关于板块运动启动时间的争论
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摘要
"板块运动何时启动?"是当前重大和争议较大的科学问题。文章从超大陆研究、板块运动的地质学标志和热动力学数据模拟等3方面的研究进展介绍国际地学界对这一问题的不同认识。在分析各种不同观点的基础上,作者阐述了对该问题的倾向性认识,赞同地球板块构造不是在一个特定时期出现的独立全球"事件",即不是一个等时的重大热-构造事件的认识。但从新太古代开始,地球上已出现具有板块水平运动特征的俯冲作用。由于地幔温度的差异,早期的板块运动缺少深俯冲形成的高压和超高压变质记录,而从新元古代开始,出现与现代板块一致的动力学机制。因此,赞同大致以新元古代作为"原板块样式"和"现代样式"板块运动的转换时间。
The problem"When did plate tectonics begin?"is one of highly controversial issues at present. In this paper, the different ideas concerning this problem are described on the basis of advanced involving supercontinent,geological criteria of plate tectonics and numerical models. The authors hold that plate tectonicis is not an independent event in the globe in a special period, i.e., it is not a major isochronic thermo- tectonic event. Meanwhile, subduction caused by plate tectonics with lateral movement have occurred since Neoarchean. Few high pressure and ultru-high pressure metamorphic rocks, however, in deep subduction belt occurred at the early stage of plate movement because of a higher mantle temperature. The authors agree with the opinion that the transitional period from proto-style to modern style plate tectonic roughly occurred around the Neoproterozoic.
The problem"When did plate tectonics begin?"is one of highly controversial issues at present. In this paper, the different ideas concerning this problem are described on the basis of advanced involving supercontinent,geological criteria of plate tectonics and numerical models. The authors hold that plate tectonicis is not an independent event in the globe in a special period, i.e., it is not a major isochronic thermo- tectonic event. Meanwhile, subduction caused by plate tectonics with lateral movement have occurred since Neoarchean. Few high pressure and ultru-high pressure metamorphic rocks, however, in deep subduction belt occurred at the early stage of plate movement because of a higher mantle temperature. The authors agree with the opinion that the transitional period from proto-style to modern style plate tectonic roughly occurred around the Neoproterozoic.
引文
[1]Nance R Damian,J Brendan Murphy,M Santosh.The supercontinent cycle:A retrospective essay[J].Gondwana Research,2014,25:4-29.
[2]Neill C O,Debaille V.The evolution of Hadean-Eoarchaean geodynamics[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters.2014,406:49-58
[3]Mc Menamin M A S,Mc Menamin D L S.The Emergence of Animals[M].The Cambrian Breakthrough.Columbia University Press,New York,1990,(217 pp.).
[4]Rogers J J W.A history of continents in the past three billion years[J].J.Geol.,1996,104:91-107.
[5]Hoffman P F.Tectonic genealogy of North America.in Earth structure[C]//van der Pluijm B A,Marshak S(eds.).An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics.Mc Graw-Hill,New York,1997:459-464.
[6]Meert J G.What's in a name?The Columbia(Paleopangaea/Nuna)supercontinent[J].Gondwana Research,2012,21,987-993.
[7]Eriksson P G,Condie K C.Cratonic sedimentation regimes in the ca.2450-2000 Ma period:relationship to a possible widespreadmagmatic slowdown on Earth?[J].Gondwana Research,2013,25:30-47.
[8]Pisarevsky S A,Wingate M T D,Powell C Mc A,et al.Models of Rodinia assembly and fragmentation[C]//Yoshida,M.,Winciley B F,Dasgupta S,et al(eds.).Proterozoic East Gondwana:Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup[J],vol.206.Geological Society of London,London,2003:35-55(Special Publication).
[9]Rogers J J W,Santosh M.Tectonics and surface effects of the supercontinent Columbia[M].Gondwana Research,2009,15:373-380.
[10]Gerya Taras.Precambrian geodynamics:Concepts and models[J].Gondwana Research,2014,25:442-463.
[11]Condie Kent C,Kroner A.When did plate tectonics begin?Evidence from the geologic record[J].Geol Soc Ame Spe Pap,2008.2014,440:281-294.
[12]Stern R J.When did plate tectonics begin on Earth?Theoretical and empirical constraints[J].Chinese Bulletin of Science,2007,52:578-591.
[13]Nutman A P,Allaart J H,Bridgwater D,et al.Stratigraphic and geochemical evidence for the depositional environment of the early Archean Isua Supracrustal Belt,Southern West Greenland[J].Precambrian Research,1984,25(4):365-396.
[14]Polat A,Hofmann A W,Rosing M.Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt,West Greenland:geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the Earth[J].Chemical Geology,2002,184,231-254.
