Removal of pediatric stage Ⅳ neuroblastoma by robot-assisted laparoscopy: A case report and literature review
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摘要
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma(NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children,with an incidence of approximately 1/10000. Surgical resection is an effective treatment for children with NB. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is a new method and is superior to conventional laparoscopic surgery, since it has been preliminarily applied in clinical practice with a significant curative effect. This paper discusses significance and feasibility of complete resection of stage IV NB using robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery, while comparing its safety and effectiveness with conventional laparoscopic surgery.CASE SUMMARY In June 2018, a girl with stage IV retroperitoneal NB, aged 3 years and 5 mo, was admitted. Her weight was 15 kg, and her height was 100 cm. Robot-assisted, fiveport laparoscopic resection of NB was performed. Starting from the middle point between the navel and the anterior superior iliac spine to the left lower abdomen,the pneumoperitoneum and observation hole(10 mm) were established using the Hasson technique. Operation arm #1 was located between the left anterior axillary line, the navel, and the costal margin(8 mm); operation arm #2 was located at the intersection of the right anterior axillary line and Pfannenstiel line(8 mm); one auxiliary hole was located between arm #2(on the Pfannenstiel line)and the observation hole(12 mm); and another auxiliary hole(5 mm) was located slightly below the left side of the xiphoid. Along the right line of Toldt and the hepatic flexure of the transverse colon, the colon was turned to the left and below with a hook electrode. Through Kocher's incision, the duodenum and thepancreatic head were turned to the left to expose the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta. The vein was separated along the right external iliac, and the inferior vena cava was then lifted to expose the right renal vein from the bottom to the top. The tumor was transected horizontally below the renal vein, and it was first cut into pieces and then resected. The right renal artery and the left renal vein were also exposed, and the retrohepatic inferior vena cava was isolated. The tumor was resected along the surface of the psoas muscle, the back of the inferior vena cava, and the right side of the abdominal aorta. Finally, the lymph node metas-tases in front of the abdominal aorta and left renal vein were completely removed. The specimens were loaded into a disposable specimen retrieval bag and removed from the enlarged auxiliary hole. T-tube drainage was placed and brought out through a hole in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The operative time was 389 min, the time of pneumoperitoneum was 360 min, the intraoperative blood loss was approximately 200 mL, and the postoperative recovery was smooth. There were no complications, such as lymphatic fistula,diarrhea, bleeding, and paralytic ileus. Two months after discharge, there were no other complications. The literature on the application of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of NB in children was reviewed CONCLUSION The robot has the advantages of a three-dimensional view and flexible operation,and it can operate finely along blood vessels. The successful experience of this case confirmed that robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery can skeletonize the abdominal blood vessels in the tumor and cut the tumor into pieces, indicating that robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is feasible.
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma(NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children,with an incidence of approximately 1/10000. Surgical resection is an effective treatment for children with NB. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is a new method and is superior to conventional laparoscopic surgery, since it has been preliminarily applied in clinical practice with a significant curative effect. This paper discusses significance and feasibility of complete resection of stage IV NB using robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery, while comparing its safety and effectiveness with conventional laparoscopic surgery.CASE SUMMARY In June 2018, a girl with stage IV retroperitoneal NB, aged 3 years and 5 mo, was admitted. Her weight was 15 kg, and her height was 100 cm. Robot-assisted, fiveport laparoscopic resection of NB was performed. Starting from the middle point between the navel and the anterior superior iliac spine to the left lower abdomen,the pneumoperitoneum and observation hole(10 mm) were established using the Hasson technique. Operation arm #1 was located between the left anterior axillary line, the navel, and the costal margin(8 mm); operation arm #2 was located at the intersection of the right anterior axillary line and Pfannenstiel line(8 mm); one auxiliary hole was located between arm #2(on the Pfannenstiel line)and the observation hole(12 mm); and another auxiliary hole(5 mm) was located slightly below the left side of the xiphoid. Along the right line of Toldt and the hepatic flexure of the transverse colon, the colon was turned to the left and below with a hook electrode. Through Kocher's