Wood density and carbon concentration of coarse woody debris in native forests,Brazil
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摘要
Background:With the objective of increasing knowledge on biomass and carbon stocks,and thus improving the accuracy of published estimates,the present study explored wood density and carbon concentration of coarse woody debris(diameter>10)by decay class in a Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest(SSF)area in the Atlantic Rain Forest and in a Cerrado sensu-stricto(CSS)area(Brazilian savanna),in Brazil.Two strata we re identified in each area and ten sampling units were systematic located in each stratum.Data were collected according to the line intersect sampling method.Each tallied element,the diametere,length,and perpendicular width were recorded at the transect intersection point.Each element was classified into a decay class,and the species was identified when possible.Sample discs were cut from each element,from which cylindrical samples were extracted and oven-dried to determine density.These cylinders were milled and analyzed using a LECO-C632 to determine carbon concentration as percentage of mass.Results:In both areas,wood density decreased as the decay class increased.For SSF the mean carbon concentration of all analyzed samples was 49.8% with a standard deviation of 3.3,with a range of 27.9-57.0%across 506 observations.For CSS the general mean was 49.6%with a standard deviation of 2.6,with a range of 31.2-54.5%over182 observations.Carbon concentration barely change between decay classes.Carbon stock was estimated at 3.3 and0.7 MgC/ha for the SSF and the CSS,respectively.Similar results were obtained when using a 50% conversion constant.Conclusions:The present study concludes that wood density decreases as the woody debris becomes more decomposed,a pattern found in many previous studies.The carbon concentration,however,barely changes between decay classes,and that result is consistent with most of the literature reviewed.Our carbon concentrations are very close to the 50%used most commonly as a conversion factor.We strongly recommend that future studies of CWD evaluate wood density and carbon concentration by decay class to add ress the uncertainty still found in the literature.
Background:With the objective of increasing knowledge on biomass and carbon stocks,and thus improving the accuracy of published estimates,the present study explored wood density and carbon concentration of coarse woody debris(diameter>10)by decay class in a Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest(SSF)area in the Atlantic Rain Forest and in a Cerrado sensu-stricto(CSS)area(Brazilian savanna),in Brazil.Two strata we re identified in each area and ten sampling units were systematic located in each stratum.Data were collected according to the line intersect sampling method.Each tallied element,the diametere,length,and perpendicular width were recorded at the transect intersection point.Each element was classified into a decay class,and the species was identified when possible.Sample discs were cut from each element,from which cylindrical samples were extracted and oven-dried to determine density.These cylinders were milled and analyzed using a LECO-C632 to determine carbon concentration as percentage of mass.Results:In both areas,wood density decreased as the decay class increased.For SSF the mean carbon concentration of all analyzed samples was 49.8% with a standard deviation of 3.3,with a range of 27.9-57.0%across 506 observations.For CSS the general mean was 49.6%with a standard deviation of 2.6,with a range of 31.2-54.5%over182 observations.Carbon concentration barely change between decay classes.Carbon stock was estimated at 3.3 and0.7 MgC/ha for the SSF and the CSS,respectively.Similar results were obtained when using a 50% conversion constant.Conclusions:The present study concludes that wood density decreases as the woody debris becomes more decomposed,a pattern found in many previous studies.The carbon concentration,however,barely changes between decay classes,and that result is consistent with most of the literature reviewed.Our carbon concentrations are very close to the 50%used most commonly as a conversion factor.We strongly recommend that future studies of CWD evaluate wood density and carbon concentration by decay class to add ress the uncertainty still found in the literature.
Background:With the objective of increasing knowledge on biomass and carbon stocks,and thus improving the accuracy of published estimates,the present study explored wood density and carbon concentration of coarse woody debris(diameter>10)by decay class in a Seasonal Semi-deciduous Forest(SSF)area in the Atlantic Rain Forest and in a Cerrado sensu-stricto(CSS)area(Brazilian savanna),in Brazil.Two strata we re identified in each area and ten sampling units were systematic located in each stratum.Data were collected according to the line intersect sampling method.Each tallied element,the diametere,length,and perpendicular width were recorded at the transect intersection point.Each element was classified into a decay class,and the species was identified when possible.Sample discs were cut from each element,from which cylindrical samples were extracted and oven-dried to determine density.These cylinders were milled and analyzed using a LECO-C632 to determine carbon concentration as percentage of mass.Results:In both areas,wood density decreased as the decay class increased.For SSF the mean carbon concentration of all analyzed samples was 49.8% with a standard deviation of 3.3,with a range of 27.9-57.0%across 506 observations.For CSS the general mean was 49.6%with a standard deviation of 2.6,with a range of 31.2-54.5%over182 observations.Carbon concentration barely change between decay classes.Carbon stock was estimated at 3.3 and0.7 MgC/ha for the SSF and the CSS,respectively.Similar results were obtained when using a 50% conversion constant.Conclusions:The present study concludes that wood density decreases as the woody debris becomes more decomposed,a pattern found in many previous studies.The carbon concentration,however,barely changes between decay classes,and that result is consistent with most of the literature reviewed.Our carbon concentrations are very close to the 50%used most commonly as a conversion factor.We strongly recommend that future studies of CWD evaluate wood density and carbon concentration by decay class to add ress the uncertainty still found in the literature.
