法庭科学领域中泥土物证的发展综述
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摘要
泥土广泛存在于自然界中,是交通肇事、凶杀、盗窃、强奸等各类刑事案件现场频繁出现的物证之一。泥土物证检验在追溯犯罪活动区域,匹配(排除)犯罪嫌疑人两个方面都发挥着重要的作用。然而,就目前的刑事案件物证形式来看,泥土物证在法庭上并没有充分发挥作用。从泥土的物理特性、化学特性、矿物学特性三个方面,对泥土样品的法庭科学检验技术进行了系统梳理,并结合前沿文献总结分析泥土物证在法庭科学领域面临的问题以及未来的发展趋势。希望能够为致力于法庭科学领域泥土物证研究的学者提供参考建议。
Soil is widespread in nature and is one of the physical evidences that frequently found on various crime scenes,such as traffic accidents, murder, theft, rape, etc.. Forensic analysis of soil evidence plays an important role in both sourcing criminal activities and matching or excluding criminal suspects. However, according to the current state of forensic evidence in criminal cases, forensic analysis of soil is underutilized in court. This paper reviewed the analytical technologies of forensic soil samples from three aspects: physical characteristics, chemical properties and mineralogical properties; outlined the problems facing forensic analysis of soil sample; and looked forward its developing trends in the future. The authors hope that this paper can provide reference for scholars who are devoted to the study of soil evidence in forensic science.
Soil is widespread in nature and is one of the physical evidences that frequently found on various crime scenes,such as traffic accidents, murder, theft, rape, etc.. Forensic analysis of soil evidence plays an important role in both sourcing criminal activities and matching or excluding criminal suspects. However, according to the current state of forensic evidence in criminal cases, forensic analysis of soil is underutilized in court. This paper reviewed the analytical technologies of forensic soil samples from three aspects: physical characteristics, chemical properties and mineralogical properties; outlined the problems facing forensic analysis of soil sample; and looked forward its developing trends in the future. The authors hope that this paper can provide reference for scholars who are devoted to the study of soil evidence in forensic science.
引文
[1][美]雷蒙德·默里.源自地球的证据:法庭地质学与犯罪侦查[M].王元凤,金振奎,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2013:34-35.
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[3]Croft DJ,Pye K.Colour theory and the Evaluation of an Instrumental Method of Measurement Using Geological Samples for Forensic Applications[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,2004,232(1):49-62.
[4]Dudley RJ.The use of Colour in the Discrimination Between soils[J].Journal of the Forensic Science Society,1975,15(3):209-218.
[5]Thornton JI.Visual Color Comparisons in Forensic Science[J].Forensic Science Review,1997,9(1):37.
[6]Murray RC,Tedrow JC.Forensic Geology[J].Prentice Hall,New Jersey,1992.
[7]Dudley R J.Smalldon K W.The Evaluation of Methods for Soil Analysis Under Simulated Scenes of Crime Conditions[J].Forensic Science International,1978,12(1):49-60.
[8]Sugita R,Marumo Y.Validity of Color Examination for Forensic Soil Identification[J].Forensic Science International,1996,83(83):201-210.
[9]Guedes A,Ribeiro H,Valentim B,et al.Quantitative Colour Analysis of Beach and Dune Sediments for Forensic Applications:a Portuguese Example[J].Forensic Science International,2009,190(1-3):42-51.
[10]Kirk PL,Russel R.Microdetermination of Specific Gravity in Forensic Chemistry[J].Journal of Criminal Law&Criminology,1941,32(1):118-120.
[11]Goin LJ,Kirk PL.Application of Microchemical Techniques;Identity of Soil Samples[J].Journal of Criminal Law&Criminology Including the American Journal of Police Science,1947,38(3):267.
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[16]Chaperlin K,Howarth PS.Soil Comparison by the Density Gradient Method—A review and Evaluation[J].Forensic Science International,1983,23(2):161-177.
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[22]Wanogho S,Gettinby G,Caddy B.Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Soils Using Laser Diffraction[J].Forensic Science International,1987,33(2):117-128.
[23]Sugita R,Marumo Y.Screening of Soil Evidence by a Combination of Simple Techniques:Validity of Particle Size Distribution[J].Forensic Science International,2001,122(2-3):155.
[24]Pye K,Blott SJ.Particle Size Analysis of Sediments,Soils and Related Particulate Materials for Forensic Purposes Using Laser Granulometry[J].Forensic Science International,2004,144(1):19-27.
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[34]Arroyo L,Trejos T,Hosick T,et al.Analysis of Soils and Sediments by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS):An Innovative tool for Environmental Forensics[J].Environmental Forensics,2010,11(4):315-327.
[35]Jantzi SC,Almirall JR.Characterization and Forensic Analysis of Soil Samples Using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)[J].Analytical&Bioanalytical Chemistry,2011,400(10):3341-51.