incision, the duodenum and thepancreatic head were turned to the left to expose the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta. The vein was separated along the right external iliac, and the inferior vena cava was then lifted to expose the right renal vein from the bottom to the top. The tumor was transected horizontally below the renal vein, and it was first cut into pieces and then resected. The right renal artery and the left renal vein were also exposed, and the retrohepatic inferior vena cava was isolated. The tumor was resected along the surface of the psoas muscle, the back of the inferior vena cava, and the right side of the abdominal aorta. Finally, the lymph node metas-tases in front of the abdominal aorta and left renal vein were completely removed. The specimens were loaded into a disposable specimen retrieval bag and removed from the enlarged auxiliary hole. T-tube drainage was placed and brought out through a hole in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The operative time was 389 min, the time of pneumoperitoneum was 360 min, the intraoperative blood loss was approximately 200 mL, and the postoperative recovery was smooth. There were no complications, such as lymphatic fistula,diarrhea, bleeding, and paralytic ileus. Two months after discharge, there were no other complications. The literature on the application of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of NB in children was reviewed CONCLUSION The robot has the advantages of a three-dimensional view and flexible operation,and it can operate finely along blood vessels. The successful experience of this case confirmed that robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery can skeletonize the abdominal blood vessels in the tumor and cut the tumor into pieces, indicating that robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is feasible.
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma(NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children,with an incidence of approximately 1/10000. Surgical resection is an effective treatment for children with NB. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is a new method and is superior to conventional laparoscopic surgery, since it has been preliminarily applied in clinical practice with a significant curative effect. This paper discusses significance and feasibility of complete resection of stage IV NB using robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery, while comparing its safety and effectiveness with conventional laparoscopic surgery.CASE SUMMARY In June 2018, a girl with stage IV retroperitoneal NB, aged 3 years and 5 mo, was admitted. Her weight was 15 kg, and her height was 100 cm. Robot-assisted, fiveport laparoscopic resection of NB was performed. Starting from the middle point between the navel and the anterior superior iliac spine to the left lower abdomen,the pneumoperitoneum and observation hole(10 mm) were established using the Hasson technique. Operation arm #1 was located between the left anterior axillary line, the navel, and the costal margin(8 mm); operation arm #2 was located at the intersection of the right anterior axillary line and Pfannenstiel line(8 mm); one auxiliary hole was located between arm #2(on the Pfannenstiel line)and the observation hole(12 mm); and another auxiliary hole(5 mm) was located slightly below the left side of the xiphoid. Along the right line of Toldt and the hepatic flexure of the transverse colon, the colon was turned to the left and below with a hook electrode. Through Kocher's incision, the duodenum and thepancreatic head were turned to the left to expose the inferior vena cava and the abdominal aorta. The vein was separated along the right external iliac, and the inferior vena cava was then lifted to expose the right renal vein from the bottom to the top. The tumor was transected horizontally below the renal vein, and it was first cut into pieces and then resected. The right renal artery and the left renal vein were also exposed, and the retrohepatic inferior vena cava was isolated. The tumor was resected along the surface of the psoas muscle, the back of the inferior vena cava, and the right side of the abdominal aorta. Finally, the lymph node metas-tases in front of the abdominal aorta and left renal vein were completely removed. The specimens were loaded into a disposable specimen retrieval bag and removed from the enlarged auxiliary hole. T-tube drainage was placed and brought out through a hole in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The operative time was 389 min, the time of pneumoperitoneum was 360 min, the intraoperative blood loss was approximately 200 mL, and the postoperative recovery was smooth. There were no complications, such as lymphatic fistula,diarrhea, bleeding, and paralytic ileus. Two months after discharge, there were no other complications. The literature on the application of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of NB in children was reviewed CONCLUSION The robot has the advantages of a three-dimensional view and flexible operation,and it can operate finely along blood vessels. The successful experience of this case confirmed that robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery can skeletonize the abdominal blood vessels in the tumor and cut the tumor into pieces, indicating that robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is feasible.
