甘肃白银厂折腰山VMS矿床蚀变带元素迁移及定量计算
|
摘要
折腰山矿床是甘肃省白银厂矿田内最典型的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床,赋矿围岩主要为奥陶纪石英角斑凝灰岩,属于FⅡ类流纹岩,为弧后环境的产物,在海底对流循环成矿作用过程中,遭受强烈的热液改造,形成了多种类型的蚀变。文章将折腰山矿床蚀变围岩分为弱蚀变带→绢云母硅化带→绿泥石化带→矿化带,利用蚀变趋势图解和质量迁移计算等方法,定量揭示了热液蚀变过程中元素的迁移规律。研究表明:①从弱蚀变带→矿化带,蚀变强度逐渐增大,主量元素P、Mn有一定活动性,二者的迁移量分别为-8.8%～8.8%和-1.8%～9.9%,但迁移趋势不规律;Si迁移量变化范围较大,为-16.2%～83.73%;Na、Ca、Sr大量迁出,其中Na、Ca最大迁出量分别可达-3.11%和-2.71%;Mg、Fe依次迁入,并在绿泥石化带中达到最大值9.49%和69.73%;K在绢云母化带中迁入量出现峰值1.6%,其后逐渐迁出,最大可达-2.22%;Rb的迁移行为与K一致;②高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等在热液蚀变过程中相对保持惰性;Al、Ti及Y表现为弱活动性;③主要成矿元素Cu随蚀变强度的增大,其迁入量有递增的趋势,Pb、Zn在矿化带中迁入,其余各带均为迁出;④热液活动过程中,SiO_2活化再沉淀,形成硅化蚀变;K的迁入形成绢云母化,并消耗了H~+,使热液酸度减小;Mg、Fe的迁入在还原环境下形成绿泥石化,并伴随金属硫化物的沉淀。因此,折腰山矿床中的绿泥石化可能是导致矿质发生沉淀的重要蚀变作用,其在勘查工作中可以作为寻找VMS矿体的重要标志。
The Zheyaoshan deposit is the most typical volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS) deposit in Baiyinchang orefield, Gansu Province. The deposit mainly occurs in the Ordovician quartz keratophyre tuff, which belongs to the FⅡ-type rhyolite, and originated from a back-arc tectonic setting. In the process of seafloor convection circulation mine ralization, the rocks suffered from intense hydrothermal transformation which resulted in many types of alteration. In this paper, the altered rocks in Zheyaoshan deposit are subdivided into least-altered zone, sericitation-silicification zone, chloritization zone and mineralization zone. By means of migration trend diagram and mass change calcula-tion, the authors quantitatively interpret the migration regularity of elements in the process of hydrothermal alteration. Some conclusions have been reached:(1) The alteration intensity gradually increases from least-altered zone to mineralization zone. Major elements P, Mn show some activity with a variation from-8.8% to 8.8% and from~(-1).8%to 9.9% respectively but have irregular migration trend; Si has a diverse migration, which ranges from~(-1)6.2% to83.73% of the mass; Na, Ca, Sr are strongly depleted, Na and Ca have been lost by-3.11% and-2.71%; Mg, Fe move in gradually and have gain as much as 9.49% and 69.73% in the chloritization zone; K shows a peak value of 1.6% in sericitization zone, and then gradually moves out by-2.22% in late hydrothermal alteration zone, the migration behavior of Rb is consistent with that of K;(2) High field strength elements(e. g., Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf et al.) behave relatively inertly in the process of hydrothermal alteration; Al, Ti and Y are characterized by slight activity;(3) Metallogenic element Cu has a tendency of increasing enrichment following increasing alteration intensity, Pb, Zn are enriched in the mineralization zone but are leached out in other alteration zones;(4) During the hydrothermal alteration,SiO_2 experiences a process of activation and precipitation, then forms the silicification alteration; The gain of K forms sericitization and consumes the H~+, resulting in the decrease of hydrothermal acidity; And the gain of Mg, Fe forms chloritization under reductive environment, along with the metal sulfide precipitation in the same time. Therefore,chloritization in Zheyaoshan deposit is an important alteration type that may give rise to mineral precipitation, and can hence be used as a significant symbol of VMS orebodies in the exploration.