[36]Jantzi SC.Elemental Analysis and Forensic Comparison of Soils by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)[D].2013.
[37]Pye K,Croft D.Forensic Analysis of Soil and Sediment Traces by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray Analysis:An Experimental Investigation[J].Forensic Science International,2007,165(1):52-63.
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[39]Woods B,Paul K,Lennard C,et al.Soil Examination for a Forensic Trace Evidence Laboratory-Part 2:Elemental Analysis[J].Forensic Science International,2014,245:195.
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[42]Thornton JI,Crim D.Forensic Soil Characterization[M].Forensic Science Progress.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1986:1-35.
[43]Cox RJ,Peterson HL,Young J,et al.The Forensic Analysis of Soil Organic by FTIR[J].Forensic Science International,2000,108(2):107-116.
[44]Bryant VM,Jones JG,Mildenhall DC.Forensic Palynology in the United States of America[J].Palynology,1990,14(1):193-208.
[45]Mildenhall DC,Forensic Palynology in New Zealand[J].Review of Palaeobotany&Palynology,1990,64(1):227-234.
[46]戈文东,杨雪莹,徐小玉,等.孢粉学在法庭科学上的应用[J].河北医科大学学报,2010,31(11):1399-1401.
[47]赵永峰,杨瑞琴.孢粉在刑事侦查中的运用[J].中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版),2008,14(1):10-13.
[48]江勇,石福臣.司法孢粉在刑事侦察中的应用[J].中国司法鉴定,2005,(2):19-20.
[49]Erdtman G,1969.Handbook of Palynology[M].An Introduction to the Study of Pollen Grains and Spores.Hafner,New York,1969:486.
[50]Mildenhall DC.Deer Velvet and Palynology:An Example of the use of Forensic Palynology in New Zealand[J].Tuatara.1988,30(1):1-11.
[51]Mildenhall DC.An Example of the use of Forensic Palynology in Assessing an Alibi[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,2004,49(2):312-316.
[52]Mildenhall DC.Hypericum Pollen Determines the Presence of Burglars at the Scene of a Crime:An Example of Forensic Palynology[J].Forensic Science International,2006,163(3):231-235.
[53]Horrocks M,Coulson SA,Walsh KAJ.Forensic Palynology:Variation in the Pollen Content of Soil Surface Samples[J].Journal of Forensic sciences,1998,43(2):320-323.
[54]Horrocks M,Coulson SA,Walsh K AJ.Forensic Palynology:Variation in the Pollen Content of Soil on Shoes and in Shoeprints in Soil[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,1999,44(1):119-122.
[55]Horrocks M.Sub-sampling and Preparing Forensic Samples for Pollen Analysis[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,2004,49(5):1024-1027.
[56]Stoney DA,Bowen AM,Stoney PL.Inferential Source Attribution from Dust:Review and Analysis[J].Forensic Science Review,2013,25(2):107-142.
[57]Stoney DA,Stoney PL.Illustration and Analysis of a Coordinated Approach to an Effective Forensic Trace Evidence capability[J].Forensic Science International,2015,(253):14.
[58]Dudley RJ.The use of Cathodoluminescence in the Identification of Soil Minerals[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1976,27(4):487-494.
[59]rodońJan.Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Clay-Bearing Rocks from Random Preparations[J].Clays&Clay Minerals,2001,49(6):514-528.
[60]Ruffell A,Wiltshire P.Conjunctive use of Quantitative and Qualitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Soils and Rocks for Forensic Analysis[J].Forensic Science International,2004,145(1):13-23.
[61]Willms M,Drake R,Leftwich K,et al.X-Ray Diffraction Comparison of Windsor Area Soil Mineralogy for Forensic Investigations[J].Journal of Emerging Forensic Science Reaserch,2017,1(2):65-71.
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[76]Dudley RJ,Smalldon KW.The Evaluation of Methods for Soil Analysis Under Simulated Scenes of Crime Conditions[J].Forensic Science International,1978,(12):49-60.
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[2]Itamiya H,Sugita R.Forensic Examination of Soil Evidence in Japan(NRIPS)[C].The 122nd Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Jepan.Nagano,2015.
[3]Croft DJ,Pye K.Colour theory and the Evaluation of an Instrumental Method of Measurement Using Geological Samples for Forensic Applications[J].Geological Society London Special Publications,2004,232(1):49-62.
[4]Dudley RJ.The use of Colour in the Discrimination Between soils[J].Journal of the Forensic Science Society,1975,15(3):209-218.
[5]Thornton JI.Visual Color Comparisons in Forensic Science[J].Forensic Science Review,1997,9(1):37.
[6]Murray RC,Tedrow JC.Forensic Geology[J].Prentice Hall,New Jersey,1992.
