城市建成环境对居民通勤方式的影响——基于福州市的经验研究
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摘要
汽车依赖已成为交通拥堵、空气污染和慢性疾病的重要诱因。为此,整合福州中心城区的社会调查、兴趣点、道路网、公交线路等数据,探究各类城市建成环境特征对居民通勤方式的影响机制。研究表明:①土地利用密度与绿色通勤的概率呈倒U型关系,道路的安全性、舒适性和小尺度街区对步行、骑行或公交出行具有显著正面作用,反映出适度集约利用土地和保障非机动化路权的重要性。②居住地与就业地的建成环境影响不尽相同。住所周边多样化的城市功能将促进居民选择步行通勤;加密单位附近的公交线路不仅会提高公交出行比例,也能为慢性系统改善创造积极条件。③除纳入态度偏好变量外,对单位大院、房改房、保障房住户另行分析可规避居住自选择的干扰。经检验,上述建成环境特征的影响是独立且稳健的。
Vehicle dependence has become an important reason for traffic congestion,air pollution and chronic diseases. Therefore,this paper integrated data of social survey,point of interest,road networks and bus routes to explore the impact of various urban built environment characteristics on residential commuting mode. The results demonstrated that land use density and the probability of green commuting had inverted U-shaped relationship while road safety,comfort and small-scale blocks had significant positive effects on walking,cycling or bus travel,which reflected the importance of moderate intensive land use and protection of non-motorized road rights. Furthermore,some environmental impact of residence and employment area was different. The diversified urban functions around the dwellings would encourage residents to commute on foot. Encrypting the bus routes near job center would not only increase the proportion of bus trips,but also create positive conditions for the improvement of non-motorized system. In addition,apart from attitudinal preference variables,separate analysis of unit communities,fanggaifang and public house samples could avoid the interference of residential self-selection. It was proved that the above-mentioned built environment characteristics had independent and stable influence on commuting mode.
Vehicle dependence has become an important reason for traffic congestion,air pollution and chronic diseases. Therefore,this paper integrated data of social survey,point of interest,road networks and bus routes to explore the impact of various urban built environment characteristics on residential commuting mode. The results demonstrated that land use density and the probability of green commuting had inverted U-shaped relationship while road safety,comfort and small-scale blocks had significant positive effects on walking,cycling or bus travel,which reflected the importance of moderate intensive land use and protection of non-motorized road rights. Furthermore,some environmental impact of residence and employment area was different. The diversified urban functions around the dwellings would encourage residents to commute on foot. Encrypting the bus routes near job center would not only increase the proportion of bus trips,but also create positive conditions for the improvement of non-motorized system. In addition,apart from attitudinal preference variables,separate analysis of unit communities,fanggaifang and public house samples could avoid the interference of residential self-selection. It was proved that the above-mentioned built environment characteristics had independent and stable influence on commuting mode.
引文
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[2]Cao X,Yang W.Examining the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and the related CO2 emissions:An empirical study in Guangzhou,China[J].Transportation Research Part D,2017,52(S1):480-494.
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[14]Wang D,Zhou M.The built environment and travel behavior in urban China:a literature review[J].Transportation Research Part D,2017,52:574-585.
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[16]塔娜,柴彦威,关美宝.建成环境对北京市郊区居民工作日汽车出行的影响[J].地理学报,2015,70(10):1675-1685.
[17]Zhao P.The impact of the built environment on individual workers’commuting behavior in Beijing[J].Internationa Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2013,7(5):389-415.
[18]赵鹏军,李南慧,李圣晓.TOD建成环境特征对居民活动与出行影响---以北京为例[J].城市发展研究,2016,23(6):45-51.
[19]孙斌栋,但波.上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响[J].地理学报,2015,70(10):1664-1674.
[20]Cervero R,Day J.Suburbanization and transit-oriented development in China[J].Transport Policy,2008,15(5):315-323.
[21]Kwan M P.The uncertain geographic context problem[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2012,102(5):958-968.
[22]Handy S L,Boarnet M G,Ewing R,et al.How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity:Views from Urban Planning[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2002,23(2):64-73.
[23]Saelens B E,Handy S L.Built Environment Correlates of Walking:A Review[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2008,40(7):S550-S566.
[24]上海市规划和国土资源管理局,上海市规划编审中心,上海市城市规划设计研究院.上海15分钟社区生活圈规划研究与实践[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2017.
[25]Brownson R C,Hoehner C M,Day K,et al.Measuring the built environment for physical activity:State of the science[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2009,36(4S):S99-S123.
[26]Xu F,Li J,Liang Y,et al.Residential density and adolescent overweight in a rapidly urbanizing region of mainland China[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2010,64(11):1017-1021.
