汉江中下游流域土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区协同分析
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摘要
土壤侵蚀高风险期和优先控制区分别指土壤侵蚀发生的主要时段和区域。基于月尺度土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区识别,对水土资源保护具有实践意义。基于USLE模型,定量分析汉江中下游流域不同月份土壤侵蚀时空分布特征,采用土壤侵蚀高风险期及优先控制区协同分析方法,先基于侵蚀量-时间曲线定量识别流域土壤侵蚀的高风险期,再基于侵蚀量-面积曲线识别高风险期内的优先控制区。结果表明,汉江中下游流域2010年土壤侵蚀具有集中分布特点,严重侵蚀区域主要集中在流域西北和东南地区,占流域面积的11.70%;轻度及以下侵蚀区域主要集中在流域东部和南部坡度较低的区域,占流域面积的88.30%。流域土壤侵蚀的高风险期为4月和7月,侵蚀量占全年的69.12%,其中,7月土壤侵蚀量最高,占全年的41.83%,4月土壤侵蚀量占全年的27.29%。汉江中下游流域高风险期内优先控制区占流域面积的12.22%,其侵蚀量达82.01%,优先控制区主要分布在流域北部、西部及东南部分县市。通过优先控制高风险期内的优先控制区域可以大大提高土壤侵蚀的控制效率。
High-risk periods and priority control areas refer to the main periods and areas of soil erosion, respectively. Identification of high-risk periods and priority control areas of soil erosion on monthly scale has important practical significance for the protection of soil and water resources. Based on the USLE model, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion in each month in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin were analyzed quantitatively. By using the cooperation analysis of high-risk periods and priority control areas, the high-risk periods of soil erosion were identified quantitatively based on the erosion-period curve, and then the priority control areas in high-risk periods were identified based on the erosion-area curve. The results showed that the soil erosion in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin in 2010 has the characteristic of concentrated distribution. The severe erosion areas were mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the basin, accounting for 11.70% of the basin area. The areas with mild and slight erosion were mainly distributed in the east and south of the basin with lower slopes, accounting for 88.30% of the basin area. The high-risk periods of soil erosion in the basin were months 4 and 7, and the amount of soil erosion accounted for 69.12% of the year. And the amount of soil erosion in July was the highest, accounting for 41.83% of the whole year, followed by April, accounting for 27.29% of the year. In the high-risk periods of soil erosion in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin, the priority control areas accounted for 12.22% of the basin area, and the amount of the erosion reached 82.01% of the basin. The priority control areas were mainly distributed in the north, west and southeast of the basin. The control efficiency of soil erosion can be greatly improved by controlling priority control areas in high-risk periods.
High-risk periods and priority control areas refer to the main periods and areas of soil erosion, respectively. Identification of high-risk periods and priority control areas of soil erosion on monthly scale has important practical significance for the protection of soil and water resources. Based on the USLE model, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion in each month in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin were analyzed quantitatively. By using the cooperation analysis of high-risk periods and priority control areas, the high-risk periods of soil erosion were identified quantitatively based on the erosion-period curve, and then the priority control areas in high-risk periods were identified based on the erosion-area curve. The results showed that the soil erosion in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin in 2010 has the characteristic of concentrated distribution. The severe erosion areas were mainly distributed in the northwest and southeast of the basin, accounting for 11.70% of the basin area. The areas with mild and slight erosion were mainly distributed in the east and south of the basin with lower slopes, accounting for 88.30% of the basin area. The high-risk periods of soil erosion in the basin were months 4 and 7, and the amount of soil erosion accounted for 69.12% of the year. And the amount of soil erosion in July was the highest, accounting for 41.83% of the whole year, followed by April, accounting for 27.29% of the year. In the high-risk periods of soil erosion in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin, the priority control areas accounted for 12.22% of the basin area, and the amount of the erosion reached 82.01% of the basin. The priority control areas were mainly distributed in the north, west and southeast of the basin. The control efficiency of soil erosion can be greatly improved by controlling priority control areas in high-risk periods.
