基于成本收益理论的宅基地自愿有偿退出有效阈值——以改革试点区宜城市为例
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摘要
宅基地退出是有效缓解城乡建设用地之间的矛盾、促进乡村振兴的重要手段。在梳理宅基地有偿退出路径的基础上构建宅基地价值补偿体系,按照政府能承受、农户能接受、工作可持续的原则,基于成本收益理论科学测定在不同模式下宅基地自愿有偿退出的有效阈值。结果表明:(1)宅基地退出补偿阈值是农户能接受的最小值和政府能承受的最大值所组成的补偿范围。(2)农户退出宅基地损失的机会成本和退出总成本之和小于最小阈值时农户愿意有偿退出,最大阈值低于宅基地、地上附属设施权利价值和退出总成本之和。(3)"异地改造"模式下,政府处于主导地位,资金来源较少,实际补偿金额接近最小阈值。"一户多宅"模式下,政府和农户诉求相当,补偿金额偏向中位数。"整体搬迁"和"社区化"模式下,农户处于主导地位,政府补偿资金来源较多,实际补偿金额趋向最大阈值。
Homestead withdrawal is an important means to effectively alleviate the contradiction between urban and rural construction land and promote the rural revitalization.On the basis of sorting out the path of paid withdrawal of homestead, this paper constructs the value compensation system of homestead. In accordance with the principles of affordability of government, acceptability of peasant households and sustainability of work, the effective compensation threshold of voluntary paid exit of homestead in different modes is scientifically determined based on cost-benefit theory. The results show that:(1) The compensation threshold of paid exit of homestead is the compensation range consisting of the minimum acceptable value for peasant households and the maximum acceptable value for the government;(2) When the sum of opportunity cost and total cost of homestead exit is less than the minimum threshold, peasant households are willing to accept homestead exit, and the maximum threshold is lower than the sum of the value of homestead and ground ancillary facilities and total cost of homestead exit;(3) In the mode of "transformation in different places", where the government plays a leading role and there are fewer sources of funds, the actual compensation amount is close to the minimum threshold. In the mode of "one family but several houses", where the demands of the government are equal to that of the peasant households, the compensation amount is biased to the median. In the mode of "overall relocation" and "community" modes,where farmers play a leading role and there are more sources of compensation funds from the government, the actual compensation amount tends to the maximum threshold.
Homestead withdrawal is an important means to effectively alleviate the contradiction between urban and rural construction land and promote the rural revitalization.On the basis of sorting out the path of paid withdrawal of homestead, this paper constructs the value compensation system of homestead. In accordance with the principles of affordability of government, acceptability of peasant households and sustainability of work, the effective compensation threshold of voluntary paid exit of homestead in different modes is scientifically determined based on cost-benefit theory. The results show that:(1) The compensation threshold of paid exit of homestead is the compensation range consisting of the minimum acceptable value for peasant households and the maximum acceptable value for the government;(2) When the sum of opportunity cost and total cost of homestead exit is less than the minimum threshold, peasant households are willing to accept homestead exit, and the maximum threshold is lower than the sum of the value of homestead and ground ancillary facilities and total cost of homestead exit;(3) In the mode of "transformation in different places", where the government plays a leading role and there are fewer sources of funds, the actual compensation amount is close to the minimum threshold. In the mode of "one family but several houses", where the demands of the government are equal to that of the peasant households, the compensation amount is biased to the median. In the mode of "overall relocation" and "community" modes,where farmers play a leading role and there are more sources of compensation funds from the government, the actual compensation amount tends to the maximum threshold.
引文
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[8]张伟伟.临沂市城郊农村宅基地置换研究.重庆:西南大学, 2008.[ZHANG W W. Research on the replacement of rural residential land in the suburbs of Linyi city. Chongqing:Southwest University, 2008.]
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[14]韩娜,曹君,褚茜.关于宅基地回购制度的构建设想.重庆科技学院学报:社会科学版, 2008,(2):77-78.[HAN N,CAO J, CHU Q. Thoughts on the construction of homestead repurchase system. Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology:Social Science Edition, 2008,(2):77-78.]
[15]邵忠银.构建农村宅基地房屋征收补偿利益公平分配机制的法律思考.中州学刊, 2011,(5):91-95.[SHAO Z Y. Legal consideration on building a fair distribution mechanism for compensation for housing expropriation in rural residential areas. Zhongzhou Journal, 2011,(5):91-95.]
[16]李虹,岳永兵.基于嵌入性原理的农村宅基地换房价值补偿研究.宁夏农林科技, 2013, 54(5):110-112.[LI H, YUE Y B. Research on value compensation of rural homestead conversion based on embeddedness principle. Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2013, 54(5):110-112.]
