基于Gash修正模型的元宝槭林分结构对降雨分配的影响
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摘要
林冠截留是森林生态系统降雨分配的起始点,准确模拟林冠截留是探究森林水文过程的基础。为了研究林分结构中林分密度对林冠截留的影响规律及Gash修正模型的适应性,以北京市八达岭森林公园2种林分密度的元宝槭纯林为研究对象,对其林冠截留过程进行了模拟分析,并针对元宝槭林分结构特征探讨了Gash修正模型的适应性。研究结果表明:(1) 2013年生长季内,元宝槭密林(3 665株/km~2)穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量实测值分别为365.50、38.19、69.82 mm,模拟值分别为386.45、33.86、53.21 mm,相对误差分别为5.73%、4.33%和23.80%;元宝槭疏林(1 090株/km~2)的穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量实测值分别为380.20、19.04、74.25 mm,模拟值分别为368.37、13.71、91.43 mm,相对误差分别为3.12%、27.99%和23.13%。疏林条件下,更多的降雨穿透林冠,进入了森林生态系统的下一水文效应层,Gash修正模型的模拟结果亦呈现基本一致的特征,模型对元宝槭林的模拟精度基本可以满足需要。(2)对Gash修正模型中的平均降雨强度(R)、树干茎流系数(Pt)、饱和林冠持水能力(S)、郁闭度(c)、饱和树干持水能力(St)、平均饱和林冠蒸发速率(E)共6个关键参数的进行敏感性分析,各参数对元宝槭密林林冠截留量模拟的影响程度大小依次为R>S>E>St>c>Pt,对于元宝槭疏林的影响程度大小依次为S>R>E>c>St>Pt。通过分析可以得出,选择适宜的时间尺度计算平均降雨强度和饱和林冠持水能力,是提升Gash修正模型模拟精度的关键,适当疏伐可以为林分的生长提供更好的水分条件。
Canopy interception is the starting point of rainfall distribution in forest ecosystem,and accurate simulation of canopy is the basis of exploring forest hydrological process.In order to study the influence of stand density on canopy interception and the adaptability of Gash modified model in stand structure,the Acer truncatum forests with two kinds of forest density in Badaling Forest Park of Beijing were taken as the research object.The simulation analysis of the canopy interception process was carried out,and the adaptability of the Gash correction model was discussed for the stand structural characteristics of the A.truncatum forest.The results showed that:(1) In the growing season of 2013,the measured values of the throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception of A.truncatum forest with the density of 3 665 strain/km~2 were 365.5 mm,38.19 mm and 69.82 mm,and the simulated values by the modified Gash model were 386.45 mm,33.86 mm and 53.21 mm.Compared with the measured values,the relative errors were 5.73%,4.33% and 23.80% respectively.The throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception of A.truncatum forest with the density of 1 090 strain/km~2 were 380.2 mm,19.04 mm and 74.25 mm,and the simulated values by the modified Gash model were 368.37 mm,13.71 mm and 91.43 mm.And the relative errors were 3.12%,27.99% and 23.13% compared with the measured values.Under the sparse forest conditions,more rainfall penetrated the canopy and entered the next hydrological effect layer of the forest ecosystem.The simulation results of the Gash modified model also showed basically consistent characteristics.The simulation accuracy of the model to the A.truncatum forest can basically meet the needs.(2) Sensitivity analysis of six key parameters in the Gash modified model was carried out,such as the average rainfall intensity(R),the drainage partitioning coefficient(Pt),the canopy storage capacity(S),the canopy cover fraction per unit area(c),the trunks storage capacity(St),the average saturated canopy evaporation rate(E).The influence of the six parameters on the A.truncatum forest with high density was R>S>E>St> c>Pt.And it was S>R>E>C>St>Pt on the A.truncatum forest with low density.It can be concluded from the analysis that it is the key to improve the simulation accuracy of the modified Gash model by selecting the appropriate time scale to calculate the average rainfall intensity and the canopy storage capacity.Proper thinning can provide better water conditions for stand growth.