The Zheyaoshan deposit is the most typical volcanogenic massive sulfide(VMS) deposit in Baiyinchang orefield, Gansu Province. The deposit mainly occurs in the Ordovician quartz keratophyre tuff, which belongs to the FⅡ-type rhyolite, and originated from a back-arc tectonic setting. In the process of seafloor convection circulation mine ralization, the rocks suffered from intense hydrothermal transformation which resulted in many types of alteration. In this paper, the altered rocks in Zheyaoshan deposit are subdivided into least-altered zone, sericitation-silicification zone, chloritization zone and mineralization zone. By means of migration trend diagram and mass change calcula-tion, the authors quantitatively interpret the migration regularity of elements in the process of hydrothermal alteration. Some conclusions have been reached:(1) The alteration intensity gradually increases from least-altered zone to mineralization zone. Major elements P, Mn show some activity with a variation from-8.8% to 8.8% and from~(-1).8%to 9.9% respectively but have irregular migration trend; Si has a diverse migration, which ranges from~(-1)6.2% to83.73% of the mass; Na, Ca, Sr are strongly depleted, Na and Ca have been lost by-3.11% and-2.71%; Mg, Fe move in gradually and have gain as much as 9.49% and 69.73% in the chloritization zone; K shows a peak value of 1.6% in sericitization zone, and then gradually moves out by-2.22% in late hydrothermal alteration zone, the migration behavior of Rb is consistent with that of K;(2) High field strength elements(e. g., Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf et al.) behave relatively inertly in the process of hydrothermal alteration; Al, Ti and Y are characterized by slight activity;(3) Metallogenic element Cu has a tendency of increasing enrichment following increasing alteration intensity, Pb, Zn are enriched in the mineralization zone but are leached out in other alteration zones;(4) During the hydrothermal alteration,SiO_2 experiences a process of activation and precipitation, then forms the silicification alteration; The gain of K forms sericitization and consumes the H~+, resulting in the decrease of hydrothermal acidity; And the gain of Mg, Fe forms chloritization under reductive environment, along with the metal sulfide precipitation in the same time. Therefore,chloritization in Zheyaoshan deposit is an important alteration type that may give rise to mineral precipitation, and can hence be used as a significant symbol of VMS orebodies in the exploration.
引文
An W,Cao Z M,Zheng J B,Liu J and Chen M.2003.The developments of study on ancient and modern volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,18(5):773-782(in Chinese with English abstract).
Baker T,Van Achterberg E,Ryan C G and Lang J R.2004.Composition and evolution of ore fluids in a magmatic-hydrothermal skarn deposit[J].Geology,32(2):1089-1090.
Barnes H L.1979.Solubilities of ore minerals[A].In:Barnes H L,ed.Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits[M].New York:Wiley Interscience.404-460.
Campbell I H,Lesher C M,Coad P,Franklin J M,Gorton M P and Thurston P C.1984.Rare-earth element mobility in alteration pipes below massive Cu-Zn sulfide deposits[J].Chemical Geology,45(3):181-202.
Chen X,Liu J J,Zhang D H and Tao Y L.2014.Mechanisms of zinc transport and deposition in hydrothermal deposits[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,20(3):388-406(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Y C,Ye Q T,Feng J,Mou C L,Zhou L R,Wang Q M,Huang GZ,Zhuang D Z and Ren B C.1996.Metallogenic conditions and prediction of the Ashele Cu-Zn metallogenic belt[M].Beijing:Geology Publishing House.330p(in Chinese).
Darabi H,Galanter W L,Lin Y Y,Buy U and Sampath R.2009.Mass change calculations during hydrothermal alteration/mineralization in the porphyry copper deposit of Darrehzar,Iran[J].Research Journal of Environmental Sciences,3(1):41-51.
Du Z Z,Liang W J,Zhen S J,Li Y S,Zhang Z H and Zhen S M.2014a.Barite characteristics and its prospecting significance of Xiaotieshan Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit in Baiyinchang,Gansu Province[J].Mineral Deposits,(s1):1003-1004(in Chinese).
Du Z Z,Ye T Z,Pang Z S,Lv Z C,Liang W J,Zhen S J,Zhang Z H,Li Y S and Zhen S M.2014b.Characteristics and geological significance of fluid inclusions from Zheyaoshan Footwall vein orebody in Baiyinchang copper polymetallic deposit,Gansu Province[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology and Geochemistry,33(2):145-153(in Chinese with English abstract).
Eastoe C J,Solomon M and Walshe J L.1987.District-scale alteration associated with massive sulfide deposits in the Mount Read Volcanics,western Tasmania[J].Econ.Geol.,82(5):1239-1258.
Fournier R O.1985.The behavior of silica in hydrothermal solutions[J].Reviews in Econ.Geol.,2:45-59.
Fu P,Chen S Y,Zhao J N,Yang X B,Gao J Y and Ping L Y.2016.Geochemical characteristics and of rocks from Baiyinchang copper polymetallic ore field in Gansu Province and geological implications[J].Geology and Exploation,52(1):14-24(in Chinese with English abstract).
Grant J A.1986.The isocon diagram-a simple solution to Gresens'equation for metasomatic alteration[J].Econ.Geol.,81(8):1976-1982.
Grant J A.2005.Isocon analysis:A brief review of the method and applications[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Parts a/b/c,30(17-18):997-1004.
Gresens R L.1967.Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism[J].Chemical Geology,2(67):47-65.
Guo S,Ye K,Chen Y,Liu J B and Zhang L M.2013.Introduction of mass-balance calculation method for component transfer during the opening of a geological system[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(5):1486-1498(in Chinese with English abstract).
Haeussinger H,Okrusch M and Scheepers D.1993.Geochemistry of premetamorphic hydrothermal alteration of metasedimentary rocks associated with the Gorob massive sulfide prospect,Damara Orogen,Namibia[J].Econ.Geol.,88(1):72-90.
Hart T R,Gibson H L and Lesher C M.2004.Trace element geochemistry and petrogenesis of felsic volcanic rocks associated with volcanogenic massive Cu-Zn-Pb sulfide deposits[J].Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists,99(5):1003-1013.
Helgeson H C.1964.Complexing and hydrothermal ore deposition[J].Macmillan New York,18(1):140.
Hou K J,Li Y H and Wan D F.2006.Stable isotope geochemistry and genesis of the Archean Hongtoushan sulfide deposit in Liaoning Province[C].National Deposit Conference.167-170(in Chinese).