引文
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Chao KJ,Phillips OL,Baker TR(2008)Wood density and stocks of coarse woody debris in a northwestern amazonian landscape.Can J For Res 38:795-805
Chao KJ,Chen YS,Song GZM,Cha ng YM,Sheue CR,Phillips OL,Hsieh C-F(201 7)Carbon concentration declines with decay class in tropical forest woody debris.Forest Ecol Manag 391:75-85
Clark DB,Clark DA,Brown S,Oberbauer SF,Veldkamp E(2002)Stocks and flows of coarse woody debris across a tropical rain forest nutrient and topogra p hy gradient.For Ecol Manag 164:237-48
FAO(2010)Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010,Rome
Gregoire TG,Valentine HT(2008)Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the Environment.Chapman&Hall/CRC,Applied Environmental Statistics,Boca Raton
Harmon ME,Fra nklin JF,Swanson FJ,Sollins P,Gregory SV,Lattin JD,Anderson NH,Cline SP,Aumen NG,Sedell JR,Lienkaemper GW,Cromack JR,Cummins KW(1 986)Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems.Adv Ecol Res 15:133-302
Harmon ME,Woodall CW,Fasth B,Sexton J(2008)Woody detritus density and density reduction factors for tree species in the united state s:a synthesis.U.S.Department of Agriculture,Fore st Service,Northern Research Station,Newtown Square,PA.Gen.Tech.Rep.NRS-29
Harmon ME,Fasth B,Woodall CW,Sexton J(201 3)Carbon concentration of standing and downed woody detritus:Effects of tree taxa,decay class,position,and tissue type.Forest Ecol Ma nag 291:259-67
IPCC(2006)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Cha nge.2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories vol.4:Agricultu re,forestry and other land use.IPCC,Ja pan
Iwashita DK,Litton CM,Giardina CP(2013)Coarse woody debris ca rbon storage across a mean annual temperature gradient in tropical montane wet forest.Forest Ecol Ma nag 291:336-43
Keller M,Palace M,Asnerz GP,Pereira RJ R,Silva JNM(2004)Coarse woody debris in undisturbed and logged forests in the eastern brazilian amazon.Global Change Biol 10:784-95
Koeppen W(1 948)Climatologia:Com Um Estudio de Los Climas de la Tierra.Fundo de Cultura Economica,Mexico
Lucca FS(2011)Estoques de necromassa em um cerrado sensu stricto e uma floresta ombrófila densa montana,no estado de Sao Paulo.Dissertacao de mestrado,Instituto de Botanica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente
Mantovani W,Martins FR(1 993)Floristica do cerrado na reserva biologica de moji guacu,sp.Acta Bot Bras 7(1):33-60
Meriem S,Tjitrosoedirjo S,Kotowska MM,Hertel D,Triadiati T(2016)Ca rbon and nitrogen stocks in dead wood of tropical lowland forests as dependent on wood decay stages and land-use intensity.Ann For Res 59(2):299-31 0
Moreira AB(201 7)Estimation of volume,biomass,and carbon of coarse woody debris in native forests in Sao Paulo state,Brazil.Thesis(doctorate in science),Universidade de Sao Paulo,Piracicaba
Moreira AB,Gregoire TG,Couto HTZ(201 9)Estimation of the volume,biomass,and ca rbon content of coarse woody debris within two forest types in the state of Sao Paulo,Brazil.Forestry,(in press)
R Core Team(2018)R Foundation for Statistical Computing.R:A Language and Envi ronment for Sta ti stical Computing.R Core Team,Vienna,Austria.https://www.R-project.org.Accessed 12 Dec 201 6
Rasba nd(2016)W.S.:U.S.National Institutes of Health.ImageJ-Image Processing and Analysis in Java.Ra sband,Bethesda,Maryland,USA.http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/.Accessed 20 Feb 2016
Russell MB,Fraver S,Aa kala T,Gove JH,Woodall CW,D'Amato AW,Ducey IMJ(2015)Quantifying carbon stores and decomposition in dead wood:a review.Forest Ecol Ma nag 350:107-28