引文
1 Uwaydah NI,Jones A,Elkaissi M,Yu Z,Palmer BW.Pediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic radical adrenalectomy and lymph-node dissection for neuroblastoma in a 15-month-old.J Robot Surg 2014;8:289-293[PMID:27637693 DOI:10.1007/s11701-013-0441-0]
2 Guan R,Chen Y,Yang K,Ma D,Gong X,Shen B,Peng C.Clinical efficacy of robot-assisted versus laparoscopic liver resection:a meta analysis.Asian J Surg 2019;42:19-31[PMID:30170946 DOI:10.1016/j.asjsur.2018.05.008]
3 van der Sluis PC,van Hillegersberg R.Robot assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy(RAMIE)for esophageal cancer.Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2018;36-37:81-83[PMID:30551860 DOI:10.1016/j.bpg.2018.11.004]
4 Niu X,Yu B,Yao L,Tian J,Guo T,Ma S,Cai H.Comparison of surgical outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy versus laparoscopic and open resections:A systematic review and meta-analysis.Asian J Surg 2019;42:32-45[PMID:30337121 DOI:10.1016/j.asjsur.2018.08.011]
5 Zhao W,Liu C,Li S,Geng D,Feng Y,Sun M.Safety and efficacy for robot-assisted versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy:A systematic review and meta-analysis.Surg Oncol2018;27:468-478[PMID:30217304 DOI:10.1016/j.suronc.2018.06.001]
6 Perez-Ardavin J,Sanchez-Gonzalez JV,Martinez-Sarmiento M,Monserrat-Monfort JJ,García-Olaverri J,Boronat-Tormo F,Vera-Donoso CD.Surgical Treatment of Completely Endophytic Renal Tumor:a Systematic Review.Curr Urol Rep 2019;20:3[PMID:30649644 DOI:10.1007/s11934-019-0864-x]
7 Skolarikos A.Re:Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy Versus Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy:24-month Outcomes from a Randomised Controlled Study.Eur Urol 2019;75:200[PMID:30391081 DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2018.10.039]
8 Ranasinghe W,de Silva D,Bandaragoda T,Adikari A,Alahakoon D,Persad R,Lawrentschuk N,Bolton D.Robotic-assisted vs.open radical prostatectomy:A machine learning framework for intelligent analysis of patient-reported outcomes from online cancer support groups.Urol Oncol 2018;36:529.e1-529.e9[PMID:30236854 DOI:10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.08.012]
9 Canale LS,Mick S,Mihaljevic T,Nair R,Bonatti J.Robotically assisted totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery.J Thorac Dis 2013;5 Suppl 6:S641-S649[PMID:24251021 DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.10.19]
10 Lehr EJ.Blazing the trail for robot-assisted cardiac surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:14-17[PMID:27343905 DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.05.001]
11 Buehler AM,Ferri C,Flato UA,Fernandes JG.Robotically assisted coronary artery bypass grafting:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Med Robot 2015;11:150-158[PMID:25219464 DOI:10.1002/rcs.1611]
12 Navaratnam A,Abdul-Muhsin H,Humphreys M.Updates in Urologic Robot Assisted Surgery.F1000Res2018;7[PMID:30613380 DOI:10.12688/f1000research.15480.1]
13 Yu HY,Hevelone ND,Lipsitz SR,Kowalczyk KJ,Nguyen PL,Choueiri TK,Kibel AS,Hu JC.Comparative analysis of outcomes and costs following open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy:results from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample.Eur Urol 2012;61:1239-1244[PMID:22482778 DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.032]
14 Pelletier JS,Gill RS,Shi X,Birch DW,Karmali S.Robotic-assisted hepatic resection:a systematic review.Int J Med Robot 2013;9:262-267[PMID:23749316 DOI:10.1002/rcs.1500]