Hou Z Q,Li Y Q,Zhang Q L and Qu X M.2003.End-members and mixing of fluids in submarine hydrothermal system:Evidence from fluid inclusions in the Baiyinchang and Gansu VMS deposits[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,19(2):221-234(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hou Z Q,Zaw K,Rona P,Li Y Q,Qu X M,Song S H,Peng L G and Hou J J.2008.Geology,fluid inclusions,and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Baiyinchang pipe-style volcanic-hosted massive sulfide Cu deposit in Gansu Province,northwestern China[J].Econ.Geol.,103(1):269-292.
Hu H M.1959.Metallic ore deposits in the volcanic succession of the eastern Qilian mountains[J].Geological Review,19(1):1-12(in Chinese).
Inoue A.1995.Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments[A].In:Velde B,ed.Origin and mineralogy of clays:Clay and the environment[M].Berlin:Springer.268-330.
Ishikawa Y,Sawaguchi T,Iwaya S and Horiuchi M.1976.Modes of volcanism of underlying dacite and alteration haloes[J].ShigenChishitsu,26:105-117.
Jia Q Z,Yang Z T,Xiao Z Y,Quan S C,Zou X H,Xiao S Y,Wang S Q,Li B Q,Li B X,Wu Y Z,Guo Z P,Duan Y M,Su H L,Lei X Wand Zhang C.2007.Metallogenic regularity and prediction of CuAu-Pb-Zn deposits in the Qilian Mountains[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.312p(in Chinese).
Jiang F Z and Wang Y W.1992.New knowledge on geology of massive sulfide deposit in Baiyin ore field,Gansu Province[J].Geological Exploration for Non Ferrous Metals,1(3):129-139(in Chinese).
Jiang M R,Zhang J,Liu W H and Xiong S F.2015.Alteration-mineralization and element migration features of Nihe iron deposit in Lujiang,Anhui Province[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,40(6):1034-1051(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kypek H H.1955.Altered rock and its ore-prospecting significance[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.102-124(in Chinese).
Large R R.2001a.The alteration box plot:A simple approach to understanding the relationship between alteration mineralogy and lithogeochemistry associated with volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):957-971.
Large R R.2001b.The spectrum of ore deposit types,volcanic environments,alteration halos,and related exploration vectors in Submarine volcanic successions:Some examples from Australia[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):913-938.
Li W Y.2004.Main mineral deposit associations in the Qilian Mountains and their metallogenic dynamics[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,25(3):313-320(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li W Y,Dong F C,Jiang H B,Tan W J and Wang Y H.2006.Metallogenetic characteristics and prospecting potential of major metallic minerals in northwest China[J].Northwestern Geology,39(2):1-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li X M,Peng L G.1998.The characteristics and significance of wall rock alteration in Baiyin ore field[J].Northwestern Geology,19(2):10-18(in Chinese).
Liang W J,Du Z Z,Zhen S J,Zhang Z H,Li Y S and Zhen S M.2013.The chloritization of Baiyinchang deposits and its metallogenic significance[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(s2):464-465(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liao S L.2014.Progressively determine prospecting targets and quantitative forecast of Baiyin ore district,Gansu Province(dissertation for Doctoral degree)[D].Supervisor:Chen S Y.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences.12-139p(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liao Z,Liu Y P,Li C Y,Ye L,Liu S R and Zheng W Q.2010.Characteristics of chlorites from Dulong Sn-Zn deposit and their metallogenic implications[J].Mineral Deposits,29(1):169-176(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Y J,Cao L M,Li Z L,Wang H N,Chu T Q and Zhang J R.1984.Geochemistry of element[M].Beijing:Science Press.548p(in Chinese).
Maclean W H and Barrett T J.1993.Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile elements[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,48(2):109-133.
Maclean W H,Hoy L D,Maclean W H and Hoy L D.1991.Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered rocks at the Horne Mine,Noranda,Quebec[J].Econ.Geol.,86(3):506-528.
Maclean W H,Kranidiotis P,Maclean W H and Kranidiotis P.1987.Immobile elements as monitors of mass transfer in hydrothermal alteration;Phelps Dodge massive sulfide deposit,Matagami,Quebec[J].Econ.Geol.,82(4):951-962.
Montoya J W,Hemley J J,Montoya J W and Hemley J J.1975.Activity relations and stabilities in alkali feldspar and mica alteration reactions[J].Econ.Geol.,70(3):577-583.
Paulick H.2001.Alteration of felsic volcanics hosting the Thalanga massive sulfide deposit(Northern Queensland,Australia)and geochemical proximity indicators to ore[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):1175-1200.
Ruaya J R and Seward T M.1986.The stability of chlorozinc(II)complexes in hydrothermal solutions up to 350°C[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,40(5):651-661.
Schardt C,Cooke D R,Gemmell J B and Large R R.2001.Geochemical modeling of the zoned footwall alteration pipe,Hellyer volcanichosted massive sulfide deposit,Western Tasmania,Australia[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):1037-1054.
Sillitoe R H.1982.Extensional habitats of rhyolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits[J].Geology,10(8):403-407.
