of modification and refinement of Martin & White's (2005) attitude framework. These refinements,consisting of the re-categorization of dis/inclination and in/security in the affect system and the re-theorization of impact and quality in the appreciation system,as well as an extension of Judgment and appreciation,help to develop the appraisal framework and provide means of expressing evaluative stances more effectively.
引文
李战子.评价理论:在话语分析中的应用和问题[J].外语研究,2004(5).‖Li,Z.-Z.Appraisal Theory:Applications and Problems in Discourse Analysis[J].Foreign Languages Research,2004(5).
马伟林.评价理论对英语口语教学的启示[J].外语教学,2007(6).‖Ma,W.-L.Appraisal Theory:Implications for the Teaching of Spoken English[J].Foreign Language Education,2007(6).
张伟年.英语教材评价理论框架研究[J].外语研究,2014(1).‖Zhang,W.-N.English Textbooks Evaluation in the Framework of the Appraisal Theory[J].Foreign Languages Research,2014(1).
Adendorff,R.,de Klerk,V.The Role of Appraisal Resources in Constructing a Community Response to AIDS[J].Linguistics and Human Sciences,2005(3).
Becker,A.Modality and Engagement in British and German Political Interviews[J].Languages in Contrast,2009(1).
Bednarek,M.Emotion Talk Across Corpora[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2008.
Brick,J.Academic Culture:A Student's Guide to Studying at University[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
Caldwell,D.Working Your Words:Appraisal in the AFLPost-match Interview[J].Australian Review of Applied Linguistics,2009(2).
Christie,F.,Martin,J.R.Genre and Institutions:Social Processes in the Workplace and School[M].London:Continuum,2005.
Eggins,S.Researching Everyday Talk[A].In:Unsworth,L.(Ed.),Researching Language in Schools and Communities:Functional Linguistic Perspectives[C].London:Cassell,2000.
Eggins,S.,Slade,D.Analysing Casual Conversation[M].London:Cassell,1997.
Hao,J.,Humphrey,S.The Role of‘Coupling'in Biological Experimental Reports[J].Linguistics and the Human Sciences,2012(2).
Hommerberg,C.,Don,A.Appraisal and the Language of Wine Appreciation:A Critical Discussion of the Potential of the Appraisal Framework as a Tool to Analyse Specialised Genres[J].Functions of Language,2014(3).
Hood,S.Appraising Research:Evaluation in Academic Writing[M].New York:Palgrave,2010.
Hood,S.,Forey,G.The Interpersonal Dynamics of CallCentre Interactions:Co-constructing the Rise and Fall of Emotion[J].Discourse and Communication,2008(4).
Lipovsky,C.Appraising One's Skills and Competences in a CV[A].In:Moura,A.(Ed.),Appraisal Symposium2013:Current Issues in Appraisal Analysis[C].Sydney:UNSW,2013.
Macken-Horarik,M.Appraisal and the Special Instructiveness of Narrative[A].In:Macken-Horarik,M.,Martin,J.R.(Eds.),Negotiating Heterglossia:Social Perspectives on Evaluation[C].Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2003.
Martin,J.R.Beyond Exchange:Appraisal System in English[A].In:Hunston,S.,Thompson,G.(Eds.),Evaluation in Text:Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
Martin,J.R.,Rose,D.Working with Discourse:Meaning Beyond the Clause[M].New York:Continuum International Publishing Group,2003.
Martin,J.R.,White,P.R.R.The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M].London:Palgrave,2005.
Miller,D.R.Towards a Typology of Evaluation in Parliamentary Debate:From Theory to Practice and Back Again[J].Textus,2007(1).
Redmond,M.V.Cultural Distance as a Mediating Factor Between Stress and Intercultural Communication Competence[J].International Journal of Intercultural Relations,2000(1).
Swain,E.Analysing Evaluation in Political Cartoons[J].Discourse,Context and Media,2012(2).
Unsworth,L.Persuasive Narratives:Evaluative Images in Picture Books and Animated Movies[A].In:Moura,A.(Ed.),Appraisal Symposium 2013:Current Issues in Appraisal Analysis[C].Sydney:UNSW,2013.
White,P.R.R.Attitudinal Meanings,Translational Commensurability and Linguistic Relativity[J].Revista canaria de estudios ingleses,2012(65).