[7]Dudley R J.Smalldon K W.The Evaluation of Methods for Soil Analysis Under Simulated Scenes of Crime Conditions[J].Forensic Science International,1978,12(1):49-60.
[8]Sugita R,Marumo Y.Validity of Color Examination for Forensic Soil Identification[J].Forensic Science International,1996,83(83):201-210.
[9]Guedes A,Ribeiro H,Valentim B,et al.Quantitative Colour Analysis of Beach and Dune Sediments for Forensic Applications:a Portuguese Example[J].Forensic Science International,2009,190(1-3):42-51.
[10]Kirk PL,Russel R.Microdetermination of Specific Gravity in Forensic Chemistry[J].Journal of Criminal Law&Criminology,1941,32(1):118-120.
[11]Goin LJ,Kirk PL.Application of Microchemical Techniques;Identity of Soil Samples[J].Journal of Criminal Law&Criminology Including the American Journal of Police Science,1947,38(3):267.
[12]Nickolls LC.Identification of Stains of Nonbiologicalorigin[J].Methods of Forensic Science,1962,(1):27.
[13]Dudley RJ.The use of Density Gradient Columns in the Forensic Comparison of Soils[J].Medicine Science&the Law,1979,19(1):39.
[14]Frenkel OJ.Three Studies on the Forensic Comparison of Soil Samples[D].Paper Read at 1968 Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences,Chicago,1968.
[15]Conner JW,Kind S,Overman M.Science Against Crime[J].English Journal,1973,62(2):305.
[16]Chaperlin K,Howarth PS.Soil Comparison by the Density Gradient Method—A review and Evaluation[J].Forensic Science International,1983,23(2):161-177.
[17]Petraco N,Kubic T.A Density Gradient Technique for use in Forensic Soil Analysis.[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,2000,45(4):872-873.
[18]Nickolls LC.The Scientific Investigation of Crime[M].Butter Worths.London,1956:44-45.
[19]Walls HJ.Forensic Science[M].Sweetand Maxwell Ltd,London,1968:24.
[20]Robertson J,Thomas CJ,Caddy B,et al.Particle Size Analysis of Soils—A comparison of Dry and Wet Sieving Techniques[J].Forensic Science International,1984,24(3):209-217.
[21]Dudley RJ.The Particle Size Analysis of Soils and Its use in Forensic Science—the Determination of Particle Size Distributions within the Silt and Sand Fractions[J].Journal of the Forensic Science Society,1976,16(3):219-229.
[22]Wanogho S,Gettinby G,Caddy B.Particle Size Distribution Analysis of Soils Using Laser Diffraction[J].Forensic Science International,1987,33(2):117-128.
[23]Sugita R,Marumo Y.Screening of Soil Evidence by a Combination of Simple Techniques:Validity of Particle Size Distribution[J].Forensic Science International,2001,122(2-3):155.
[24]Pye K,Blott SJ.Particle Size Analysis of Sediments,Soils and Related Particulate Materials for Forensic Purposes Using Laser Granulometry[J].Forensic Science International,2004,144(1):19-27.
[25]Morgan RM,Bull P A.The Use of Grain Size Distribution Analysis of Sediments and Soils in Forensic Enquiry[J].Science&Justice Journal of the Forensic Science Society,2007,47(3):125-135.
[26]Ritsuko S.Study on Particle sze Distribution of Soil Samples for Forensic Discrimination by Image Analytical Method(NRIPS)[C].The 122nd Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan Nagano,2015.
[27]Farr.An Investigation on Laboratory and Field Methods of Determining the p H of Soil Suspensions[J].Journal of the Science of Food&Agriculture,1972,23(9):1089-1097.
[28]Dudley RJ.A Simple Method for Determining the p H of Small Soil Samples and its use in Forensic science[J].Journal-Forensic Science Society,1976,16(1):21.
[29]Hiraoka Y.A Possible Approach to Soil Discrimination Using X-ray Fluorescence Analysis[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,1994,39(6):1381-1392.
[30]郭洪玲,王琥.泥土物证的XRF分析制样技术[J].刑事技术,2010,(3):45-46.
[31]郭洪玲,权养科,陶克明.法庭科学中泥土物证XRF检验数据的分析研判[J].中国司法鉴定,2013,(3):24-28.
[32]Pye K,Blott SJ,Wray DS.Elemental Analysis of Soil Samples for Forensic Purposes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry-precision Considerations[J].Forensic Science International,2006,160(2-3):178.
[33]Pye K,Blott SJ,Croft DJ,et al.Discrimination Between Sediment and Soil Samples for Forensic Purposes Using Elemental Data:An Investigation of Particle Size Effects[J].Forensic Science International,2007,167(1):30-42.