引文
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[18] 章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.ZHANG W B,FU J S.Rainfall erosivity estimation underdifferent rainfall amount[J].Resources Science,2003,25(1):35-41.
[19] 彭双云,杨昆,洪亮,等.基于USLE模型的滇池流域土壤侵蚀时空演变分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(10):138-146.PENG S Y,YANG K,HONG L,et al.Spatio-temporal evolution analysis of soil erosion based on USLE model in Dianchi Basin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(10):138-146.
[20] 沈虹,张万顺,彭虹.汉江中下游土壤侵蚀及颗粒态非点源磷负荷研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(5):1-6.SHEN H,ZHANG W S,PENG H.Research on soil erosion and particulate phosphorus load of non-point source pollution in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(5):1-6.
[21] 王宁,朱颜明,徐崇刚.GIS用于流域径流污染物的量化研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,2002,34(2):92-98.WANG N,ZHU Y M,XU C G.Appling GIS to the quantity study of runoff pollutants in watershed[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University,2002,34(2):92-98.
[22] 蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.CAI C F,DING S W,SHI Z H,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical inormation system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small warershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19-24.
[23] 卜兆宏,孙金庄,周伏建,等.水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用的研究[J].土壤学报,1997,34(3):235-245.BU Z H,SUN J Z,ZHOU F J,et al.A study on quantitative remote sensing method of soil erosion and its application[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1997,34(3):235-245.
[24] LUFAFA A,TENYWA M M,ISABIRYE M,et al.Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GIS-based Universal Soil Loss model[J].Agricultural Systems,2003,76(3):883-894.
[25] ZHUANG Y,ZHANG L,DU Y,et al.Identification of critical source areas for nonpoint source pollution in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin,China[J].Lake and Reservoir Management,2016,32(4):341-352.
[26] 水利部.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准:SL190-2007[S].Ministry of Water Resources.Standards for Classification and gradation of Soil erosin:SL190-2007[S].
[2] 杨爱民,王浩,孟莉.水土保持对水资源量与水质的影响研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):72-76.YANG A M,WANG H,MENG L.Effect of soil and water conservation on quantity and quality of water resources[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(1):72-76.
[3] 史志华,蔡崇法,丁树文,等.基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(4):473-477.SHI Z H,CAI C F,DING S W,et al.Research on nitrogen and phosphorus load of argicultural non-point sources in middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River based on GIS[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(4):473-477.
[4] 王占礼.中国土壤侵蚀影响因素及其危害分析[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(4):32-36.WANG Z L.Analyses of affecting factors of soil erosion and its harms in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2000,16(4):32-36.
[5] 张玉斌,郑粉莉,武敏.土壤侵蚀引起的农业非点源污染研究进展[J].水科学进展,2007,18(1):123-132.ZHANG Y B,ZHENG F L,WU M.Research progresses in agricultural non-point source pollution caused by soil erosion[J].Advances in Water Science,2007,18(1):123-132.
[6] ZHUANG Y,DU C,ZHANG L,et al.Research trends and hotspots in soil erosion from 1932 to 2013:A literature review[J].Scientometrics,2015,105(2):743-758.
[7] WISCHMEIER H W,SMITH D D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses:A guide to conservation planning[M].USA:Agriculture Handbooks,1978.
[8] FLANAGAN D C,GILLEY J E,FRANTI T G.Water erosion prediction project(WEPP):Development history,model capabilities,and future enhancements[J].American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers,2007,50(5):1603-1612.
[9] LANE L J,RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,et al.Development and application of modern soil erosion prediction technology:The USDA experience[M]1992.
[10] 吕明权,吴胜军,温兆飞,等.基于SCS-CN与MUSLE模型的三峡库区小流域侵蚀产沙模拟[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(5):860-867.LV M Q,WU S J,WEN Z F,et al.Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield in a small watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir Area based on SCS-CN and MUSLE model[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(5):860-867.
