基于Gash修正模型模拟侧柏及其混交林的林冠截留过程
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摘要
为探究Gash修正模型对纯林及混交林林冠截留模拟的适用性和差异性,以北京市八达岭森林公园侧柏纯林和侧柏黄栌混交林为研究对象,以研究区2013年5—10月的实测资料为基础数据,运用Gash修正模型对其林冠截留过程进行模拟,并分析模型参数敏感性。结果表明:(1)侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)纯林的穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量的实测值分别为395.2、22.3和129.5 mm,相对应的Gash修正模型模拟值分别为415.80、18.04和113.09 mm,相对误差分别为5.2%、19.0%和12.7%;侧柏黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)混交林的穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量的实测值分别为414. 6、12. 2和120.1 mm,相对应的Gash修正模型模拟值分别为454.26、10.27和82.40 mm,相对误差分别为9.6%、15.6%和31.4%;(2)选择Gash修正模型中的饱和林冠持水能力(S)、平均降雨强度(R)、饱和林冠平均蒸发速率(E)、郁闭度(c)、树干持水能力(St)和树干茎流系数(Pt)共6项参数,进行敏感性分析。对于侧柏纯林,当各参数在-50%～-20%范围内变化时,模拟林冠截留量对各项参数的变化敏感性排序为S>c>E>R>c>St>Pt,而当参数在-20%～50%范围内变化时,其排序为S>E>R>c>S_t>P_t;对于侧柏黄栌混交林,模拟林冠截留量对各项参数的变化敏感性排序为S>E>R>c>S_t>P_t。综上,Gash修正模型对于侧柏黄栌混交林的模拟精度较侧柏纯林小,但可满足应用需要;参数S是影响侧柏黄栌混交林和侧柏纯林中的Gash修正模型模拟精度的重要因素。
The modified Gash model is commonly used to simulate the canopy interception process. We explored its applicability in a Platycladus orientalis pure forest and a mixed forest of P. orientalis and Cotinus coggygria located in Badaling Forest Park of Beijing. Data from May to October in 2013 were collected and used to fit the modified Gash model. The sensitivity of the model parameters was analyzed. The results showed that the measured values of throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception in the P. orientalis pure forest were 395. 2,22. 3 and 129. 5 mm respectively,and those measured values of the mixed forest were 414. 6,12. 2 and 120. 1 mm respectively. Based on the modified Gash model,the simulated values of throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception in the pure forest were 415.80,18.04 and 113.09 mm respectively,with the relative errors being 5.2%,19.0%,and 12.7% compared with the measured values. The simulated values of the mixed forest were 454.26,10.27 and 82.40 mm,with the relative errors of9.6%,15.6% and 31.4%. The following indices,saturated canopy water-holding capacity( S),average rainfall intensity( R),average saturated canopy evaporation rate( E),canopy density( c),saturated trunk storage capacity( S_t) and stem flow coefficient( P_t) were used in the sensitivity analysis. The results of sensitivity analyses showed that,in the pure forest,when the parameters varied between-50% to-20%,the simulated canopy interception was the most sensitive to the parameter S,followed by c,R,E,Stand Pt. When the parameters varied between-20% to 50%,the parameter S also was the most sensitive factor for the simulated canopy interception,followed by E,R,c,S_t and P_t. In the mixed forest,when the parameters varied between-50% to + 50%,the simulated canopy interception was the most sensitive to the parameter S,followed by E,R,c,Stand Pt. According to results of accuracy analysis,we suggest that the modified Gash Model was more suitable for the P. orientalis pure forest than for the mixed forest of P. orientalis and C. coggygria. The parameter S was a primary factor affecting the accuracy of the model output.
The modified Gash model is commonly used to simulate the canopy interception process. We explored its applicability in a Platycladus orientalis pure forest and a mixed forest of P. orientalis and Cotinus coggygria located in Badaling Forest Park of Beijing. Data from May to October in 2013 were collected and used to fit the modified Gash model. The sensitivity of the model parameters was analyzed. The results showed that the measured values of throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception in the P. orientalis pure forest were 395. 2,22. 3 and 129. 5 mm respectively,and those measured values of the mixed forest were 414. 6,12. 2 and 120. 1 mm respectively. Based on the modified Gash model,the simulated values of throughfall,stem flow and canopy interception in the pure forest were 415.80,18.04 and 113.09 mm respectively,with the relative errors being 5.2%,19.0%,and 12.7% compared with the measured values. The simulated values of the mixed forest were 454.26,10.27 and 82.40 mm,with the relative errors of9.6%,15.6% and 31.4%. The following indices,saturated canopy water-holding capacity( S),average rainfall intensity( R),average saturated canopy evaporation rate( E),canopy density( c),saturated trunk storage capacity( S_t) and stem flow coefficient( P_t) were used in the sensitivity analysis. The results of sensitivity analyses showed that,in the pure forest,when the parameters varied between-50% to-20%,the simulated canopy interception was the most sensitive to the parameter S,followed by c,R,E,Stand Pt. When the parameters varied between-20% to 50%,the parameter S also was the most sensitive factor for the simulated canopy interception,followed by E,R,c,S_t and P_t. In the mixed forest,when the parameters varied between-50% to + 50%,the simulated canopy interception was the most sensitive to the parameter S,followed by E,R,c,Stand Pt. According to results of accuracy analysis,we suggest that the modified Gash Model was more suitable for the P. orientalis pure forest than for the mixed forest of P. orientalis and C. coggygria. The parameter S was a primary factor affecting the accuracy of the model output.
