帕米尔高原东北缘活动构造对塔什库尔干盆地地热控制作用
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摘要
帕米尔东北缘位于青藏高原西北部,是新构造运动最强烈的地区之一。受控于公格尔拉张断裂作用的塔什库尔干盆地,活动构造强烈,高的大地热流值和丰富的地下水,使其具备地热资源形成的地质构造和水文条件。基于塔什库尔干盆地北部的曲曼地区地质构造、湖相地层年代学调查研究,该地区发育晚更新世的NNE向f_1和f_2正断层以及第四纪沉积物之下存在隐伏的近EW向的断层f_3。这3条断层是塔什库尔干断裂在不同构造演化时期形成的次级断层。结合EH-4电磁成像和钻孔及抽水试验等资料表明NNE向f_1和f_2正断层是地热系统的导水通道,而近EW向f_3断层为导热通道。该地区地热模式是大地热流为热源-地下水深循环逐渐加热-构造控水和控热。
The northeastern Pamir on the northwest margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the regions with strong neotectonic movement. Located in the northeastern Pamir, the Taxkorgan basin is controlled by regional Kongur tensile faulting. The strong neotectonism, high terrestrial heat and abundant underground water of the basin constitute the regional tectonic and hydrogeological conditions for geothermal resources. Tectonic investigation in Quman area of northern Taxkorgan basin indicates the NNE-striking normal faults of f_1 and f_2 were active in late Quaternary whereas the subtle EW-striking fault of f_3,whose nature was different in different structural stages, was developed only below the Quaternary sediments. These faults are the secondary fractures of Tashkorgan fault formed in different tectonic episodes. Based on the data of geological structure, age model of the section of the lacustrine deposits, EH-4 electromagnetic image and drilling, the authors hold that the NNE-striking normalfaults were conduit-pipe and EW-striking thrust fault was heat conduction pathway. The atmospheric precipitation from the surrounding areas of the basin was heated by convection heating along the intersection of the different striking faults. The geothermal model involves heat source from terrestrial heat flow, gradually heating of deep circulated underground water and tectonic control of water and heat.
The northeastern Pamir on the northwest margin of the Tibetan Plateau is one of the regions with strong neotectonic movement. Located in the northeastern Pamir, the Taxkorgan basin is controlled by regional Kongur tensile faulting. The strong neotectonism, high terrestrial heat and abundant underground water of the basin constitute the regional tectonic and hydrogeological conditions for geothermal resources. Tectonic investigation in Quman area of northern Taxkorgan basin indicates the NNE-striking normal faults of f_1 and f_2 were active in late Quaternary whereas the subtle EW-striking fault of f_3,whose nature was different in different structural stages, was developed only below the Quaternary sediments. These faults are the secondary fractures of Tashkorgan fault formed in different tectonic episodes. Based on the data of geological structure, age model of the section of the lacustrine deposits, EH-4 electromagnetic image and drilling, the authors hold that the NNE-striking normalfaults were conduit-pipe and EW-striking thrust fault was heat conduction pathway. The atmospheric precipitation from the surrounding areas of the basin was heated by convection heating along the intersection of the different striking faults. The geothermal model involves heat source from terrestrial heat flow, gradually heating of deep circulated underground water and tectonic control of water and heat.
引文
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Chen Jie,Li Tao,Sun Jianbao,Fang Lihua,Yao Yuan,Li Yuehua,Wang Haoran,Fu Bo.2016.Coseismic surface ruptures and seismogenic muji fault of the 25 November 2016 Arketao Mw6.6earthquake in northern Pamir[J].Seismology and Geology,38(4):1160-1174(in Chinese with English abstract).
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Li Fu,Li Hua,Yang Jian.2012.EH4 conductivity imaging system used in geological surveys in the southwest area[J].Metal Mine,41(7):112-116.
Li Haibing,J.Van der Woerd,Sun Zhiming,Meriaux A-S,Tapponnier P,Ryerson F J,Si Jialiang,Pan Jiawei.2008.Late Quaternary left-slip rate and large earthquake recurrence time along the Kangxiwa(or Karakax)segment of the Altyn tagh fault,northern Tibet[J].Quaternary Research,28(2):197-213(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li Haibing,Valli F,Liu Dunyi,Xu Zhiqin,Yang Jingsui,Arnaud N,Tapponnier P,Lacassin R,Chen Songyong,Qi Xuexiang.2007.The formation age of Karakoram fault:The age restriction of the zircon SHRIMP U-Pb[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,52(4):438-447(in Chinese).
