长期不同耕作措施对黄绵土体积质量和作物水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
借助2001年在陇中黄土高原建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验,研究5种保护性耕作[免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)、免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)]和传统耕作(T)对黄绵土体积质量、水分含量、作物耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:保护性耕作均可降低0~30cm土层土壤体积质量,提升土壤孔隙度;其中NTS显著降低0~10cm土层土壤体积质量,并显著提升该土层土壤孔隙度,且随着应用年限的延长,效果更为突出。保护性耕作显著提高播种期0~10cm土层土壤含水量,尤以NTS和NTP效果最佳。与传统耕作相比,NTS和NTP在增加作物耗水量的同时也提高了作物产量和水分利用效率,但NTP不利于土壤结构的持续改善。因此,长期施用免耕秸秆覆盖耕作措施能显著改善土壤结构,提高土壤水分利用效率,进而提高作物产量,促进农业可持续发展。
A long-time fixed-point experiment was conducted to study the effects of five different conservation tillage[no tillage(NT),conventional tillage with straw(TS),no tillage with straw mulching(NTS),conventional tillage with plastic film mulching(TP),no tillage with plastic film mulching(NTP)]and conventional tillage on the soil volumic mass,water content,water consumption,crop yield and water use efficiency.The results showed that conservation tillage decreased the 0-30 cm soil volumic mass and increased soil porosity,NTS significantly decreased 0-10 cm soil volume mass and improved the soil porosity,and with the extension of the application period,the effect was more prominent.Conservation tillage significantly improved the soil water content of 0-10 cm soil layer at sowing period,especially for the NTS and NTP treatment.Compared with traditional tillage,NTS and NTP treatments increased crop water consumption,crop yield and water use efficiency at the same time,but NTP treatment could not improve soil structure sustainably.Therefore,long-term application of NTS can significantly improve soil structure,increase soil water use efficiency,thus,this can further increase crop yield,promote the the sustainable development of agriculture.
A long-time fixed-point experiment was conducted to study the effects of five different conservation tillage[no tillage(NT),conventional tillage with straw(TS),no tillage with straw mulching(NTS),conventional tillage with plastic film mulching(TP),no tillage with plastic film mulching(NTP)]and conventional tillage on the soil volumic mass,water content,water consumption,crop yield and water use efficiency.The results showed that conservation tillage decreased the 0-30 cm soil volumic mass and increased soil porosity,NTS significantly decreased 0-10 cm soil volume mass and improved the soil porosity,and with the extension of the application period,the effect was more prominent.Conservation tillage significantly improved the soil water content of 0-10 cm soil layer at sowing period,especially for the NTS and NTP treatment.Compared with traditional tillage,NTS and NTP treatments increased crop water consumption,crop yield and water use efficiency at the same time,but NTP treatment could not improve soil structure sustainably.Therefore,long-term application of NTS can significantly improve soil structure,increase soil water use efficiency,thus,this can further increase crop yield,promote the the sustainable development of agriculture.
引文
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[27]余海英,彭文英,马秀.免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):99-104.YU H Y,PENG W Y,MA X.Effects of no tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semiarid region of northern China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(1):99-104.
[2]DEXTER A R.Soil physical quality[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2004,79(2):129-130.
[3]李玲玲,黄高宝,张仁陟,等.免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作农田土壤水分的影响[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(5):94-96.LI L L,HUANG G B,ZHANG R ZH,et al.Effects of notill with stubble retention on soil water regimes in rainfed areas[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(5):94-96.
[4]张仁陟,黄高宝,蔡立群,等.几种保护性耕作措施在黄土高原旱作农田的实践[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(1):61-69.ZHANG R ZH,HUANG G B,CAI L Q,et al.Dry farmland practice involving multi-conservation tillage measures in the Loess Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(1):61-69.
[5]黄高宝,郭清毅,张仁陟,等.保护性耕作条件下旱地农田麦-豆双序列轮作体系的水分动态及产量效应[J].生态学报,2006,26(4):1176-1185.HUANG G B,GUO Q Y,ZHANG R ZH,et al.Effects of conservation tillage on soil moisture and crop yield in a phased rotation system with spring wheat and field pea in dryland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(4):1176-1185.
[6]ZHANG Q J,FU B J,CHEN L D,et al.Dynamics and driving factors of agricultural landscape in the semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2004,103(3):535-543.
[7]LAI R.Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security[J].Science,2004,304(5677):1623-1627.
[8]李琳,李素娟,张海林,等.保护性耕作下土壤碳库管理指数的研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(3):106-109.LI L,LI S J,ZHANG H L,et al.Study on soil C pool management index of conversation tillage[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(3):106-109.
[9]CHAN K Y,HEENAN D P.Effect of tillage and stubble management on soil water storage,crop growth and yield in a wheat-lupin rotation in southern NSW[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1996,47(3):479-488.