Sao,Paulo(201 5)Governo do Estado Sao Paulo.Instituto de Botanica e Instituto Florestal.Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de Sao Paulo.Plano de Manej o Integrado Das Unidades de Conservacao de Mogi Guacu:Reserva Biologica e Estacao Ecologica.Secreta ria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de Sao Paulo,http://j a rdimbotanico.sp.gov.br/201 6/0 2/plano-dema nej o-da-resetva-biologica-de-mogi-guacu-2/.Accessed 07 Mar 2016
Smith WB,Miles PD,Vissage JS,Pugh SA(2004)Forest Re sou rces of the United States.Department of Agricultu re,Forest Service,North Central Research Station.p 137
Tabanez MF,Du rigan G,Keuroghlian A,Barbosa AF,Freitas CA,Silva CEF,Silva DA,Eaton DP,Brisolla G,Faria HH,Mattos IFA,Lobo MT,Barbosa MR,Rossi M,Souza MG,Machado RB,Pfeifer RM,Ramos VS,Andrade WJ,Contieri WA(2005)Plano de manej o da estacao ecologica dos caetetu s.Instituto Florestal.Serie Registros No.29
Veiga LG(2010)Estoque de Madeira Morta ao Longo de um Gradiente Altitudinal de Mata Atlantica no Nordeste do Estado de Sao Paulo,Disse rtacao(mestrado em biologia vegetal).Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Campinas
Wilcke W,Hess T,Bengel C,Homeier J,Valarezo C,Zech W(2005)Coarse woody debris in a monta ne forest in Ecuador:mass,c and nutrient stock,and turnover.Forest Ecol Ma nag 205:139-47
Woodall CW,Monleon(2008)Sampling protocol,estimation,and analysis procedures for the down woody materials indicator of the fia progra m.U.S Department of Agriculture,Fore st Service,Northern Research Station,Newtown Square,PA.Gen.Tech.Rep.NRS-22
Woodall CW,Williams MS(2005)Sampling,estimation,and analysis procedures for the down woody materials indicator of the fia progra m.U.S Department of Agriculture,Fore st Service,North Central Research Station,St.Paul,MN.Gen.Tech.Rep.NC-256
Chao KJ,Phillips OL,Baker TR(2008)Wood density and stocks of coarse woody debris in a northwestern amazonian landscape.Can J For Res 38:795-805
Chao KJ,Chen YS,Song GZM,Cha ng YM,Sheue CR,Phillips OL,Hsieh C-F(201 7)Carbon concentration declines with decay class in tropical forest woody debris.Forest Ecol Manag 391:75-85
Clark DB,Clark DA,Brown S,Oberbauer SF,Veldkamp E(2002)Stocks and flows of coarse woody debris across a tropical rain forest nutrient and topogra p hy gradient.For Ecol Manag 164:237-48
FAO(2010)Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Global Forest Resource Assessment 2010,Rome
Gregoire TG,Valentine HT(2008)Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the Environment.Chapman&Hall/CRC,Applied Environmental Statistics,Boca Raton
Harmon ME,Fra nklin JF,Swanson FJ,Sollins P,Gregory SV,Lattin JD,Anderson NH,Cline SP,Aumen NG,Sedell JR,Lienkaemper GW,Cromack JR,Cummins KW(1 986)Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems.Adv Ecol Res 15:133-302
Harmon ME,Woodall CW,Fasth B,Sexton J(2008)Woody detritus density and density reduction factors for tree species in the united state s:a synthesis.U.S.Department of Agriculture,Fore st Service,Northern Research Station,Newtown Square,PA.Gen.Tech.Rep.NRS-29
Harmon ME,Fasth B,Woodall CW,Sexton J(201 3)Carbon concentration of standing and downed woody detritus:Effects of tree taxa,decay class,position,and tissue type.Forest Ecol Ma nag 291:259-67
IPCC(2006)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Cha nge.2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories vol.4:Agricultu re,forestry and other land use.IPCC,Ja pan
Iwashita DK,Litton CM,Giardina CP(2013)Coarse woody debris ca rbon storage across a mean annual temperature gradient in tropical montane wet forest.Forest Ecol Ma nag 291:336-43