15 Robertson C,Close A,Fraser C,Gurung T,Jia X,Sharma P,Vale L,Ramsay C,Pickard R.Relative effectiveness of robot-assisted and standard laparoscopic prostatectomy as alternatives to open radical prostatectomy for treatment of localised prostate cancer:a systematic review and mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis.BJU Int 2013;112:798-812[PMID:23890416 DOI:10.1111/bju.12247]
16 Mizuno K,Kojima Y,Nishio H,Hoshi S,Sato Y,Hayashi Y.Robotic surgery in pediatric urology:Current status.Asian J Endosc Surg 2018;11:308-317[PMID:30264441 DOI:10.1111/ases.12653]
17 Binet A,Fourcade L,Amar S,Alzahrani K,Cook AR,Bra?k K,Cros J,Longis B,Villemagne T,Lardy H,Ballouhey Q.Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Fundoplications in Pediatric Surgery:Experience Review.Eur J Pediatr Surg 2019;29:173-178[PMID:29258148 DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1615279]
18 Tomaszewski JJ,Casella DP,Turner RM 2nd,Casale P,Ost MC.Pediatric laparoscopic and robotassisted laparoscopic surgery:technical considerations.J Endourol 2012;26:602-613[PMID:22050504DOI:10.1089/end.2011.0252]
19 Zhu TQ,Liu SB,Zhang W,Yuan JY.Preliminary experience of robotic-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children.Zhonghua Xiaoer Waike Zazhi 2017;38:775-777[DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2017.10.01]
20 Gagner M,Lacroix A,BoltéE.Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma.N Engl J Med 1992;327:1033[PMID:1387700 DOI:10.1056/NEJM199210013271417]
21 Carvalho JA,Nunes PT,Antunes H,Parada B,Retroz E,Tavares-da-Silva E,Paiva I,Figueiredo AJ.Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site adrenalectomy:A feasible and safe alternative to standard laparoscopy.Arch Ital Urol Androl 2019;91:1-4[PMID:30932420 DOI:10.4081/aiua.2019.1.1]
22 Mohammed A,Amine H,Atiq SE,Mohammed B,Ouadii M,Khalid M,Khalid AT,Abdelmalek O.Applicability and outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large tumours.Pan Afr Med J 2018;31:23[PMID:30918550 DOI:10.11604/pamj.2018.31.23.15153]
23 Wind P,Genser L,Zarzavadjian Le Bian A.The Modified Semi-lateral Transmesocolic Approach for Laparoscopic Left Adrenalectomy.World J Surg 2019[PMID:30820736 DOI:10.1007/s00268-019-04954-8]
24 Zhou X,Zhang H,Feng M,Zhao J,Fu Y.New remote centre of motion mechanism for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery.Biomed Eng Online 2018;17:170[PMID:30453983 DOI:10.1186/s12938-018-0601-6]
25 Luo YB,Cui XC,Yang L,Zhang D,Wang JX.Advances in the Surgical Treatment of Neuroblastoma.Chin Med J(Engl)2018;131:2332-2337[PMID:30246719 DOI:10.4103/0366-6999.241803]
26 Castel V,Tovar JA,Costa E,Cuadros J,Ruiz A,Rollan V,Ruiz-Jimenez JI,Perez-Hernández R,Ca?ete A.The role of surgery in stage IV neuroblastoma.J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1574-1578[PMID:12407542]
27 Yeung F,Chung PH,Tam PK,Wong KK.Is complete resection of high-risk stage IV neuroblastoma associated with better survival?J Pediatr Surg 2015;50:2107-2111[PMID:26377869 DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.08.038]
28 Zwaveling S,Tytgat GA,van der Zee DC,Wijnen MH,Heij HA.Is complete surgical resection of stage 4neuroblastoma a prerequisite for optimal survival or may>95%tumour resection suffice?Pediatr Surg Int2012;28:953-959[PMID:22722825 DOI:10.1007/s00383-012-3109-3]
29 Adkins ES,Sawin R,Gerbing RB,London WB,Matthay KK,Haase GM.Efficacy of complete resection for high-risk neuroblastoma:a Children's Cancer Group study.J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:931-936[PMID:15185228]