(1)资料来源:新华社《我国机动车保有量达3.19亿辆》,2018-07-16.https://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20180716/32692684.html
(2)以1998年取消福利分房制度为计算时点,因在此之后,福利房和房改房也可进行一定程度的自由转让。
[2]Cao X,Yang W.Examining the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on commuting trips and the related CO2 emissions:An empirical study in Guangzhou,China[J].Transportation Research Part D,2017,52(S1):480-494.
[3]Ellder E.Commuting choices and residential built environments in Sweden,1990-2010:a multilevel analysis[J].Urban Geography,2014,35(5):715-734.
[4]Cervero R,Kockelman K.Travel demand and the 3Ds:Density,diversity and design[J].Transportation Research D,1997,2(3):199-219.
[5]Ewing R,Cervero R.Travel and the built environment:A metaanalysis[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2010,76(3):265-294.
[6]Ding C,Wang D,Liu C,et al.Exploring the influence of built environment on travel mode choice considering the mediating effects of car ownership and travel distance[J].Transportation Research Part A,2017,100:65-80.
[7]Ding C,Lin Y,Liu C.Exploring the influence of built environment on tour-based commuter mode choice:a crossclassified multilevel modeling approach[J].Transportation Research Part D,2014,32:230-238.
[8]Yang L,Hipp J A,Adlakha D,et al.Choice of commuting mode among employees:Do home neighborhood environment,worksite neighborhood environment,and worksite policy and supports matter?[J].Journal of Transport&Health,2015,2(2):212-218.
[9]Cole-Hunter T,Donaire-Gonzalez D,Curto A,et al.Objective correlates and determinants of bicycle commuting propensity in an urban environment[J].Transportation Research Part D,2015,40:132-143.
[10]Yang L,Griffin S,Shaw K,et al.Longitudinal associations between built environment characteristics and changes in active commuting[J].BMC Public Health,2017,17:458-466.
[11]Handy S L,Clifton K J.Local shopping as a strategy for reducing automobile travel[J].Transportation,2001,28(4):317-346.
[12]Kitamura R,Mokhtarian P L,Laidet L.A micro-analysis of land use and travel in five neighborhoods in the San Francisco bay area[J].Transportation,1997,24(2):125-158.
[13]Cao X.Examining the impacts of neighborhood design and residential self-selection on active travel:a methodological assessment[J].Urban Geography,2015,36(2):236-255.
[14]Wang D,Zhou M.The built environment and travel behavior in urban China:a literature review[J].Transportation Research Part D,2017,52:574-585.
[15]Wang D,Lin T.Built environment,travel behavior,and residential self-selection:a study based on panel data from Beijing,China[J].Transportation,2017(5):1-24.
[16]塔娜,柴彦威,关美宝.建成环境对北京市郊区居民工作日汽车出行的影响[J].地理学报,2015,70(10):1675-1685.
[17]Zhao P.The impact of the built environment on individual workers’commuting behavior in Beijing[J].Internationa Journal of Sustainable Transportation,2013,7(5):389-415.
[18]赵鹏军,李南慧,李圣晓.TOD建成环境特征对居民活动与出行影响---以北京为例[J].城市发展研究,2016,23(6):45-51.
[19]孙斌栋,但波.上海城市建成环境对居民通勤方式选择的影响[J].地理学报,2015,70(10):1664-1674.
[20]Cervero R,Day J.Suburbanization and transit-oriented development in China[J].Transport Policy,2008,15(5):315-323.
[21]Kwan M P.The uncertain geographic context problem[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2012,102(5):958-968.
[22]Handy S L,Boarnet M G,Ewing R,et al.How the Built Environment Affects Physical Activity:Views from Urban Planning[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2002,23(2):64-73.
[23]Saelens B E,Handy S L.Built Environment Correlates of Walking:A Review[J].Medicine&Science in Sports&Exercise,2008,40(7):S550-S566.
[24]上海市规划和国土资源管理局,上海市规划编审中心,上海市城市规划设计研究院.上海15分钟社区生活圈规划研究与实践[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2017.
[25]Brownson R C,Hoehner C M,Day K,et al.Measuring the built environment for physical activity:State of the science[J].American Journal of Preventive Medicine,2009,36(4S):S99-S123.
[26]Xu F,Li J,Liang Y,et al.Residential density and adolescent overweight in a rapidly urbanizing region of mainland China[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2010,64(11):1017-1021.
(1)资料来源:新华社《我国机动车保有量达3.19亿辆》,2018-07-16.https://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20180716/32692684.html
(2)以1998年取消福利分房制度为计算时点,因在此之后,福利房和房改房也可进行一定程度的自由转让。