[17]许恒周.基于农户受偿意愿的宅基地退出补偿及影响因素分析:以山东省临清市为例.中国土地科学, 2012, 26(10):75-81.[XU H Z. Compensation for the withdrawal of homestead based on farmers'willingness to accept compensation and its influencing factors:A case study of Linqing city, Shandong province. China Land Science, 2012, 26(10):75-81.]
[18]徐小峰.城乡建设用地增减挂钩区农村宅基地退出补偿研究:以湖北省鄂州市为例.武汉:华中农业大学, 2012.[XU X F. Study on the compensation for the withdrawal of rural residentia land in the urban and rural construction lands:A case study of Ezhou city, Hubei province. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]
[19]宋戈,徐四桂,高佳.土地发展权视角下东北粮食主产区农村宅基地退出补偿及增值收益分配研究.自然资源学报,2017, 32(11):1883-1891.[SONG G, XU S G, GAO J. Study on the exit compensation and value-added income distribution of rural residential land in the main grain producing areas of Northeast China from the perspective of land development rights. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(11):1883-1891.]
[20]朱凤凯,张凤荣.城市化背景下宅基地利用的租值消散与农户行为研究:以北京市朝阳区下辛堡村为例.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(6):936-947.[ZHU F K, ZHANG F R. Study on rent dissipation and land use behavior of suburban rural housing land under the background of urbanization. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(6):936-947.]
[21]胡银根,张曼,魏西云,等.农村宅基地退出的补偿测算:以商丘市农村地区为例.中国土地科学, 2013, 27(3):29-35.[HU Y G, ZHANG M, WEI X Y, et al. Compensation for rural residence base exit:A case study of Shangqiu rural area. China Land Science, 2013, 27(3):29-35.]
[22]徐四桂,宋戈,黄善林,等.农村宅基地退出补偿的经济学分析.中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(5):141-146.[XU S G, SONG G, HUANG S L, et al. Economic analysis of the compensation for the exit of rural homesteads. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2017, 38(5):141-146.]
[23] HICKS J R. The foundations of welfare economics. Economic Journal, 1939, 49(196):696-712.
[24] KALDOR N. Welfare propositions of economics and interpersonal comparisons of utility. Economic Journal, 1939, 49(195):549-552.
[25]袁学英,颉茂华.基于成本收益理论视角下的公司盈余管理方法选择研究.宏观经济研究, 2016,(8):84-96.[YUAN X Y, YAN M H. Research on the choice of corporate earnings management method based on cost-benefit theory. Macroeconomic Research, 2016,(8):84-96.]
[26]王赟隆.从成本收益理论看土地腐败问题.学理论, 2011,(35):26-27.[WANG Y L. The problem of land corruption from the perspective of cost-benefit theory. Theory Research, 2011,(35):26-27.]
[27]雍新琴,张安录.基于粮食安全的耕地保护补偿标准探讨.资源科学, 2012, 34(4):749-757.[YONG X Q, ZHANG A L. Discussion on the compensation standard of cultivated land protection based on food security. Resources Science,2012, 34(4):749-757.]
[28]付文凤,郭杰,欧名豪,等.基于机会成本的农村宅基地退出补偿标准研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2018, 28(3):60-66.[FU W F, GUO J, OU M H, et al. Research on the compensation standard of rural residential quarter based on the opportunity cost. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018, 28(3):60-66.]
[29]邹治平,郭鸿懋.转型期城市政府行为的成本—效益分析.社会科学, 2003,(1):12-19.[ZOU Z P, GUO H M. Costbenefit analysis of urban government behavior in transitional period. Social Sciences, 2003,(1):12-19.]
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[32]邵忠银.构建农村宅基地房屋征收补偿利益公平分配机制的法律思考.中州学刊, 2011,(5):91-95.[SHAO Z Y. Legal considerations on the construction of fair distribution mechanism of expropriation and compensation for rural homestead houses. Academic Journal of Zhongzhou, 2011,(5):91-95.]
[33]湖北省物价局.宜城市2015年中籼稻生产成本及收益情况调查分析. http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/wjfwzl/xsqxwsj/201510/t20151015_729577.shtml. 2015-10-15.[Hubei Price Bureau. Investigation and analysis on production cost and benefit of middle-season rice in Yicheng city in 2015. http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/wjfwzl/xsqxwsj/201510/t20151015_729577.shtml. 2015-10-15.]