30 Sultan I,Ghandour K,Al-Jumaily U,Hashem S,Rodriguez-Galindo C.Local control of the primary tumour in metastatic neuroblastoma.Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1728-1732[PMID:19447607 DOI:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.021]
31 Koh CC,Sheu JC,Liang DC,Chen SH,Liu HC.Complete surgical resection plus chemotherapy prolongs survival in children with stage 4 neuroblastoma.Pediatr Surg Int 2005;21:69-72[PMID:15647910 DOI:10.1007/s00383-004-1353-x]
32 La Quaglia MP,Kushner BH,Su W,Heller G,Kramer K,Abramson S,Rosen N,Wolden S,Cheung NK.The impact of gross total resection on local control and survival in high-risk neuroblastoma.J Pediatr Surg2004;39:412-7;discussion 412-7[PMID:15017562]
33 Irtan S,Brisse HJ,Minard-Colin V,Schleiermacher G,Galmiche-Rolland L,Le Cossec C,Elie C,Canale S,Michon J,Valteau-Couanet D,Sarnacki S.Image-defined risk factor assessment of neurogenic tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is useful for predicting intra-operative risk factors and the completeness of resection.Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1543-1549[PMID:25820608 DOI:10.1002/pbc.25511]
34 Avanzini S,Pio L,Erminio G,Granata C,Holmes K,Gambart M,Buffa P,Castel V,Valteau Couanet D,Garaventa A,Pistorio A,Cecchetto G,Martucciello G,Mattioli G,Sarnacki S.Image-defined risk factors in unresectable neuroblastoma:SIOPEN study on incidence,chemotherapy-induced variation,and impact on surgical outcomes.Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017;64:e26605[PMID:28440012 DOI:10.1002/pbc.26605]
35 Kiely E.A technique for excision of abdominal and pelvic neuroblastomas.Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007;89:342-348[PMID:17535608 DOI:10.1308/003588407X179071]
36 Han W,Wang HM.Refractory diarrhea:A paraneoplastic syndrome of neuroblastoma.World JGastroenterol 2015;21:7929-7932[PMID:26167095 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7929]
2 Guan R,Chen Y,Yang K,Ma D,Gong X,Shen B,Peng C.Clinical efficacy of robot-assisted versus laparoscopic liver resection:a meta analysis.Asian J Surg 2019;42:19-31[PMID:30170946 DOI:10.1016/j.asjsur.2018.05.008]
3 van der Sluis PC,van Hillegersberg R.Robot assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy(RAMIE)for esophageal cancer.Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2018;36-37:81-83[PMID:30551860 DOI:10.1016/j.bpg.2018.11.004]
4 Niu X,Yu B,Yao L,Tian J,Guo T,Ma S,Cai H.Comparison of surgical outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy versus laparoscopic and open resections:A systematic review and meta-analysis.Asian J Surg 2019;42:32-45[PMID:30337121 DOI:10.1016/j.asjsur.2018.08.011]
5 Zhao W,Liu C,Li S,Geng D,Feng Y,Sun M.Safety and efficacy for robot-assisted versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy and distal pancreatectomy:A systematic review and meta-analysis.Surg Oncol2018;27:468-478[PMID:30217304 DOI:10.1016/j.suronc.2018.06.001]
6 Perez-Ardavin J,Sanchez-Gonzalez JV,Martinez-Sarmiento M,Monserrat-Monfort JJ,García-Olaverri J,Boronat-Tormo F,Vera-Donoso CD.Surgical Treatment of Completely Endophytic Renal Tumor:a Systematic Review.Curr Urol Rep 2019;20:3[PMID:30649644 DOI:10.1007/s11934-019-0864-x]
7 Skolarikos A.Re:Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy Versus Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy:24-month Outcomes from a Randomised Controlled Study.Eur Urol 2019;75:200[PMID:30391081 DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2018.10.039]