Song S H.1955.Characteristics and metallogenic law of pyrite-type copper deposits in Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Geological Sinica,35(1):34-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song S H.1957.Some additional notes on the geology of the Chilianshan pyritic copper ore deposits[J].Acta Geological Sinica,37(1):59-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song S H.1991.Time and space distribution of some major types of metallic ore deposits of China[J].Mineral Deposits,10(1):10-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song S,Niu Y,Zhang L,Wei C,Liou J G and Su L.2009.Tectonic evolution of early Paleozoic HP metamorphic rocks in the North Qilian Mountains,NW China:New perspectives[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,35(3):334-353.
Sun S S and Mcdonough W F.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of Oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle composition and processes[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,42(1):313-345.
Wang C Y,Li X F,Xiao R,Bai Y P,Yang F,Mao W and Jiang S K.2012.Elements mobilization of mineralized porphyry rocks during hydrothermal alteration at Zhushahong porphyry copper deposit,Dexing district,South China[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,28(12):3869-3886(in Chinese with English abstract).
Warren I,Simmons S F,Mauk J L,Warren I,Simmons S F and Mauk JL.2007.Whole-rock geochemical techniques for evaluating hydrothermal alteration,mass changes,and compositional gradients associated with epithermal Au-Ag mineralization[J].Econ.Geol.,102(5):923-948.
Whitbread M A and Moore C L.2004.Two lithogeochemical approaches to the identification of alteration patterns at the Elura Zn-Pb-Ag deposit,Cobar,New South Wales,Australia:Use of pearce element ratio analysis and isocon analysis[J].Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,4(2):129-141.
Winchester J A and Floyd P A.1977.Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements[J].Chemical Geology,20(4):325-343.
Wu J R.1992.Analysis of geologic characteristics and ore-forming conditions of pyritic copper polymetallic deposits in Baiyinchang Orefield Gansu[J].Northwest Geoscience,13(2):83-96(in Chinese).
Xia L Q and Xia Z C.1995.Dynamics of tectono-volcano-magmatic evolution from North Qilian Mountains,China[J].Northwest Geoscience,16(1):1-28.
Yang L,Liu X Y and Li X K.2011.The mineralization of marine volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits[J].China Mining Magazine,29(s1):159-161(in Chinese).
Zhang D H.1997.Overview of research on the ore depositional mechanisms in ore-forming fluid[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,16(3):53-58(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang K Q and Yang Y.2002.Multiple precursor systems and mass balance of alteration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,21(2):61-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhen S J,Du Z Z,Liang W J,Li Y S,Zhang Z H and Zhen S M.2013.The sericitization of Baiyinchang copper polymetallic deposits[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(s2):544-545(in Chinese).
Zheng Y C,Gu L X,Tang X Q,Wu C Z,Li C H and Liu S H.2010.Element mobilization and mass-change quantification of highly metamorphosed footwall alteration zones in Hongtoushan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit,Liaoning Province[J].Mineral Deposits,29(5):785-809(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zheng Y C,Gu L,Tang X,Wu C,Li C and Liu S.2011.Geology and geochemistry of highly metamorphosed footwall alteration zones in the Hongtoushan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit,Liaoning Province,China[J].Resource Geology,61(2):113-139.
安伟,曹志敏,郑建斌,刘激,陈敏.2003.古代与现代火山成因块状硫化物矿床研究进展[J].地球科学进展,18(5):773-782.
陈贤,刘家军,张德会,陶银龙.2014.热液矿床中锌的迁移、沉淀机制综述[J].高校地质学报,20(3):388-406.
陈毓川,叶庆同,冯京,牟传龙,周良仁,王全明,黄光昭,庄道泽,任秉琛.1996.阿舍勒铜锌成矿带成矿条件和成矿预测[M].北京:地质出版社.330页.
杜泽忠,梁婉娟,甄世军,李永胜,张志辉,甄世民.2014a.甘肃白银厂小铁山铅锌多金属矿床重晶石特征及找矿意义[J].矿床地质,(s1):1003-1004.
杜泽忠,叶天竺,庞振山,吕志成,梁婉娟,甄世军,张志辉,李永胜,甄世民.2014b.甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田折腰山矿床下盘脉状矿体流体包裹体特征及其意义[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,33(2):145-153.
傅鹏,陈守余,赵江南,杨兴彬,高冀芸,平兰英.2016.甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田岩石地球化学特征及地质意义[J].地质与勘探,52(1):14-24.
郭顺,叶凯,陈意,刘景波,张灵敏.2013.开放地质体系中物质迁移质量平衡计算方法介绍[J].岩石学报,29(5):1486-1498.
侯可军,李延河,万德芳.2006.辽宁太古代红透山铜矿的稳定同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因[C].全国矿床会议论文.167-170.
侯增谦,李荫清,张绮玲,曲晓明.2003.海底热水成矿系统中的流体端员与混合过程:来自白银厂和呷村VMS矿床的流体包裹体证据[J].岩石学报,19(2):221-234.
胡惠民.1959.祁连山东部火山岩系中的金属矿床[J].地质论评,19(1):1-12.
贾群子,杨忠堂,肖朝阳,全守村,邹湘华,肖思云,王升勤,李宝强,李百祥,伍跃中,郭周平,段永民,苏亮红,雷学武,张传.2007.祁连山铜金钨铅锌矿床成矿规律和成矿预测[M].北京:地质出版社.312页.
