基于遥感数据分析干旱区人工绿洲灌区的水盐时空分异特征
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摘要
干旱区人工绿洲的土壤盐渍化产生和演化过程是一个多要素参与、多层次驱动、多过程耦合的复杂过程。为揭示干旱扬水灌区区域尺度的水盐时空分异特征,以地处腾格里沙漠边缘的甘肃省景泰川电力提灌工程一期灌区为研究区,选取1994、2001、2008、2015年的直接参与驱动区域土壤水盐分异过程的地表盐分、土壤含盐量、地下水矿化度、地表灌水量、地下水埋深等5个指标因子。运用可拓层次分析法确定各指标因子权重,借助ArcGIS软件中监督分类以及空间分析技术,获取各指标因子的空间分布栅格图件,将各栅格图件进行标准化处理后按照指标权重进行空间嵌套并叠加,定量化地分析了研究区区域尺度的水盐时空分异特征。结果表明:研究区次生盐碱地主要分布在东部的封闭型水文地质单元,总体看,研究区内轻度盐碱地面积最大,中度盐碱地次之,重度盐碱地面积最小;从解译的进程发展态势可知,研究区盐碱地还处于发展过程中,并呈现出加速增长趋势;由可拓层次分析法分析各指标因子权重排序为地下水埋深(0.3190)>地下水矿化度(0.2710)>土壤含盐量>地表盐分>地表灌水量,可见,区域内的地下水埋深和地下水矿化度是影响区域尺度水盐时空分异进程的主要驱动因素;研究区水盐时空分布态势与总体地势相关,呈现出西低东高的总体分布特征,由西南向东北以弧线状递增的发展趋势,灌区内东北部封闭型水文地质单元地下水位抬升明显,土壤盐渍化发展迅速。
The process of soil salinization in the artificial oasis in the arid area is a complex process involving multiple factors, multi-level driving and multi-process coupling. To reveal the spatial-temporal distribution of water and salt in arid pumping-irrigation areas, the first phase irrigation area of Jingtaichuan Electrical Pumping Irrigation District in Gansu Province, located at the edge of Tengger desert, was selected as the typical research area. A total of five indicators including surface salt, soil salinity, groundwater salinity, surface irrigation water, and groundwater depth were selected in 1994, 2001, 2008, and 2015. We determined the weights of each indicator factor by extension analytic hierarchy process. With the help of monitoring classification and spatial analysis technology in ArcGIS software, spatial distribution raster maps of each indicator factor were obtained, and each raster map is standardized, the space is nested and superimposed according to the weight of each index factor, so as to get the spatial-temporal distribution of water and salt in the regional scale. The results showed that: 1) The weight of each factor affecting the spatial-temporal differentiation process of water and salt on a regional scale was ranked as follows: groundwater depth(0.3190), > groundwater salinity(0.2710), > soil salinity(0.1971), > surface salinity(0.1748), and > surface irrigation(0.0381).Groundwater depth and groundwater salinity were the main driving factors affecting the spatial-temporal differentiation of water and salt at regional scales. 2) The saline land in the study area were mainly distributed in the eastern closed hydro-geological units. Overall, the area of mild saline land was the largest, accounting for 7.22%-11.12%, followed by moderate saline land, accounting for 3.19%-5.72%, the area of heavy saline land was the smallest, accounting for 3.03%-4.91% during 1994-2015. The saline land in the study area was still in the process of development, and showed an accelerating growth trend. Among them, the development speed was mild saline land area > the moderate saline land > the heavy saline land. 3) The spatial and temporal distribution of water and salt in the study area was related to the overall topography. The distribution of total equivalent value of water and salt was low in the west and high in the east, increasing from southwest to northeast in arc diffusion development trend, affected by natural geomorphology and topographic conditions. With the passage of time, the total can be divided into two stages: stable development period(1994-2008) and rapid development period(2008-2015).Affected by the continuous expansion of the regions with higher total water and salt content in the east to the west, the security of cultivated land resources in the west was potentially threatened, and the overall development trend of water and salt in the study area was not conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production in the irrigated areas.Based on the analysis of single driving factors, this study proposes an important means for coupling and superimposing multiple driving factors, which provides a new visualization for the comprehensive development of the spatial-temporal differentiation of water and salt in the study area. It can provide useful reference for studying the development trend of spatial-temporal differentiation process of water and salt in regional scale.