Li Wenqiao,Chen Jie,Yuan Zhaode,Huang Mingda,Li Tao,Yu Song,Yang Xiaodong.2011.Coseismic surface ruptures of multi segments and Seismogenic fault of the Tashkorgan earthquake in Pamir,1895[J].Seismology and Geology,33(2):260-276(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang Yongdon,Liu Yanhua,Fan Shaoyun,Wang Zhichen,Cheng Jianwen.2010.Application of EH-4 electromagnetic sounding to the survey of fault structure in uranium district[J].Uranium Geology,26(3):166-171.
Liu Dongliang,Li Haibing,Pan Jiawei,Chevalier Marie-Luce,Pei Junling,Sun Zhiming,Si Jialiang,Xu Wei.2011.Morphotectonic study from the northeastern margin of the Pamir to the West Kunlun range and its tectonic implications[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,(11):3499-3512(in Chinese with English abstract).
Luo Zhaohua,Mo Xuanxue,Ke Shan.2003.Ages of Taxkorgan alkaline intrusive complex and their geological implications[J].Geology of Xinjiang,21(1):46-50(in Chinese with English abstract).
Owen L A,Chen Jie,Hedrick K A,Caffee M W,Robinson A C,Schoenbohm L M,Yuan Zhaode,Li Wenqiao,Imrecke D B,Liu Jinfeng,2012.Quaternary glaciation of the Tashkur-gan Valley,Southeast Pamir[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,47:56-72.
Pang Zhonghe,Yang Fengtian,Yuan Lijuan,Li Yiman.2011.Geothermal display and predication of the thermal storage temperature in Taxian basin,Xinjiang[J].Geological Review,57(1):86-88(in Chinese with English abstract).
Robinson A C,Yin An,Manning C E,Harrison T M,Zhang Shuanhong,Wang Xiaofeng.2004.Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir:Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system,western China[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,116(7):953-974.
Robinson A C,Yin An,Manning C E,T Mark Harrison,Zhang Shuanhong,Wang Xiaofeng.2007.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,119(7):882-896.
Robinson A C,2009.Geologic offsets across the northern Karakorum fault:im-plications for its role and terrane correlations in the western Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny[J].Earth Planet.Sci.Lett,279:123-130.
Shi Yafeng,Ge Yu,Liu Xiaodong,Li Bingyuan,Yao Tandong.2001.Reconstruction of the 30-40 ka bp,enhanced Indian monsoon climate based on geological records from the Tibetan Plateau[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,169(1/2):69-83.
Sobel E R,Chen Jie,Schoenbohm L M,Thiede R,Stockli D F,Sudo M,Strecker M R.2013.Oceanic-style subduction controls late Cenozoic deformation of the Northern Pamir orogeny[J].Earth&Planetary Science Letters,363:204-21.
Stuiver M,Reimer P J,Reimer R.CALIB 5.0.2[WWW program and documentation[J].2005.
Henan Geological Survey.2004.Tashikuergan1:250,000 Regional Geological Mapping and Report,1-327.
Tiwari V,Rajasekhar R and Mishra D.2009.Gravity anomaly lithospheric structure and seismicitty of Wertern Himalayan Syntaxis[J].Journal of Seismology,13(3):363-370.
Thiede R C,Ehlers T A.2013.Large spatial and temporal variations in Himalayan denudation[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters371-372:278-293.
Thomas J C,Chauvin A,Gapais D,M L Bazhenov,H Perroud,P RCobbold,V S Burtman.1994.Paleomagnetic evidence for Cenozoic block rotations in the Tadjik depression(Central Asia)[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,99(B8):15141-15160.
Wang Jiyang.1996.Low-medium temperature geothermal system of convective type[J].Earth Science Frontiers,(3):96-100(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Yongjin,Cheng Hai,Edwards R L,Kong Xinggong,Shao Xiaohua Chen Shitao,Wu Jiangyin,Jiang Xiouyang,Wang Xianfeng,An Zhisheng.2008.Millennial-and orbital-scale changes in the Eas Asian monsoon over the past 224,000 years[J].Nature,451(7182):1090-1093.
White D E,1986.Subsurface waters of different origins.Extended Abstracts of Fifth International Symposium on Water-Rock Inter action[J].National Energy Authority of Iceland,Reykjavik,629-632.
Yang Shaomin,Li Jie,Wang Qi.2008.The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPSobservation[J].Science in China(Ser.D),51:1064-1080.
Yang Xiaoping,Preusser F,Radtke U.2006.Late Quaternary environmental changes in the Taklamakan Desert,western China inferred from OSL-dated lacustrine and eolian deposits[J]Quaternary Science Reviews 25,923-932.
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