[10]张仁陟,罗珠珠,蔡立群,等.长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤物理质量的影响[J].草业学报,2011,20(4):1-10.ZHANG R ZH,LUO ZH ZH,CAI L Q,et al.Effects of long-term conservation tillage on soil physical quality of rainfed areas of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Pratacuturae Sinica,2011,20(4):1-10.
[11]刘世平,陈后庆,聂新涛,等.稻麦两熟制不同耕作方式与秸秆还田土壤肥力的综合评价[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):51-56.LIU SH P,CHEN H Q,NIE X T,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of tillage and straw returning on soil fertility in a wheat-rice double cropping system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2008,24(4):51-56.
[12]MEHARBAN S K,RATTAN L,MERRIE A V.Twenty two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2013,126:151-158.
[13]武际,郭熙盛,王允青,等.麦稻轮作下耕作模式对土壤理化性质和作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(3):87-93.WU J,GUO X SH,WANG Y Q,et al.Effects of tillage patterns on crop yields and soil physical chemical properties in wheat-rice rotation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(3):87-93.
[14]梁淑敏,谢瑞芝,汤永禄,等.成都平原不同耕作模式的农田效应研究Ⅰ.对土壤性状及作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(19):3988-3996.LIANG SH M,XIE R ZH,TANG Y L,et al.Effects of tillage systems on fields in Chengdu Plain I.The effects of tillage systems on soil properties and crop yields[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(19):3988-3996.
[15]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤物理研究室.土壤物理性质测定法[M].北京:科学出版社,1978:66-77.Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Analysis Method of Soil Physical Properties[M].Beijing:Science Press,1978:66-77.
[16]刘爽,何文清,严昌荣,等.不同耕作措施对旱地农田土壤物理特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(2):65-70.LIU SH,HE W Q,YAN CH R,et al.Effects of different tillage managements on soil physical properties in dryland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(2):65-70.
[17]廖萍,黄国勤.红壤旱地保护性耕作对土壤理化性状的影响[J].耕作与栽培,2006,25(5):31-32.LIAO P,HUANG G Q.Effects of conservation tillage on soil physical and chemical properties of red soil[J].Tillage and Cultivation,2006,25(5):31-32.
[18]RAHMAN M H,OKUBO A,SUGIYAMA S,et al.Physical,chemical and microbiological properties of an and soil as related to land use and tillage practice[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2008,101(1):10-19.
[19]姚珍,黄国勤,张兆飞,等.稻田保护性耕作研究-Ⅱ.不同耕作方式对水稻产量及生理生态的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2007,29(2):182-186.YAO ZH,HUANG G Q,ZHANG ZH F,et al.Studies on paddy field conservational tillageⅡ.The influence of different conservational tillage methods on rice yield and physiological and ecological benefits[J].Acta Agriculture Universities Jiangxiensis,2007,29(2):182-186.
[20]王昌全,魏成明,李廷强,等.不同免耕方式对作物产量和土壤理化性状的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2001,19(2):152-154.WANG CH Q,WEI CH M,LI T Q,et al.Effect of different zero tillage on the crop yield and soil property[J].Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2001,19(2):152-154.
[21]孙国峰,张海林,徐尚起,等.轮耕对双季稻田土壤结构及水贮量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(9):66-71.SUN G F,ZHANG H L,XU SH Q,et al.Effects of rotational tillage treatments on soil structure and water storage in double rice cropping region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(9):66-71.
[22]黄高宝,张恩和.甘肃黄土高原生态环境建设与农业可持续发展战略研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(1):16-19.HUANG,G B,ZHANG E H,Strategies for ecological environment construction and agricultural sustainable development in Loess Plateau of Gansu province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(1):16-19.
[23]SU Z,ZHANG J,WU W,et al.Effects of conservation tillage practices on winter wheat water use efficiency and crop yield on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2007,87(3):307-314.
[24]侯贤清,王维,韩清芳,等.夏闲期轮耕对小麦田土壤水分及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2524-2532.HOU X Q,WANG W,HAN Q F,et al.Effects of rotational tillage during summer fallow on wheat field soil water regime and grain yield[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2524-2532.
[25]张丽华,李军,贾志宽,等.不同保护性耕作对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田肥力和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(4):199-207.ZHANG L H,LI J,JIA ZH K,et al.Effects of different conservation tillage measures on soil fertility,WUE and field in winter wheat-spring maize rotation field of Weibei Highland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2011,29(4):199-207.
[26]秦红灵,高旺盛,马月存,等.两年免耕后深松对土壤水分的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(1):78-85.QIN H L,GAO W SH,MA Y C,et al.Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage 2years later[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(1):78-85.
[27]余海英,彭文英,马秀.免耕对北方旱作玉米土壤水分及物理性质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):99-104.YU H Y,PENG W Y,MA X.Effects of no tillage on soil water content and physical properties of spring corn fields in semiarid region of northern China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(1):99-104.