8 Ranasinghe W,de Silva D,Bandaragoda T,Adikari A,Alahakoon D,Persad R,Lawrentschuk N,Bolton D.Robotic-assisted vs.open radical prostatectomy:A machine learning framework for intelligent analysis of patient-reported outcomes from online cancer support groups.Urol Oncol 2018;36:529.e1-529.e9[PMID:30236854 DOI:10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.08.012]
9 Canale LS,Mick S,Mihaljevic T,Nair R,Bonatti J.Robotically assisted totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass surgery.J Thorac Dis 2013;5 Suppl 6:S641-S649[PMID:24251021 DOI:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.10.19]
10 Lehr EJ.Blazing the trail for robot-assisted cardiac surgery.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:14-17[PMID:27343905 DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.05.001]
11 Buehler AM,Ferri C,Flato UA,Fernandes JG.Robotically assisted coronary artery bypass grafting:a systematic review and meta-analysis.Int J Med Robot 2015;11:150-158[PMID:25219464 DOI:10.1002/rcs.1611]
12 Navaratnam A,Abdul-Muhsin H,Humphreys M.Updates in Urologic Robot Assisted Surgery.F1000Res2018;7[PMID:30613380 DOI:10.12688/f1000research.15480.1]
13 Yu HY,Hevelone ND,Lipsitz SR,Kowalczyk KJ,Nguyen PL,Choueiri TK,Kibel AS,Hu JC.Comparative analysis of outcomes and costs following open radical cystectomy versus robot-assisted laparoscopic radical cystectomy:results from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample.Eur Urol 2012;61:1239-1244[PMID:22482778 DOI:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.03.032]
14 Pelletier JS,Gill RS,Shi X,Birch DW,Karmali S.Robotic-assisted hepatic resection:a systematic review.Int J Med Robot 2013;9:262-267[PMID:23749316 DOI:10.1002/rcs.1500]
15 Robertson C,Close A,Fraser C,Gurung T,Jia X,Sharma P,Vale L,Ramsay C,Pickard R.Relative effectiveness of robot-assisted and standard laparoscopic prostatectomy as alternatives to open radical prostatectomy for treatment of localised prostate cancer:a systematic review and mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis.BJU Int 2013;112:798-812[PMID:23890416 DOI:10.1111/bju.12247]
16 Mizuno K,Kojima Y,Nishio H,Hoshi S,Sato Y,Hayashi Y.Robotic surgery in pediatric urology:Current status.Asian J Endosc Surg 2018;11:308-317[PMID:30264441 DOI:10.1111/ases.12653]
17 Binet A,Fourcade L,Amar S,Alzahrani K,Cook AR,Bra?k K,Cros J,Longis B,Villemagne T,Lardy H,Ballouhey Q.Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Fundoplications in Pediatric Surgery:Experience Review.Eur J Pediatr Surg 2019;29:173-178[PMID:29258148 DOI:10.1055/s-0037-1615279]
18 Tomaszewski JJ,Casella DP,Turner RM 2nd,Casale P,Ost MC.Pediatric laparoscopic and robotassisted laparoscopic surgery:technical considerations.J Endourol 2012;26:602-613[PMID:22050504DOI:10.1089/end.2011.0252]
19 Zhu TQ,Liu SB,Zhang W,Yuan JY.Preliminary experience of robotic-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children.Zhonghua Xiaoer Waike Zazhi 2017;38:775-777[DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3006.2017.10.01]
20 Gagner M,Lacroix A,BoltéE.Laparoscopic adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma.N Engl J Med 1992;327:1033[PMID:1387700 DOI:10.1056/NEJM199210013271417]
21 Carvalho JA,Nunes PT,Antunes H,Parada B,Retroz E,Tavares-da-Silva E,Paiva I,Figueiredo AJ.Transumbilical laparoendoscopic single-site adrenalectomy:A feasible and safe alternative to standard laparoscopy.Arch Ital Urol Androl 2019;91:1-4[PMID:30932420 DOI:10.4081/aiua.2019.1.1]