Canopy interception is the starting point of rainfall distribution in forest ecosystem,and accurate simulation of canopy is the basis of exploring forest hydrological process.In order to study the influence of stand density on canopy interception and the adaptability of Gash modified model in stand structure,the Acer truncatum forests with two kinds of forest density in Badaling Forest Park of Beijing were taken as the research object.The simulation analysis of the canopy interception process was carried out,and the adaptability of the Gash correction model was discussed for the stand structural characteristics of the A.truncatum forest.The results showed that:(1) In the growing season of 2013,the measured values of the throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception of A.truncatum forest with the density of 3 665 strain/km~2 were 365.5 mm,38.19 mm and 69.82 mm,and the simulated values by the modified Gash model were 386.45 mm,33.86 mm and 53.21 mm.Compared with the measured values,the relative errors were 5.73%,4.33% and 23.80% respectively.The throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception of A.truncatum forest with the density of 1 090 strain/km~2 were 380.2 mm,19.04 mm and 74.25 mm,and the simulated values by the modified Gash model were 368.37 mm,13.71 mm and 91.43 mm.And the relative errors were 3.12%,27.99% and 23.13% compared with the measured values.Under the sparse forest conditions,more rainfall penetrated the canopy and entered the next hydrological effect layer of the forest ecosystem.The simulation results of the Gash modified model also showed basically consistent characteristics.The simulation accuracy of the model to the A.truncatum forest can basically meet the needs.(2) Sensitivity analysis of six key parameters in the Gash modified model was carried out,such as the average rainfall intensity(R),the drainage partitioning coefficient(Pt),the canopy storage capacity(S),the canopy cover fraction per unit area(c),the trunks storage capacity(St),the average saturated canopy evaporation rate(E).The influence of the six parameters on the A.truncatum forest with high density was R>S>E>St> c>Pt.And it was S>R>E>C>St>Pt on the A.truncatum forest with low density.It can be concluded from the analysis that it is the key to improve the simulation accuracy of the modified Gash model by selecting the appropriate time scale to calculate the average rainfall intensity and the canopy storage capacity.Proper thinning can provide better water conditions for stand growth.
引文
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[2]高婵婵,彭焕华,赵传燕,等.基于Gash模型的青海云杉林降水截留模拟[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(1):288-294.GAO Chanchan,PENG Huanhua,ZHAO Chuanyan,et al.Simulation of rainfall interception of Qinghai spruce(Picea crassifolia)forest in the eastern part of Qilian Mountains by Gash model[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(1):288-294.
[3]赵海蓉,帅伟,李静,等.华西雨屏区几种典型人工林降雨截留分配特征[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):94-100.ZHAO Hairong,SHUAI Wei,LI Jing,et al.Distribution characteristics of several typical plantation intercept rainfall in West China rain screen area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(6):94-100.
[4]何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.应用修正的Gash解析模型对岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林林冠截留的模拟[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1125-1132.HE Changqing,XUE Jianhui,WU Yongbo,et al.Application of a revised Gash analytical model to simulate subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest canopy interception in the upper reaches of Minjiang River[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(5):1125-1132.
[5]MUZYLO A,LLORENS P,VALENTE F,et al.A review of rainfall interception modelling[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,370(1):191-206.
[6]GASH J H C.An analytical model of rainfall interception in forests[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1979,105(443):43-55.
[7]GASH J H C,LLOYD C R,LACHAUD G.Estimation sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model[J].Journal of Hydrology,1995,170(1):78-86.
[8]LIMOUSIN J M,RAMBAL S,OURCIVAL J M,et al.Modelling rainfall interception in a mediterranean Quercus ilex,ecosystem:lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment[J].Journal of Hydrology,2008,357(1/2):57-66.
[9]曹光秀,赵洋毅,段旭,等.基于修正的Gash模型模拟中亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨截留过程[J].水土保持学报,(2):364-371.CAO Guangxiu,ZHAO Yangyi,DUAN Xu,et al.Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of the Evergreen Broad-leaver forest in mid subtropical zone using the modified Gash model[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018.32(2):364-371.