姜福芝,王玉往.1992.白银矿田块状硫化物矿床几个地质问题的新认识[J].有色金属矿产与勘查,1(3):129-139.
江满容,张均,刘文浩,熊索菲.2015.安徽庐江泥河铁矿床蚀变-矿化作用及元素迁移规律[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),40(6):1034-1051.
库列克.1955.蚀变围岩及其找矿意义[M].孟宪民译.北京:地质出版社.102-124.
李文渊.2004.祁连山主要矿床组合及其成矿动力学分析[J].地球学报,25(3):313-320.
李文渊,董福辰,姜寒冰,谭文娟,王永和.2006.西北地区重要金属矿产成矿特征及其找矿潜力[J].西北地质,39(2):1-16.
李向民,彭礼贵.1998.白银矿田含矿围岩蚀变特征及其意义[J].西北地质,19(2):10-18.
梁婉娟,杜泽忠,甄世军,张志辉,李永胜,甄世民.2013.甘肃白银厂矿床绿泥石特征及其成矿意义[J].矿物学报,(s2):464-465.
廖时理.2014.甘肃省白银地区找矿靶区逐级圈定与定量预测(博士论文)[D].导师:陈守余.武汉:中国地质大学.12-139页.
廖震,刘玉平,李朝阳,叶霖,刘世荣,郑文勤.2010.都龙锡锌矿床绿泥石特征及其成矿意义[J].矿床地质,29(1):169-176.
刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟,王鹤年,储同庆,张景荣.1984.元素地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社.548页.
宋叔和.1955.祁连山一带黄铁矿型铜矿的特征与成矿规律[J].地质学报,35(1):34-46.
宋叔和.1957.对祁连山黄铁矿型铜矿地质的一些补充意见[J].地质学报,37(1):59-81.
宋叔和.1991.中国一些主要金属矿床类型及其时空分布规律问题[J].矿床地质,10(1):10-18.
王翠云,李晓峰,肖荣,白艳萍,杨锋,毛伟,蒋松坤.2012.德兴朱砂红斑岩铜矿热液蚀变作用及元素地球化学迁移规律[J].岩石学报,28(12):3869-3886.
邬介人.1992.白银厂矿田黄铁矿型铜-多金属矿床的地质特征及成矿条件分析[J].西北地质科学,13(2):83-96.
夏林圻,夏祖春.1995.北祁连山构造-火山岩浆演化动力学[J].西北地质科学,16(1):1-28.
杨磊,刘秀英,李小康.2011.海底火山成因的块状硫化物矿床的成矿作用[J].中国矿业,29(s1):159-161.
张德会.1997.成矿流体中金属沉淀机制研究综述[J].地质科技情报,16(3):53-58.
张可清,杨勇.2002.蚀变作用的多原岩系统及质量平衡[J].地质科技情报,21(2):61-64.
甄世军,杜泽忠,梁婉娟,李永胜,张志辉,甄世民.2013.白银厂铜多金属矿床的绢云母化[J].矿物学报,(s2):544-545.
郑远川,顾连兴,汤晓茜,吴昌志,李春海,刘四海.2010.辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床蚀变带元素迁移特征及定量计算[J].矿床地质,29(5):785-809.
Baker T,Van Achterberg E,Ryan C G and Lang J R.2004.Composition and evolution of ore fluids in a magmatic-hydrothermal skarn deposit[J].Geology,32(2):1089-1090.
Barnes H L.1979.Solubilities of ore minerals[A].In:Barnes H L,ed.Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits[M].New York:Wiley Interscience.404-460.
Campbell I H,Lesher C M,Coad P,Franklin J M,Gorton M P and Thurston P C.1984.Rare-earth element mobility in alteration pipes below massive Cu-Zn sulfide deposits[J].Chemical Geology,45(3):181-202.
Chen X,Liu J J,Zhang D H and Tao Y L.2014.Mechanisms of zinc transport and deposition in hydrothermal deposits[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,20(3):388-406(in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Y C,Ye Q T,Feng J,Mou C L,Zhou L R,Wang Q M,Huang GZ,Zhuang D Z and Ren B C.1996.Metallogenic conditions and prediction of the Ashele Cu-Zn metallogenic belt[M].Beijing:Geology Publishing House.330p(in Chinese).
Darabi H,Galanter W L,Lin Y Y,Buy U and Sampath R.2009.Mass change calculations during hydrothermal alteration/mineralization in the porphyry copper deposit of Darrehzar,Iran[J].Research Journal of Environmental Sciences,3(1):41-51.
Du Z Z,Liang W J,Zhen S J,Li Y S,Zhang Z H and Zhen S M.2014a.Barite characteristics and its prospecting significance of Xiaotieshan Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit in Baiyinchang,Gansu Province[J].Mineral Deposits,(s1):1003-1004(in Chinese).
Du Z Z,Ye T Z,Pang Z S,Lv Z C,Liang W J,Zhen S J,Zhang Z H,Li Y S and Zhen S M.2014b.Characteristics and geological significance of fluid inclusions from Zheyaoshan Footwall vein orebody in Baiyinchang copper polymetallic deposit,Gansu Province[J].Bulletin of Mineralogy Petrology and Geochemistry,33(2):145-153(in Chinese with English abstract).
Eastoe C J,Solomon M and Walshe J L.1987.District-scale alteration associated with massive sulfide deposits in the Mount Read Volcanics,western Tasmania[J].Econ.Geol.,82(5):1239-1258.