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[35]曲慧.全省率先推行宅基地改革将执行有偿使用和退出. http://hb.ifeng.com/news/cjgc/detail_2015_06/12/4000239_0.shtml. 2015-06-12.[QU H. The reform of paid-use and withdrawal about rural homestead will carry out ahead of the Hubei Province. http://hb.ifeng.com/news/cjgc/detail_2015_06/12/4000239_0.shtml. 2015-06-12.]
① 数据来源：2016年襄阳统计年鉴。
② 囿于篇幅，推算公式在此省略，只列出计算结果，需要的读者敬请联系作者。
③ 数据来源于宜城市基准地价技术报告。
④ 数据来源于知网2016宜城年鉴环境资源。
⑤ 数据来源于城市房产http://xy.cityhouse.cn/lmarket/distYC/.
[2]李金光.农村居民点用地变化及影响因素分析.重庆:西南大学, 2010.[LI J G. Analysis of land use changes and influencing factors in rural residential areas. Chongqing:Southwest University, 2010.]
[3] FANG C L, QIAO B. Study on the urban expansion and urban land changes in Beijing, China. IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006:3093-3098, Doi:10.1109/IGARSS.2006.794.
[4]韩启德.探索进城落户农民宅基地有偿退出机制. 2015-02-09. http://politics.rmlt.com.cn/2015/0209/372238.shtml.[HAN Q D. Exploring the paid-out mechanism for settling in farmers'homesteads in cities. 2015-02-09. http://politics.rmlt.com.cn/2015/0209/372238.shtml.]
[5]朱江.国土部权威解读:农村“三块地”改革试点为何要延期. 2017-07-26. http://news.eastday.com/eastday/13news/auto/news/china/20171106/u7ai7190715.html.[ZHU J. The authoritative interpretation of the Ministry of Land and Resources:Why the extension of the trials for the"three plots"reform in rural areas?. 2017-07-26. http://news.eastday.com/eastday/13news/auto/news/china/20171106/U7ai7190715.html.]
[6]陈宁.宅基地置换效益评估研究.上海:同济大学, 2007.[CHEN N. Research on evaluation of homestead replacement benefits. Shanghai:Tongji University, 2007.]
[7]张金明,陈利根.宅基地土地置换若干问题探析.山西农业大学学报:社会科学版, 2011, 10(3):281-284.[ZHANG J M, CHEN L G. An analysis of some issues of land replacement in homestead. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural University:Social Science Edition, 2011, 10(3):281-284.]
[8]张伟伟.临沂市城郊农村宅基地置换研究.重庆:西南大学, 2008.[ZHANG W W. Research on the replacement of rural residential land in the suburbs of Linyi city. Chongqing:Southwest University, 2008.]
[9]朱烨辛.关于不同经济状况农民对宅基地置换工程补偿满意度的实证研究.安徽农业科学, 2008, 36(10):4314,4326.[ZHU Y X. An empirical study on farmers'satisfaction with compensation for homestead replacement projects in different economic conditions. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2008, 36(10):4314, 4326.]
[10]田孟.城市化背景下农村建设用地为何不减反增. http://www.chinareform.org.cn/Economy/Agriculture/Report/201407/t20140729_203486.htm.[TIAN M. Why does the rural construction land continue to increase in the context of urbanization?. http://www.chinareform.org.cn/Economy/Agriculture/Report/201407/t20140729_203486.htm.]
[11]刘守军.也谈农房上市交易.中国土地, 2005,(3):14-16.[LIU S J. Also discussing the listing of rural houses. China Land, 2005,(3):14-16.]
[12]诸培新,曲福田,孙卫东.农村宅基地使用权流转的公平与效率分析.中国土地科学, 2009, 23(5):26-29.[ZHU P X,QU F T, SUN W D. Analysis of the fairness and efficiency of the transfer of the right to use rural residential land. China Land Science, 2009, 23(5):26-29.]
[13]韩启德.统筹兼顾开展进城落户居民农村宅基地有偿退出工作. http://cq.cqnews.net/sz/2014-10/24/content_32358646.htm.[HAN Q D. Make overall plans for the paid exit of rural dwellers who settled in cities. http://cq.cqnews.net/sz/2014-10/24/content_32358646.htm.]
[14]韩娜,曹君,褚茜.关于宅基地回购制度的构建设想.重庆科技学院学报:社会科学版, 2008,(2):77-78.[HAN N,CAO J, CHU Q. Thoughts on the construction of homestead repurchase system. Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology:Social Science Edition, 2008,(2):77-78.]
[15]邵忠银.构建农村宅基地房屋征收补偿利益公平分配机制的法律思考.中州学刊, 2011,(5):91-95.[SHAO Z Y. Legal consideration on building a fair distribution mechanism for compensation for housing expropriation in rural residential areas. Zhongzhou Journal, 2011,(5):91-95.]