[10]刘胜涛,高鹏,李肖,等.江西大岗山杉木人工林降雨截留特征及修正Gash模型的模拟[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):172-176.LIU Shengtao,GAO Peng,LI Xiao,et al.Canopy rainfall interception characteristics of Chinese Fir forest and its revised Gash model simulation in Dagangshan Mountain of Jiangxi province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(2):172-176.
[11]柴汝杉,蔡体久,满秀玲,等.基于修正的Gash模型模拟小兴安岭原始红松林降雨截留过程[J].生态学报,2013,33(4):1276-1284.CHAI Rushan,CAI Tijiu,MAN Xiuling,et al.Simulation of rainfall interception process of primary korean pine forest in Xiaoxing'an Mountains by using the modified Gash model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(4):1276-1284.
[12]王艳萍,王力,卫三平.Gash模型在黄土区人工刺槐林冠降雨截留研究中的应用[J].生态学报,2012,32(17):5445-5453.WANG Yanping,WANG Li,WEI Sanping.Modeling canopy rainfall interception of a replanted Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(17):5445-5453.
[13]赵洋毅,王玉杰,王云琦,等.基于修正的Gash模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留[J].林业科学,2011,47(9):15-20.ZHAO Yangyi,WANG Yujie,WANG Yunqi,et al.Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of the Phyllostachys edulis forest with the revised Gash model in the Jinyun Mountains of Chongqing[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2011,47(9):15-20.
[14]SHINOHARA Y,LEVIA D F,KOMATSU H,et al.Comparative modeling of the effects of intensive thinning on canopy interception loss in a Japanese cedar(Cryptomeria japonica,D.Don)forest of western Japan[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2015,214/215:148-156.
[15]GHIMIRE C P,BRUIJNZEEL L A,LUBCZYNSKI M W,et al.Measurement and modelling of rainfall interception by two differently aged secondary forests in upland Eastern Madagascar[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,545:212-225.
[16]FATHIZADEH O,HOSSEINI S M,KEIM R F,et al.A seasonal evaluation of the reformulated Gash interception model for semi-arid deciduous oak forest stands[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2018,409:601-613.
[17]CARLE-MOSESA D E,PRICEB A G.An evaluation of the Gash interception model in a northern hardwood stand[J].Journal of Hydrology,1999,214(1/2/3/4):103-110.
[18]万艳芳,刘贤德,王顺利,等.祁连山青海云杉林冠降雨再分配特征及影响因素[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):224-229.WAN Yanfang,LIU Xiande,WANG Shunli,et al.Rainfall canopy partitioning and its influencing factors of Picea crassifolia forest in the Qianlian Mountains[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(5):224-229.
[19]隋媛媛,许晓鸿,张瑜,等.东北黑土区水土保持林降雨截留特征分析[J].草业学报,2015,24(6):16-24.SUI Yuanyuan,XU Xiaohong,ZHANG Yu,et al.Characteristics of precipitation interception in soil and water conservation forests of the Northeast black soil areas of China[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(6):16-24.
[20]盛后财,蔡体久,李奕,等.大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林降雨截留再分配特征[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):101-105.SHENG Houcai,CAI Tijiu,LI Yi,et al.Rainfall redistribution in Larix gmelinii forest on Northern of Daxing'an Moutains,northeast of China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(6):101-105.
[21]LIU S.Estimation of rainfall storage capacity in the canopies of cypress wetlands and slash pine uplands in North Central Florida[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,207(1/2):32-41.
[22]芦新建,贺康宁,王辉,等.应用Gash模型对青海高寒区华北落叶松人工林林冠截留的模拟[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):44-48.LU Xinjian,HE Kangning,WANG Hui,et al.Simulation of canopy rainfall interception of the Larix principis-rupprechtii artificial forest with the Gash model in High-cold areas of Qinghai province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(4):44-48.
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