Fournier R O.1985.The behavior of silica in hydrothermal solutions[J].Reviews in Econ.Geol.,2:45-59.
Fu P,Chen S Y,Zhao J N,Yang X B,Gao J Y and Ping L Y.2016.Geochemical characteristics and of rocks from Baiyinchang copper polymetallic ore field in Gansu Province and geological implications[J].Geology and Exploation,52(1):14-24(in Chinese with English abstract).
Grant J A.1986.The isocon diagram-a simple solution to Gresens'equation for metasomatic alteration[J].Econ.Geol.,81(8):1976-1982.
Grant J A.2005.Isocon analysis:A brief review of the method and applications[J].Physics&Chemistry of the Earth Parts a/b/c,30(17-18):997-1004.
Gresens R L.1967.Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism[J].Chemical Geology,2(67):47-65.
Guo S,Ye K,Chen Y,Liu J B and Zhang L M.2013.Introduction of mass-balance calculation method for component transfer during the opening of a geological system[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(5):1486-1498(in Chinese with English abstract).
Haeussinger H,Okrusch M and Scheepers D.1993.Geochemistry of premetamorphic hydrothermal alteration of metasedimentary rocks associated with the Gorob massive sulfide prospect,Damara Orogen,Namibia[J].Econ.Geol.,88(1):72-90.
Hart T R,Gibson H L and Lesher C M.2004.Trace element geochemistry and petrogenesis of felsic volcanic rocks associated with volcanogenic massive Cu-Zn-Pb sulfide deposits[J].Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists,99(5):1003-1013.
Helgeson H C.1964.Complexing and hydrothermal ore deposition[J].Macmillan New York,18(1):140.
Hou K J,Li Y H and Wan D F.2006.Stable isotope geochemistry and genesis of the Archean Hongtoushan sulfide deposit in Liaoning Province[C].National Deposit Conference.167-170(in Chinese).
Hou Z Q,Li Y Q,Zhang Q L and Qu X M.2003.End-members and mixing of fluids in submarine hydrothermal system:Evidence from fluid inclusions in the Baiyinchang and Gansu VMS deposits[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,19(2):221-234(in Chinese with English abstract).
Hou Z Q,Zaw K,Rona P,Li Y Q,Qu X M,Song S H,Peng L G and Hou J J.2008.Geology,fluid inclusions,and oxygen isotope geochemistry of the Baiyinchang pipe-style volcanic-hosted massive sulfide Cu deposit in Gansu Province,northwestern China[J].Econ.Geol.,103(1):269-292.
Hu H M.1959.Metallic ore deposits in the volcanic succession of the eastern Qilian mountains[J].Geological Review,19(1):1-12(in Chinese).
Inoue A.1995.Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments[A].In:Velde B,ed.Origin and mineralogy of clays:Clay and the environment[M].Berlin:Springer.268-330.
Ishikawa Y,Sawaguchi T,Iwaya S and Horiuchi M.1976.Modes of volcanism of underlying dacite and alteration haloes[J].ShigenChishitsu,26:105-117.
Jia Q Z,Yang Z T,Xiao Z Y,Quan S C,Zou X H,Xiao S Y,Wang S Q,Li B Q,Li B X,Wu Y Z,Guo Z P,Duan Y M,Su H L,Lei X Wand Zhang C.2007.Metallogenic regularity and prediction of CuAu-Pb-Zn deposits in the Qilian Mountains[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.312p(in Chinese).
Jiang F Z and Wang Y W.1992.New knowledge on geology of massive sulfide deposit in Baiyin ore field,Gansu Province[J].Geological Exploration for Non Ferrous Metals,1(3):129-139(in Chinese).
Jiang M R,Zhang J,Liu W H and Xiong S F.2015.Alteration-mineralization and element migration features of Nihe iron deposit in Lujiang,Anhui Province[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,40(6):1034-1051(in Chinese with English abstract).
Kypek H H.1955.Altered rock and its ore-prospecting significance[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.102-124(in Chinese).
Large R R.2001a.The alteration box plot:A simple approach to understanding the relationship between alteration mineralogy and lithogeochemistry associated with volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):957-971.
Large R R.2001b.The spectrum of ore deposit types,volcanic environments,alteration halos,and related exploration vectors in Submarine volcanic successions:Some examples from Australia[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):913-938.
Li W Y.2004.Main mineral deposit associations in the Qilian Mountains and their metallogenic dynamics[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,25(3):313-320(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li W Y,Dong F C,Jiang H B,Tan W J and Wang Y H.2006.Metallogenetic characteristics and prospecting potential of major metallic minerals in northwest China[J].Northwestern Geology,39(2):1-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li X M,Peng L G.1998.The characteristics and significance of wall rock alteration in Baiyin ore field[J].Northwestern Geology,19(2):10-18(in Chinese).
Liang W J,Du Z Z,Zhen S J,Zhang Z H,Li Y S and Zhen S M.2013.The chloritization of Baiyinchang deposits and its metallogenic significance[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(s2):464-465(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liao S L.2014.Progressively determine prospecting targets and quantitative forecast of Baiyin ore district,Gansu Province(dissertation for Doctoral degree)[D].Supervisor:Chen S Y.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences.12-139p(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liao Z,Liu Y P,Li C Y,Ye L,Liu S R and Zheng W Q.2010.Characteristics of chlorites from Dulong Sn-Zn deposit and their metallogenic implications[J].Mineral Deposits,29(1):169-176(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Y J,Cao L M,Li Z L,Wang H N,Chu T Q and Zhang J R.1984.Geochemistry of element[M].Beijing:Science Press.548p(in Chinese).