22 Mohammed A,Amine H,Atiq SE,Mohammed B,Ouadii M,Khalid M,Khalid AT,Abdelmalek O.Applicability and outcome of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large tumours.Pan Afr Med J 2018;31:23[PMID:30918550 DOI:10.11604/pamj.2018.31.23.15153]
23 Wind P,Genser L,Zarzavadjian Le Bian A.The Modified Semi-lateral Transmesocolic Approach for Laparoscopic Left Adrenalectomy.World J Surg 2019[PMID:30820736 DOI:10.1007/s00268-019-04954-8]
24 Zhou X,Zhang H,Feng M,Zhao J,Fu Y.New remote centre of motion mechanism for robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery.Biomed Eng Online 2018;17:170[PMID:30453983 DOI:10.1186/s12938-018-0601-6]
25 Luo YB,Cui XC,Yang L,Zhang D,Wang JX.Advances in the Surgical Treatment of Neuroblastoma.Chin Med J(Engl)2018;131:2332-2337[PMID:30246719 DOI:10.4103/0366-6999.241803]
26 Castel V,Tovar JA,Costa E,Cuadros J,Ruiz A,Rollan V,Ruiz-Jimenez JI,Perez-Hernández R,Ca?ete A.The role of surgery in stage IV neuroblastoma.J Pediatr Surg 2002;37:1574-1578[PMID:12407542]
27 Yeung F,Chung PH,Tam PK,Wong KK.Is complete resection of high-risk stage IV neuroblastoma associated with better survival?J Pediatr Surg 2015;50:2107-2111[PMID:26377869 DOI:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2015.08.038]
28 Zwaveling S,Tytgat GA,van der Zee DC,Wijnen MH,Heij HA.Is complete surgical resection of stage 4neuroblastoma a prerequisite for optimal survival or may>95%tumour resection suffice?Pediatr Surg Int2012;28:953-959[PMID:22722825 DOI:10.1007/s00383-012-3109-3]
29 Adkins ES,Sawin R,Gerbing RB,London WB,Matthay KK,Haase GM.Efficacy of complete resection for high-risk neuroblastoma:a Children's Cancer Group study.J Pediatr Surg 2004;39:931-936[PMID:15185228]
30 Sultan I,Ghandour K,Al-Jumaily U,Hashem S,Rodriguez-Galindo C.Local control of the primary tumour in metastatic neuroblastoma.Eur J Cancer 2009;45:1728-1732[PMID:19447607 DOI:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.021]
31 Koh CC,Sheu JC,Liang DC,Chen SH,Liu HC.Complete surgical resection plus chemotherapy prolongs survival in children with stage 4 neuroblastoma.Pediatr Surg Int 2005;21:69-72[PMID:15647910 DOI:10.1007/s00383-004-1353-x]
32 La Quaglia MP,Kushner BH,Su W,Heller G,Kramer K,Abramson S,Rosen N,Wolden S,Cheung NK.The impact of gross total resection on local control and survival in high-risk neuroblastoma.J Pediatr Surg2004;39:412-7;discussion 412-7[PMID:15017562]
33 Irtan S,Brisse HJ,Minard-Colin V,Schleiermacher G,Galmiche-Rolland L,Le Cossec C,Elie C,Canale S,Michon J,Valteau-Couanet D,Sarnacki S.Image-defined risk factor assessment of neurogenic tumors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is useful for predicting intra-operative risk factors and the completeness of resection.Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1543-1549[PMID:25820608 DOI:10.1002/pbc.25511]
34 Avanzini S,Pio L,Erminio G,Granata C,Holmes K,Gambart M,Buffa P,Castel V,Valteau Couanet D,Garaventa A,Pistorio A,Cecchetto G,Martucciello G,Mattioli G,Sarnacki S.Image-defined risk factors in unresectable neuroblastoma:SIOPEN study on incidence,chemotherapy-induced variation,and impact on surgical outcomes.Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017;64:e26605[PMID:28440012 DOI:10.1002/pbc.26605]
35 Kiely E.A technique for excision of abdominal and pelvic neuroblastomas.Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2007;89:342-348[PMID:17535608 DOI:10.1308/003588407X179071]
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