[16]李虹,岳永兵.基于嵌入性原理的农村宅基地换房价值补偿研究.宁夏农林科技, 2013, 54(5):110-112.[LI H, YUE Y B. Research on value compensation of rural homestead conversion based on embeddedness principle. Ningxia Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology, 2013, 54(5):110-112.]
[17]许恒周.基于农户受偿意愿的宅基地退出补偿及影响因素分析:以山东省临清市为例.中国土地科学, 2012, 26(10):75-81.[XU H Z. Compensation for the withdrawal of homestead based on farmers'willingness to accept compensation and its influencing factors:A case study of Linqing city, Shandong province. China Land Science, 2012, 26(10):75-81.]
[18]徐小峰.城乡建设用地增减挂钩区农村宅基地退出补偿研究:以湖北省鄂州市为例.武汉:华中农业大学, 2012.[XU X F. Study on the compensation for the withdrawal of rural residentia land in the urban and rural construction lands:A case study of Ezhou city, Hubei province. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2012.]
[19]宋戈,徐四桂,高佳.土地发展权视角下东北粮食主产区农村宅基地退出补偿及增值收益分配研究.自然资源学报,2017, 32(11):1883-1891.[SONG G, XU S G, GAO J. Study on the exit compensation and value-added income distribution of rural residential land in the main grain producing areas of Northeast China from the perspective of land development rights. Journal of Natural Resources, 2017, 32(11):1883-1891.]
[20]朱凤凯,张凤荣.城市化背景下宅基地利用的租值消散与农户行为研究:以北京市朝阳区下辛堡村为例.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(6):936-947.[ZHU F K, ZHANG F R. Study on rent dissipation and land use behavior of suburban rural housing land under the background of urbanization. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(6):936-947.]
[21]胡银根,张曼,魏西云,等.农村宅基地退出的补偿测算:以商丘市农村地区为例.中国土地科学, 2013, 27(3):29-35.[HU Y G, ZHANG M, WEI X Y, et al. Compensation for rural residence base exit:A case study of Shangqiu rural area. China Land Science, 2013, 27(3):29-35.]
[22]徐四桂,宋戈,黄善林,等.农村宅基地退出补偿的经济学分析.中国农业资源与区划, 2017, 38(5):141-146.[XU S G, SONG G, HUANG S L, et al. Economic analysis of the compensation for the exit of rural homesteads. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, 2017, 38(5):141-146.]
[23] HICKS J R. The foundations of welfare economics. Economic Journal, 1939, 49(196):696-712.
[24] KALDOR N. Welfare propositions of economics and interpersonal comparisons of utility. Economic Journal, 1939, 49(195):549-552.
[25]袁学英,颉茂华.基于成本收益理论视角下的公司盈余管理方法选择研究.宏观经济研究, 2016,(8):84-96.[YUAN X Y, YAN M H. Research on the choice of corporate earnings management method based on cost-benefit theory. Macroeconomic Research, 2016,(8):84-96.]
[26]王赟隆.从成本收益理论看土地腐败问题.学理论, 2011,(35):26-27.[WANG Y L. The problem of land corruption from the perspective of cost-benefit theory. Theory Research, 2011,(35):26-27.]
[27]雍新琴,张安录.基于粮食安全的耕地保护补偿标准探讨.资源科学, 2012, 34(4):749-757.[YONG X Q, ZHANG A L. Discussion on the compensation standard of cultivated land protection based on food security. Resources Science,2012, 34(4):749-757.]
[28]付文凤,郭杰,欧名豪,等.基于机会成本的农村宅基地退出补偿标准研究.中国人口·资源与环境, 2018, 28(3):60-66.[FU W F, GUO J, OU M H, et al. Research on the compensation standard of rural residential quarter based on the opportunity cost. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2018, 28(3):60-66.]
[29]邹治平,郭鸿懋.转型期城市政府行为的成本—效益分析.社会科学, 2003,(1):12-19.[ZOU Z P, GUO H M. Costbenefit analysis of urban government behavior in transitional period. Social Sciences, 2003,(1):12-19.]
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① 数据来源：2016年襄阳统计年鉴。
② 囿于篇幅，推算公式在此省略，只列出计算结果，需要的读者敬请联系作者。
③ 数据来源于宜城市基准地价技术报告。
④ 数据来源于知网2016宜城年鉴环境资源。
⑤ 数据来源于城市房产http://xy.cityhouse.cn/lmarket/distYC/.
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