The process of soil salinization in the artificial oasis in the arid area is a complex process involving multiple factors, multi-level driving and multi-process coupling. To reveal the spatial-temporal distribution of water and salt in arid pumping-irrigation areas, the first phase irrigation area of Jingtaichuan Electrical Pumping Irrigation District in Gansu Province, located at the edge of Tengger desert, was selected as the typical research area. A total of five indicators including surface salt, soil salinity, groundwater salinity, surface irrigation water, and groundwater depth were selected in 1994, 2001, 2008, and 2015. We determined the weights of each indicator factor by extension analytic hierarchy process. With the help of monitoring classification and spatial analysis technology in ArcGIS software, spatial distribution raster maps of each indicator factor were obtained, and each raster map is standardized, the space is nested and superimposed according to the weight of each index factor, so as to get the spatial-temporal distribution of water and salt in the regional scale. The results showed that: 1) The weight of each factor affecting the spatial-temporal differentiation process of water and salt on a regional scale was ranked as follows: groundwater depth(0.3190), > groundwater salinity(0.2710), > soil salinity(0.1971), > surface salinity(0.1748), and > surface irrigation(0.0381).Groundwater depth and groundwater salinity were the main driving factors affecting the spatial-temporal differentiation of water and salt at regional scales. 2) The saline land in the study area were mainly distributed in the eastern closed hydro-geological units. Overall, the area of mild saline land was the largest, accounting for 7.22%-11.12%, followed by moderate saline land, accounting for 3.19%-5.72%, the area of heavy saline land was the smallest, accounting for 3.03%-4.91% during 1994-2015. The saline land in the study area was still in the process of development, and showed an accelerating growth trend. Among them, the development speed was mild saline land area > the moderate saline land > the heavy saline land. 3) The spatial and temporal distribution of water and salt in the study area was related to the overall topography. The distribution of total equivalent value of water and salt was low in the west and high in the east, increasing from southwest to northeast in arc diffusion development trend, affected by natural geomorphology and topographic conditions. With the passage of time, the total can be divided into two stages: stable development period(1994-2008) and rapid development period(2008-2015).Affected by the continuous expansion of the regions with higher total water and salt content in the east to the west, the security of cultivated land resources in the west was potentially threatened, and the overall development trend of water and salt in the study area was not conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production in the irrigated areas.Based on the analysis of single driving factors, this study proposes an important means for coupling and superimposing multiple driving factors, which provides a new visualization for the comprehensive development of the spatial-temporal differentiation of water and salt in the study area. It can provide useful reference for studying the development trend of spatial-temporal differentiation process of water and salt in regional scale.
引文
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[7]王佳丽,黄贤金,钟太洋,等.盐碱地可持续利用研究综述[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):673-684.Wang Jiali,Huang Xianjin,Zhong Taiyang,et al.Review on sustainable utilization of salt-affected land[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(5):673-684.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]刘广明,吴亚坤,杨劲松,等.基于电磁感应技术的区域三维土壤盐分空间变异研究[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(7):78-82+66.Liu Guangming,Wu Yakun,Yang Jinsong,et al.Regional3-D soil salt spatial variability based on electromagnetic induction technology[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(7):78-82+66.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]徐存东,程慧,王燕,等.灌区土壤盐渍化程度云理论改进多级模糊评价模型[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(24):88-95.Xu Cundong,Cheng Hui,Wang Yan,et al.Application of improved multiple fuzzy evaluation model based on cloud theory in evaluation of soil salinization degree[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(24):88-95.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Krige D G.A statistical approaches to some basic mine valuation problems on the Witwatersrand[J].Journal of the Chemical,1951,52:119-139.
[11]Campbell J B.Spatial variation of sand content and pHwithin single contiguous delineation of two soil mapping units[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J.1978,42:460-464.
[12]Stein A,Sylla M.Spatial variability of soil salinity at different scales in themangrove rice agro-ecosystem in West Africa[J].Agric-ecosyst-environ,1995,54(1):1-15.
[13]Panagopoulos T,Jesus J,Antunes M D C,et al.Analysis of spatial interpolation for optimizing management of a salinized field cultivated with lettuce[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2006,24(1):1-10.
[14]Keshavarzi A,Sarmadian F.Mapping of spatial distribution of soil salinity and alkalinity in a semi-arid region[J].Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW.Land Reclamation,2012,44(1):3-14.
[15]姚荣江,杨劲松.黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水与耕层土壤积盐空间分异规律定量分析[J].农业工程学报,2009,23(8):45-51.Yao Rongjiang,Yang Jinsong.Quantitative analysis of spatial distribution pattern of soil salt accumulation in plough layer and shallow groundwater in the Yellow River Delta[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,23(8):45-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]王云强,邵明安,刘志鹏.黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性[J].水科学进展,2012,23(3):310-316.Wang Yunqiang,Shao Mingan,Liu Zhipeng.Spatial variability of soil moisture at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Water Science,2012,23(3):310-316.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]李彬,史海滨,妥德宝,等.节水改造前后土壤盐分剖面特征及其空间分布-以内蒙古河套灌区中游临河区为例[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(4):663-673.Li Bin,Shi Haibin,Tuo Debao,et al.Soil salinity profile characteristics and its spatial distribution before and after water saving-taking the middle reach in Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia as an example[J].Arid Zone Research,2015,32(4):663-673.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]赵明松,张甘霖,王德彩,等.徐淮黄泛平原土壤有机质空间变异特征及主控因素分析[J].土壤学报,2013,50(1):1-11.Zhao Mingsong,Zhang Ganlin,Wang Decai,et al.Spatial varisbility of soil organic matter and its dominating factors in Xu-huai alluvial plain[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(1):1-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]王卓然,赵庚星,高明秀,等.黄河三角洲垦利县夏季土壤水盐空间变异及土壤盐分微域特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(4):1040-1049.Wang Zhuoran,Zhao Gengxing,Gao Mingxiu,et al.Spatial variation of soil water and salt and microscopic variation of soil salinity in summer in typical area of the Yellow River Delta in Kenli county[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(4):1040-1049.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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