[11] 何莎莎,朱文博,崔耀平,等.基于InVEST模型的太行山淇河流域土壤侵蚀特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2019,28(28):426-439.HE S S,ZHU W B,CUI Y P,et al.Study on soil erosion characteristics of Qihe Watershed in Taihang Mountasins based on the InVEST model[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2019,28(28):426-439.
[12] OZCAN A U,ERPUL G,BASARAN M,et al.Use of USLE/GIS technology integrated with geostatistics to assess soil erosion risk in different land uses of Indagi Mountain Pass-?ankiri,Turkey[J].Environmental Geology,2007,53(8):1731-1741.
[13] FU B,LIU Y,LV Y,et al.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecological Complexity,2011,8(4):284-293.
[14] 冯奇,肖飞,杜耘,等.丹江口典型区域土壤侵蚀年内季节性分布研究[J].环境科学与技术,2018,41(6):168-174.FENG Q,XIAO F,DU Y,et al.Evaluation of seasonal soil erosion distribution in typical area of Danjiangkou[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,41(6):168-174.
[15] 李大龙,杨井,李卫红,等.基于GIS和USLE的伊犁河谷土壤侵蚀敏感性评价[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(4):942-951.LI D L,YANG J,LI W H,et al.Evaluating the sensitivity of soil erosion in the Yili River valley based on GIS and USLE[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(4):942-951.
[16] 史志华,蔡崇法,丁树文,等.基于GIS的汉江中下游土壤侵蚀强度初步分析[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(6):14-28.SHI Z H,CAI C F,DING S W,et al.Primary analysis of soil erosion intensity in Middle and Lower Reaches of Han River with GIS[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,15(6):14-28.
[17] 刘楠,谢永生,索改弟,等.基于GIS和MUSLE的东北沟小流域非点源污染关键区识别[J].水土保持研究,2014,24(2):123-126.LIU N,XIE Y S,SUO G D,et al.Identification of critical non-point source pollution areas in Dongbeigou Watershed based on GIS and MUSLE[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,24(2):123-126.
[18] 章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):35-41.ZHANG W B,FU J S.Rainfall erosivity estimation underdifferent rainfall amount[J].Resources Science,2003,25(1):35-41.
[19] 彭双云,杨昆,洪亮,等.基于USLE模型的滇池流域土壤侵蚀时空演变分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(10):138-146.PENG S Y,YANG K,HONG L,et al.Spatio-temporal evolution analysis of soil erosion based on USLE model in Dianchi Basin[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(10):138-146.
[20] 沈虹,张万顺,彭虹.汉江中下游土壤侵蚀及颗粒态非点源磷负荷研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(5):1-6.SHEN H,ZHANG W S,PENG H.Research on soil erosion and particulate phosphorus load of non-point source pollution in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(5):1-6.
[21] 王宁,朱颜明,徐崇刚.GIS用于流域径流污染物的量化研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,2002,34(2):92-98.WANG N,ZHU Y M,XU C G.Appling GIS to the quantity study of runoff pollutants in watershed[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University,2002,34(2):92-98.
[22] 蔡崇法,丁树文,史志华,等.应用USLE模型与地理信息系统IDRISI预测小流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(2):19-24.CAI C F,DING S W,SHI Z H,et al.Study of applying USLE and geographical inormation system IDRISI to predict soil erosion in small warershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(2):19-24.
[23] 卜兆宏,孙金庄,周伏建,等.水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用的研究[J].土壤学报,1997,34(3):235-245.BU Z H,SUN J Z,ZHOU F J,et al.A study on quantitative remote sensing method of soil erosion and its application[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1997,34(3):235-245.
[24] LUFAFA A,TENYWA M M,ISABIRYE M,et al.Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GIS-based Universal Soil Loss model[J].Agricultural Systems,2003,76(3):883-894.
[25] ZHUANG Y,ZHANG L,DU Y,et al.Identification of critical source areas for nonpoint source pollution in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin,China[J].Lake and Reservoir Management,2016,32(4):341-352.
[26] 水利部.土壤侵蚀分类分级标准:SL190-2007[S].Ministry of Water Resources.Standards for Classification and gradation of Soil erosin:SL190-2007[S].