引文
曹光秀,赵洋毅,段旭,等.2018.基于Gash修正模型模拟中亚热带常绿阔叶林降雨截留过程.水土保持学报,32(2):364-371.
柴汝杉,蔡体久,满秀玲,等.2013.基于Gash修正模型模拟小兴安岭原始红松林降雨截留过程.生态学报,33(4):1276-1284.
高婵婵,彭焕华,赵传燕,等.2015.基于Gash模型的青海云杉林降水截留模拟.生态学杂志,34(1):288-294.
何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.2010.应用修正的Gash解析模型对岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林林冠截留的模拟.生态学报,30(5):1125-1132.
江淼华,吕茂奎,胥超,等.2017.亚热带米槠次生林和杉木人工林林冠截留特征比较.水土保持学报,31(1):116-121+126.
刘泽彬,王彦辉,田奥,等.2017.六盘山半湿润区坡面华北落叶松林冠层截留的时空变化及空间尺度效应.水土保持学报,31(5):231-239.
芦新建,贺康宁,王辉,等.2014.应用Gash模型对青海高寒区华北落叶松人工林林冠截留的模拟.水土保持学报,28(4):4-48.
刘效东,龙凤玲,陈修治,等.2016.基于Gash修正模型对南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林林冠截留的模拟.生态学杂志,35(11):3118-3125.
刘玉杰,满秀玲.2016.修正Gash模型在兴安落叶松天然林林冠截留中的应用.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,40(4):81-88.
石磊,盛后财,满秀玲,等.2017.兴安落叶松林降雨再分配及其穿透雨的空间异质性.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,41(2):90-96.
田风霞,赵传燕,冯兆东,等.2012.祁连山青海云杉林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素.生态学报,32(4):62-72.
魏曦,毕华兴,梁文俊.2017.基于Gash模型对华北落叶松和油松人工林冠层截留的模拟.中国水土保持科学,15(6):27-33.
王艳萍,王力,卫三平.2012.Gash模型在黄土区人工刺槐林冠降雨截留研究中的应用.生态学报,32(17):5445-5453.
赵洋毅,王玉杰,王云琦,等.2011.基于Gash修正模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留.林业科学,47(9):15-20.
Aisah SS,Yusop Z,Noguchi S,et al.2012.Rainfall partitioning in a young Hopea odorata plantation.Journal of Tropical Forest Science,24:147-161.
Fathizadeh O,Hosseini SM,Keim RF,et al.2018.A seasonal evaluation of the reformulated Gash interception model for semi-arid deciduous oak forest stands.Forest Ecology and Management,409:601-613.
Fan J,Oestergaard KT,Guyot A,et al.2014.Measuring and modeling rainfall interception losses by a native Banksia woodland and an exotic pine plantation in subtropical coastal Australia.Journal of Hydrology,515:156-165.
Gash JHC.1979.An analytical model of rainfall interception in forests.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,105:43-55.
Gash JHC,Lloyd CR,Lachaud G.1995.Estimation sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model.Journal of Hydrology,170:78-86.
Ghimire CP,Bruijnzeel LA,Lubczynski MW,et al.2012.Rainfall interception by natural and planted forests in the Middle Mountains of Central Nepal.Journal of Hydrology,475:270-280.
Liu Z,Wang Y,Tian A,et al.2018.Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China.Journal of Forestry Research,29:187-198.
Limousin JM,Rambal S,Ourcival JM,et al.2008.Modelling rainfall interception in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystem:Lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment.Journal of Hydrology,357:57-66.
Liu S.1998.Estimation of rainfall storage capacity in the canopies of cypress wetlands and slash pine uplands in North Central Florida.Journal of Hydrology,207:32-41.
Muzylo A,Llorens P,Valente F,et al.2009.A review of rainfall interception modelling.Journal of Hydrology,370:191-206.
Peng H,Zhao C,Feng Z,et al.2014.Canopy interception by a spruce forest in the upper reach of Heihe River basin,Northwestern China.Hydrological Processes,28:1734-1741.
Ringgaard R,Herbst M,Friborg T.2014.Partitioning forest evapotranspiration:Interception evaporation and the impact of canopy structure,local and regional advection.Journal of Hydrology,517:677-690.
Sadeghi SMM,Attarod P,Ii JTVS,et al.2015.Efficiency of the reformulated Gash’s interception model in semiarid afforestations.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,201:76-85.
Shi ZJ,Wang YH,Xu LH,et al.2010.Fraction of incident rainfall within the canopy of a pure stand of Pinus armandii with revised Gash model in the Liupan Mountains of China.Journal of Hydrology,385:44-50.