Maclean W H and Barrett T J.1993.Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile elements[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,48(2):109-133.
Maclean W H,Hoy L D,Maclean W H and Hoy L D.1991.Geochemistry of hydrothermally altered rocks at the Horne Mine,Noranda,Quebec[J].Econ.Geol.,86(3):506-528.
Maclean W H,Kranidiotis P,Maclean W H and Kranidiotis P.1987.Immobile elements as monitors of mass transfer in hydrothermal alteration;Phelps Dodge massive sulfide deposit,Matagami,Quebec[J].Econ.Geol.,82(4):951-962.
Montoya J W,Hemley J J,Montoya J W and Hemley J J.1975.Activity relations and stabilities in alkali feldspar and mica alteration reactions[J].Econ.Geol.,70(3):577-583.
Paulick H.2001.Alteration of felsic volcanics hosting the Thalanga massive sulfide deposit(Northern Queensland,Australia)and geochemical proximity indicators to ore[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):1175-1200.
Ruaya J R and Seward T M.1986.The stability of chlorozinc(II)complexes in hydrothermal solutions up to 350°C[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,40(5):651-661.
Schardt C,Cooke D R,Gemmell J B and Large R R.2001.Geochemical modeling of the zoned footwall alteration pipe,Hellyer volcanichosted massive sulfide deposit,Western Tasmania,Australia[J].Econ.Geol.,96(5):1037-1054.
Sillitoe R H.1982.Extensional habitats of rhyolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits[J].Geology,10(8):403-407.
Song S H.1955.Characteristics and metallogenic law of pyrite-type copper deposits in Qilian Mountains[J].Acta Geological Sinica,35(1):34-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song S H.1957.Some additional notes on the geology of the Chilianshan pyritic copper ore deposits[J].Acta Geological Sinica,37(1):59-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song S H.1991.Time and space distribution of some major types of metallic ore deposits of China[J].Mineral Deposits,10(1):10-18(in Chinese with English abstract).
Song S,Niu Y,Zhang L,Wei C,Liou J G and Su L.2009.Tectonic evolution of early Paleozoic HP metamorphic rocks in the North Qilian Mountains,NW China:New perspectives[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,35(3):334-353.
Sun S S and Mcdonough W F.1989.Chemical and isotopic systematics of Oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle composition and processes[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,42(1):313-345.
Wang C Y,Li X F,Xiao R,Bai Y P,Yang F,Mao W and Jiang S K.2012.Elements mobilization of mineralized porphyry rocks during hydrothermal alteration at Zhushahong porphyry copper deposit,Dexing district,South China[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,28(12):3869-3886(in Chinese with English abstract).
Warren I,Simmons S F,Mauk J L,Warren I,Simmons S F and Mauk JL.2007.Whole-rock geochemical techniques for evaluating hydrothermal alteration,mass changes,and compositional gradients associated with epithermal Au-Ag mineralization[J].Econ.Geol.,102(5):923-948.
Whitbread M A and Moore C L.2004.Two lithogeochemical approaches to the identification of alteration patterns at the Elura Zn-Pb-Ag deposit,Cobar,New South Wales,Australia:Use of pearce element ratio analysis and isocon analysis[J].Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis,4(2):129-141.
Winchester J A and Floyd P A.1977.Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements[J].Chemical Geology,20(4):325-343.
Wu J R.1992.Analysis of geologic characteristics and ore-forming conditions of pyritic copper polymetallic deposits in Baiyinchang Orefield Gansu[J].Northwest Geoscience,13(2):83-96(in Chinese).
Xia L Q and Xia Z C.1995.Dynamics of tectono-volcano-magmatic evolution from North Qilian Mountains,China[J].Northwest Geoscience,16(1):1-28.
Yang L,Liu X Y and Li X K.2011.The mineralization of marine volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits[J].China Mining Magazine,29(s1):159-161(in Chinese).
Zhang D H.1997.Overview of research on the ore depositional mechanisms in ore-forming fluid[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,16(3):53-58(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang K Q and Yang Y.2002.Multiple precursor systems and mass balance of alteration[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,21(2):61-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhen S J,Du Z Z,Liang W J,Li Y S,Zhang Z H and Zhen S M.2013.The sericitization of Baiyinchang copper polymetallic deposits[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(s2):544-545(in Chinese).
Zheng Y C,Gu L X,Tang X Q,Wu C Z,Li C H and Liu S H.2010.Element mobilization and mass-change quantification of highly metamorphosed footwall alteration zones in Hongtoushan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit,Liaoning Province[J].Mineral Deposits,29(5):785-809(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zheng Y C,Gu L,Tang X,Wu C,Li C and Liu S.2011.Geology and geochemistry of highly metamorphosed footwall alteration zones in the Hongtoushan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit,Liaoning Province,China[J].Resource Geology,61(2):113-139.
安伟,曹志敏,郑建斌,刘激,陈敏.2003.古代与现代火山成因块状硫化物矿床研究进展[J].地球科学进展,18(5):773-782.