Keller M,Palace M,Asnerz GP,Pereira RJ R,Silva JNM(2004)Coarse woody debris in undisturbed and logged forests in the eastern brazilian amazon.Global Change Biol 10:784-95
Koeppen W(1 948)Climatologia:Com Um Estudio de Los Climas de la Tierra.Fundo de Cultura Economica,Mexico
Lucca FS(2011)Estoques de necromassa em um cerrado sensu stricto e uma floresta ombrófila densa montana,no estado de Sao Paulo.Dissertacao de mestrado,Instituto de Botanica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente
Mantovani W,Martins FR(1 993)Floristica do cerrado na reserva biologica de moji guacu,sp.Acta Bot Bras 7(1):33-60
Meriem S,Tjitrosoedirjo S,Kotowska MM,Hertel D,Triadiati T(2016)Ca rbon and nitrogen stocks in dead wood of tropical lowland forests as dependent on wood decay stages and land-use intensity.Ann For Res 59(2):299-31 0
Moreira AB(201 7)Estimation of volume,biomass,and carbon of coarse woody debris in native forests in Sao Paulo state,Brazil.Thesis(doctorate in science),Universidade de Sao Paulo,Piracicaba
Moreira AB,Gregoire TG,Couto HTZ(201 9)Estimation of the volume,biomass,and ca rbon content of coarse woody debris within two forest types in the state of Sao Paulo,Brazil.Forestry,(in press)
R Core Team(2018)R Foundation for Statistical Computing.R:A Language and Envi ronment for Sta ti stical Computing.R Core Team,Vienna,Austria.https://www.R-project.org.Accessed 12 Dec 201 6
Rasba nd(2016)W.S.:U.S.National Institutes of Health.ImageJ-Image Processing and Analysis in Java.Ra sband,Bethesda,Maryland,USA.http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/.Accessed 20 Feb 2016
Russell MB,Fraver S,Aa kala T,Gove JH,Woodall CW,D'Amato AW,Ducey IMJ(2015)Quantifying carbon stores and decomposition in dead wood:a review.Forest Ecol Ma nag 350:107-28
Sao,Paulo(201 5)Governo do Estado Sao Paulo.Instituto de Botanica e Instituto Florestal.Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de Sao Paulo.Plano de Manej o Integrado Das Unidades de Conservacao de Mogi Guacu:Reserva Biologica e Estacao Ecologica.Secreta ria do Meio Ambiente do Estado de Sao Paulo,http://j a rdimbotanico.sp.gov.br/201 6/0 2/plano-dema nej o-da-resetva-biologica-de-mogi-guacu-2/.Accessed 07 Mar 2016
Smith WB,Miles PD,Vissage JS,Pugh SA(2004)Forest Re sou rces of the United States.Department of Agricultu re,Forest Service,North Central Research Station.p 137
Tabanez MF,Du rigan G,Keuroghlian A,Barbosa AF,Freitas CA,Silva CEF,Silva DA,Eaton DP,Brisolla G,Faria HH,Mattos IFA,Lobo MT,Barbosa MR,Rossi M,Souza MG,Machado RB,Pfeifer RM,Ramos VS,Andrade WJ,Contieri WA(2005)Plano de manej o da estacao ecologica dos caetetu s.Instituto Florestal.Serie Registros No.29
Veiga LG(2010)Estoque de Madeira Morta ao Longo de um Gradiente Altitudinal de Mata Atlantica no Nordeste do Estado de Sao Paulo,Disse rtacao(mestrado em biologia vegetal).Universidade Estadual de Campinas,Campinas
Wilcke W,Hess T,Bengel C,Homeier J,Valarezo C,Zech W(2005)Coarse woody debris in a monta ne forest in Ecuador:mass,c and nutrient stock,and turnover.Forest Ecol Ma nag 205:139-47
Woodall CW,Monleon(2008)Sampling protocol,estimation,and analysis procedures for the down woody materials indicator of the fia progra m.U.S Department of Agriculture,Fore st Service,Northern Research Station,Newtown Square,PA.Gen.Tech.Rep.NRS-22
Woodall CW,Williams MS(2005)Sampling,estimation,and analysis procedures for the down woody materials indicator of the fia progra m.U.S Department of Agriculture,Fore st Service,North Central Research Station,St.Paul,MN.Gen.Tech.Rep.NC-256