Yeh,C.J.,Inose,M.International Students'Reported English Fluency,Social Support Satisfaction,and Social Connectedness as Predictors of Acculturative Stress[J].Counselling Psychology Quarterly,2003(1).
马伟林.评价理论对英语口语教学的启示[J].外语教学,2007(6).‖Ma,W.-L.Appraisal Theory:Implications for the Teaching of Spoken English[J].Foreign Language Education,2007(6).
张伟年.英语教材评价理论框架研究[J].外语研究,2014(1).‖Zhang,W.-N.English Textbooks Evaluation in the Framework of the Appraisal Theory[J].Foreign Languages Research,2014(1).
Adendorff,R.,de Klerk,V.The Role of Appraisal Resources in Constructing a Community Response to AIDS[J].Linguistics and Human Sciences,2005(3).
Becker,A.Modality and Engagement in British and German Political Interviews[J].Languages in Contrast,2009(1).
Bednarek,M.Emotion Talk Across Corpora[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2008.
Brick,J.Academic Culture:A Student's Guide to Studying at University[M].London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
Caldwell,D.Working Your Words:Appraisal in the AFLPost-match Interview[J].Australian Review of Applied Linguistics,2009(2).
Christie,F.,Martin,J.R.Genre and Institutions:Social Processes in the Workplace and School[M].London:Continuum,2005.
Eggins,S.Researching Everyday Talk[A].In:Unsworth,L.(Ed.),Researching Language in Schools and Communities:Functional Linguistic Perspectives[C].London:Cassell,2000.
Eggins,S.,Slade,D.Analysing Casual Conversation[M].London:Cassell,1997.
Hao,J.,Humphrey,S.The Role of‘Coupling'in Biological Experimental Reports[J].Linguistics and the Human Sciences,2012(2).
Hommerberg,C.,Don,A.Appraisal and the Language of Wine Appreciation:A Critical Discussion of the Potential of the Appraisal Framework as a Tool to Analyse Specialised Genres[J].Functions of Language,2014(3).
Hood,S.Appraising Research:Evaluation in Academic Writing[M].New York:Palgrave,2010.
Hood,S.,Forey,G.The Interpersonal Dynamics of CallCentre Interactions:Co-constructing the Rise and Fall of Emotion[J].Discourse and Communication,2008(4).
Lipovsky,C.Appraising One's Skills and Competences in a CV[A].In:Moura,A.(Ed.),Appraisal Symposium2013:Current Issues in Appraisal Analysis[C].Sydney:UNSW,2013.
Macken-Horarik,M.Appraisal and the Special Instructiveness of Narrative[A].In:Macken-Horarik,M.,Martin,J.R.(Eds.),Negotiating Heterglossia:Social Perspectives on Evaluation[C].Berlin:Walter de Gruyter,2003.
Martin,J.R.Beyond Exchange:Appraisal System in English[A].In:Hunston,S.,Thompson,G.(Eds.),Evaluation in Text:Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.
Martin,J.R.,Rose,D.Working with Discourse:Meaning Beyond the Clause[M].New York:Continuum International Publishing Group,2003.
Martin,J.R.,White,P.R.R.The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M].London:Palgrave,2005.
Miller,D.R.Towards a Typology of Evaluation in Parliamentary Debate:From Theory to Practice and Back Again[J].Textus,2007(1).
Redmond,M.V.Cultural Distance as a Mediating Factor Between Stress and Intercultural Communication Competence[J].International Journal of Intercultural Relations,2000(1).
Swain,E.Analysing Evaluation in Political Cartoons[J].Discourse,Context and Media,2012(2).
Unsworth,L.Persuasive Narratives:Evaluative Images in Picture Books and Animated Movies[A].In:Moura,A.(Ed.),Appraisal Symposium 2013:Current Issues in Appraisal Analysis[C].Sydney:UNSW,2013.
White,P.R.R.Attitudinal Meanings,Translational Commensurability and Linguistic Relativity[J].Revista canaria de estudios ingleses,2012(65).
Yeh,C.J.,Inose,M.International Students'Reported English Fluency,Social Support Satisfaction,and Social Connectedness as Predictors of Acculturative Stress[J].Counselling Psychology Quarterly,2003(1).