陈贤,刘家军,张德会,陶银龙.2014.热液矿床中锌的迁移、沉淀机制综述[J].高校地质学报,20(3):388-406.
陈毓川,叶庆同,冯京,牟传龙,周良仁,王全明,黄光昭,庄道泽,任秉琛.1996.阿舍勒铜锌成矿带成矿条件和成矿预测[M].北京:地质出版社.330页.
杜泽忠,梁婉娟,甄世军,李永胜,张志辉,甄世民.2014a.甘肃白银厂小铁山铅锌多金属矿床重晶石特征及找矿意义[J].矿床地质,(s1):1003-1004.
杜泽忠,叶天竺,庞振山,吕志成,梁婉娟,甄世军,张志辉,李永胜,甄世民.2014b.甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田折腰山矿床下盘脉状矿体流体包裹体特征及其意义[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,33(2):145-153.
傅鹏,陈守余,赵江南,杨兴彬,高冀芸,平兰英.2016.甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田岩石地球化学特征及地质意义[J].地质与勘探,52(1):14-24.
郭顺,叶凯,陈意,刘景波,张灵敏.2013.开放地质体系中物质迁移质量平衡计算方法介绍[J].岩石学报,29(5):1486-1498.
侯可军,李延河,万德芳.2006.辽宁太古代红透山铜矿的稳定同位素地球化学特征及矿床成因[C].全国矿床会议论文.167-170.
侯增谦,李荫清,张绮玲,曲晓明.2003.海底热水成矿系统中的流体端员与混合过程:来自白银厂和呷村VMS矿床的流体包裹体证据[J].岩石学报,19(2):221-234.
胡惠民.1959.祁连山东部火山岩系中的金属矿床[J].地质论评,19(1):1-12.
贾群子,杨忠堂,肖朝阳,全守村,邹湘华,肖思云,王升勤,李宝强,李百祥,伍跃中,郭周平,段永民,苏亮红,雷学武,张传.2007.祁连山铜金钨铅锌矿床成矿规律和成矿预测[M].北京:地质出版社.312页.
姜福芝,王玉往.1992.白银矿田块状硫化物矿床几个地质问题的新认识[J].有色金属矿产与勘查,1(3):129-139.
江满容,张均,刘文浩,熊索菲.2015.安徽庐江泥河铁矿床蚀变-矿化作用及元素迁移规律[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),40(6):1034-1051.
库列克.1955.蚀变围岩及其找矿意义[M].孟宪民译.北京:地质出版社.102-124.
李文渊.2004.祁连山主要矿床组合及其成矿动力学分析[J].地球学报,25(3):313-320.
李文渊,董福辰,姜寒冰,谭文娟,王永和.2006.西北地区重要金属矿产成矿特征及其找矿潜力[J].西北地质,39(2):1-16.
李向民,彭礼贵.1998.白银矿田含矿围岩蚀变特征及其意义[J].西北地质,19(2):10-18.
梁婉娟,杜泽忠,甄世军,张志辉,李永胜,甄世民.2013.甘肃白银厂矿床绿泥石特征及其成矿意义[J].矿物学报,(s2):464-465.
廖时理.2014.甘肃省白银地区找矿靶区逐级圈定与定量预测(博士论文)[D].导师:陈守余.武汉:中国地质大学.12-139页.
廖震,刘玉平,李朝阳,叶霖,刘世荣,郑文勤.2010.都龙锡锌矿床绿泥石特征及其成矿意义[J].矿床地质,29(1):169-176.
刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟,王鹤年,储同庆,张景荣.1984.元素地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社.548页.
宋叔和.1955.祁连山一带黄铁矿型铜矿的特征与成矿规律[J].地质学报,35(1):34-46.
宋叔和.1957.对祁连山黄铁矿型铜矿地质的一些补充意见[J].地质学报,37(1):59-81.
宋叔和.1991.中国一些主要金属矿床类型及其时空分布规律问题[J].矿床地质,10(1):10-18.
王翠云,李晓峰,肖荣,白艳萍,杨锋,毛伟,蒋松坤.2012.德兴朱砂红斑岩铜矿热液蚀变作用及元素地球化学迁移规律[J].岩石学报,28(12):3869-3886.
邬介人.1992.白银厂矿田黄铁矿型铜-多金属矿床的地质特征及成矿条件分析[J].西北地质科学,13(2):83-96.
夏林圻,夏祖春.1995.北祁连山构造-火山岩浆演化动力学[J].西北地质科学,16(1):1-28.
杨磊,刘秀英,李小康.2011.海底火山成因的块状硫化物矿床的成矿作用[J].中国矿业,29(s1):159-161.
张德会.1997.成矿流体中金属沉淀机制研究综述[J].地质科技情报,16(3):53-58.
张可清,杨勇.2002.蚀变作用的多原岩系统及质量平衡[J].地质科技情报,21(2):61-64.
甄世军,杜泽忠,梁婉娟,李永胜,张志辉,甄世民.2013.白银厂铜多金属矿床的绢云母化[J].矿物学报,(s2):544-545.
郑远川,顾连兴,汤晓茜,吴昌志,李春海,刘四海.2010.辽宁红透山块状硫化物矿床蚀变带元素迁移特征及定量计算[J].矿床地质,29(5):785-809.