Valente F,David JS,Gash JHC.1997.Modelling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models.Journal of Hydrology,190:141-162.
柴汝杉,蔡体久,满秀玲,等.2013.基于Gash修正模型模拟小兴安岭原始红松林降雨截留过程.生态学报,33(4):1276-1284.
高婵婵,彭焕华,赵传燕,等.2015.基于Gash模型的青海云杉林降水截留模拟.生态学杂志,34(1):288-294.
何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.2010.应用修正的Gash解析模型对岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林林冠截留的模拟.生态学报,30(5):1125-1132.
江淼华,吕茂奎,胥超,等.2017.亚热带米槠次生林和杉木人工林林冠截留特征比较.水土保持学报,31(1):116-121+126.
刘泽彬,王彦辉,田奥,等.2017.六盘山半湿润区坡面华北落叶松林冠层截留的时空变化及空间尺度效应.水土保持学报,31(5):231-239.
芦新建,贺康宁,王辉,等.2014.应用Gash模型对青海高寒区华北落叶松人工林林冠截留的模拟.水土保持学报,28(4):4-48.
刘效东,龙凤玲,陈修治,等.2016.基于Gash修正模型对南亚热带季风常绿阔叶林林冠截留的模拟.生态学杂志,35(11):3118-3125.
刘玉杰,满秀玲.2016.修正Gash模型在兴安落叶松天然林林冠截留中的应用.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,40(4):81-88.
石磊,盛后财,满秀玲,等.2017.兴安落叶松林降雨再分配及其穿透雨的空间异质性.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,41(2):90-96.
田风霞,赵传燕,冯兆东,等.2012.祁连山青海云杉林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素.生态学报,32(4):62-72.
魏曦,毕华兴,梁文俊.2017.基于Gash模型对华北落叶松和油松人工林冠层截留的模拟.中国水土保持科学,15(6):27-33.
王艳萍,王力,卫三平.2012.Gash模型在黄土区人工刺槐林冠降雨截留研究中的应用.生态学报,32(17):5445-5453.
赵洋毅,王玉杰,王云琦,等.2011.基于Gash修正模型模拟缙云山毛竹林降雨截留.林业科学,47(9):15-20.
Aisah SS,Yusop Z,Noguchi S,et al.2012.Rainfall partitioning in a young Hopea odorata plantation.Journal of Tropical Forest Science,24:147-161.
Fathizadeh O,Hosseini SM,Keim RF,et al.2018.A seasonal evaluation of the reformulated Gash interception model for semi-arid deciduous oak forest stands.Forest Ecology and Management,409:601-613.
Fan J,Oestergaard KT,Guyot A,et al.2014.Measuring and modeling rainfall interception losses by a native Banksia woodland and an exotic pine plantation in subtropical coastal Australia.Journal of Hydrology,515:156-165.
Gash JHC.1979.An analytical model of rainfall interception in forests.Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,105:43-55.
Gash JHC,Lloyd CR,Lachaud G.1995.Estimation sparse forest rainfall interception with an analytical model.Journal of Hydrology,170:78-86.
Ghimire CP,Bruijnzeel LA,Lubczynski MW,et al.2012.Rainfall interception by natural and planted forests in the Middle Mountains of Central Nepal.Journal of Hydrology,475:270-280.
Liu Z,Wang Y,Tian A,et al.2018.Characteristics of canopy interception and its simulation with a revised Gash model for a larch plantation in the Liupan Mountains,China.Journal of Forestry Research,29:187-198.
Limousin JM,Rambal S,Ourcival JM,et al.2008.Modelling rainfall interception in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex ecosystem:Lesson from a throughfall exclusion experiment.Journal of Hydrology,357:57-66.
Liu S.1998.Estimation of rainfall storage capacity in the canopies of cypress wetlands and slash pine uplands in North Central Florida.Journal of Hydrology,207:32-41.
Muzylo A,Llorens P,Valente F,et al.2009.A review of rainfall interception modelling.Journal of Hydrology,370:191-206.
Peng H,Zhao C,Feng Z,et al.2014.Canopy interception by a spruce forest in the upper reach of Heihe River basin,Northwestern China.Hydrological Processes,28:1734-1741.
Ringgaard R,Herbst M,Friborg T.2014.Partitioning forest evapotranspiration:Interception evaporation and the impact of canopy structure,local and regional advection.Journal of Hydrology,517:677-690.
Sadeghi SMM,Attarod P,Ii JTVS,et al.2015.Efficiency of the reformulated Gash’s interception model in semiarid afforestations.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,201:76-85.
Shi ZJ,Wang YH,Xu LH,et al.2010.Fraction of incident rainfall within the canopy of a pure stand of Pinus armandii with revised Gash model in the Liupan Mountains of China.Journal of Hydrology,385:44-50.
Valente F,David JS,Gash JHC.1997.Modelling interception loss for two sparse eucalypt and pine forests in central Portugal using reformulated Rutter and Gash analytical models.Journal of Hydrology,190:141-162.
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