[34]Arroyo L,Trejos T,Hosick T,et al.Analysis of Soils and Sediments by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS):An Innovative tool for Environmental Forensics[J].Environmental Forensics,2010,11(4):315-327.
[35]Jantzi SC,Almirall JR.Characterization and Forensic Analysis of Soil Samples Using Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)[J].Analytical&Bioanalytical Chemistry,2011,400(10):3341-51.
[36]Jantzi SC.Elemental Analysis and Forensic Comparison of Soils by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy(LIBS)and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)[D].2013.
[37]Pye K,Croft D.Forensic Analysis of Soil and Sediment Traces by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray Analysis:An Experimental Investigation[J].Forensic Science International,2007,165(1):52-63.
[38]Cengiz S,Cengiz KA,Cakir I,et al.SEM-EDS Analysis and Discrimination of Forensic soil[J].Forensic Science International,2004,141(1):33-37.
[39]Woods B,Paul K,Lennard C,et al.Soil Examination for a Forensic Trace Evidence Laboratory-Part 2:Elemental Analysis[J].Forensic Science International,2014,245:195.
[40]Dudley RJ.A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Soil Saccharide Content and its Application in Forensic Science[J].Medicine Science&the Law,1976,16(4):226-231.
[41]Dudley RJ,Smalldon KW.The Evaluation of Methods for Soil Analysis Under Simulated Scenes of Crime Conditions[J].Forensic Science International,1978,12(1):49-60.
[42]Thornton JI,Crim D.Forensic Soil Characterization[M].Forensic Science Progress.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,1986:1-35.
[43]Cox RJ,Peterson HL,Young J,et al.The Forensic Analysis of Soil Organic by FTIR[J].Forensic Science International,2000,108(2):107-116.
[44]Bryant VM,Jones JG,Mildenhall DC.Forensic Palynology in the United States of America[J].Palynology,1990,14(1):193-208.
[45]Mildenhall DC,Forensic Palynology in New Zealand[J].Review of Palaeobotany&Palynology,1990,64(1):227-234.
[46]戈文东,杨雪莹,徐小玉,等.孢粉学在法庭科学上的应用[J].河北医科大学学报,2010,31(11):1399-1401.
[47]赵永峰,杨瑞琴.孢粉在刑事侦查中的运用[J].中国人民公安大学学报(自然科学版),2008,14(1):10-13.
[48]江勇,石福臣.司法孢粉在刑事侦察中的应用[J].中国司法鉴定,2005,(2):19-20.
[49]Erdtman G,1969.Handbook of Palynology[M].An Introduction to the Study of Pollen Grains and Spores.Hafner,New York,1969:486.
[50]Mildenhall DC.Deer Velvet and Palynology:An Example of the use of Forensic Palynology in New Zealand[J].Tuatara.1988,30(1):1-11.
[51]Mildenhall DC.An Example of the use of Forensic Palynology in Assessing an Alibi[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,2004,49(2):312-316.
[52]Mildenhall DC.Hypericum Pollen Determines the Presence of Burglars at the Scene of a Crime:An Example of Forensic Palynology[J].Forensic Science International,2006,163(3):231-235.
[53]Horrocks M,Coulson SA,Walsh KAJ.Forensic Palynology:Variation in the Pollen Content of Soil Surface Samples[J].Journal of Forensic sciences,1998,43(2):320-323.
[54]Horrocks M,Coulson SA,Walsh K AJ.Forensic Palynology:Variation in the Pollen Content of Soil on Shoes and in Shoeprints in Soil[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,1999,44(1):119-122.
[55]Horrocks M.Sub-sampling and Preparing Forensic Samples for Pollen Analysis[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences,2004,49(5):1024-1027.
[56]Stoney DA,Bowen AM,Stoney PL.Inferential Source Attribution from Dust:Review and Analysis[J].Forensic Science Review,2013,25(2):107-142.
[57]Stoney DA,Stoney PL.Illustration and Analysis of a Coordinated Approach to an Effective Forensic Trace Evidence capability[J].Forensic Science International,2015,(253):14.
[58]Dudley RJ.The use of Cathodoluminescence in the Identification of Soil Minerals[J].European Journal of Soil Science,1976,27(4):487-494.
[59]rodońJan.Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Clay-Bearing Rocks from Random Preparations[J].Clays&Clay Minerals,2001,49(6):514-528.
[60]Ruffell A,Wiltshire P.Conjunctive use of Quantitative and Qualitative X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Soils and Rocks for Forensic Analysis[J].Forensic Science International,2004,145(1):13-23.
[61]Willms M,Drake R,Leftwich K,et al.X-Ray Diffraction Comparison of Windsor Area Soil Mineralogy for Forensic Investigations[J].Journal of Emerging Forensic Science Reaserch,2017,1(2):65-71.
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