[15]Furnes Harald,Minik Rosing,Yildirim Dilek,et al.Isua supracrustal belt(Greenland)—A vestige of a 3.8 Ga suprasubduction zonophiolite,and the implications for Archeangeology[J].Lithos,2009,113:115-132
[16]Dilek Y,Furnes H.Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics:geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2011,123(3/4):387-411.
[17]Polat A,Hofmann A W.Alteration and geochemical patterns in the3.7-3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt,West Greenland[J].Precambrian Research,2003,126,197-218.
[18]Terence Mc Carthy,Bruce Rubidge.The story of Earth&Life[M].Compiled by staff of the School of Geosciences,University of the Witwatersrand,Lohannesburg,2005:333.
[19]Smithies R H,M JVan Kranendonk,D C.Champion.The Mesoarchean emergence of modern-style subduction[J].Gondwana Research,2007,11:50-68.
[20]Mints M V,Ksenia A Dokukina,Alexander N.Konilov.The MesoNeoarchaean Belomorian eclogite province:Tectonic position and geodynamic evolution[J].Gondwana Research,2012.25:561-584.
[21]Li Xiaoli,Lifei Zhang,Chunjing Wei,Alexander.Slabunov.Metamorphic PT path and zircon U-Pb dating of Archean eclogite association in Gridino complex,Belomorian province, Russia[J].Precambrian Research,2015,268:74-96.
[22]Polat A,Kerrich R,Reading the geochemical fingerprints of Archean hot subduction volcanic rocks:evidence for accretion and crustal recycling in a mobile tectonic regime[J].Am.Geophys.Monogr.2006,164:189-213.
[23]Li Y B,Kimura J I,Machida S,et al.High-Mg adakite and lowCaboninite from a Bonin Forearc seamount:implications for the reaction between slab melts and depleted mantle[J].J.Petrol.2013,54:1149-1175.
[24]Manikyamba C,Jyotisankar Ray,Sohini Gangulya M,et al.Boninitic metavolcanic rocks and island arc tholeiites from the Older Metamorphic Group(OMG)of Singhbhum Craton,eastern India:Geochemical evidence for Archean subduction processes[J].Precambrian Research,2015,271:138-159.
[25]陈亮.固阳绿岩带的地球化学和年代学[R].中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所.博士后出站报告.2007:1-40.Chen Liang.Geochemistry and geochronology of the Guyang Greenstone Belt.Institute of Geology and Geophysics[R].Chinese Academy of Sciences.Post-doctoral Report.2007:1-40(in Chinese).
[26]冯艳芳,邓晋福,王世进,等.鲁西地区早前寒武纪花岗岩类中镁安山质岩石系列(MA)的识别及大陆地壳生长[J].中国地质,2010,37(4):1119-1129.Feng Yanfang,Deng Jinfu,Wang Shijin,et al.The recognition of the magnesian andesitic series(MA)in the Precambrian granitic rocks in western Shandong Province and the continental crustal growth[J].Geology in China,2010,37(4):1119-1129(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]张永忠,刘翠,邓晋福,等.五台山新太古代绿岩带中高镁安山岩(HMA)的化学特征[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):187-194.Zhang Yongzhong,Liu Chu,Deng Jinfu et al.Chemical characteristics of high magnesian and esites in the Neoarchean Wutai Greenstone Belt[J].Earth Sciences Frontiers,2012,19(5)187-194(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]Guo R,Liu Shuwen,M Santoshet al.,Geochemistry,zircon U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes of metavolcanics from eastern Hebei reveal Neoarchean subduction tectonics in the North China Craton[J],Gondwana Research,2013,24:664-686.
[29]Wang Wei,Shuwen Liu,M Santoshb,et al.Neoarchean intraoceanic arc system in the Western Liaoning Province:Implications for Early Precambrian crustal evolution in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150:329-364.
[30]Ishizuka Osamu,Kenichiro Tani,Mark K.Reagan.Izu-BoninMariana Forearc Crust as a Modern Ophiolite Analogue[J]. Elements,2014.VOL.10,PP.115-120.
[31]Laurent O,H Martin J F,Moyen R D,et al.The diversity and evolution of late-Archean granitoids:Evidence for the onset of“modern-style”plate tectonics between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga[J].Lithos,2014,20:208-235.
[32]赵国春.从变质作用观看板块构造何时在华北克拉通开始[J].地学前缘,2007,14(1):19-32.Zhao Guochun.When did plate tectonicsbegin on the North China Craton?Insights from metamorphism[J].Earth Science Frontier,2007,14(1):19-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]Condie Kent C.,Alfred Kr?ner,Robert J.Stern.When Did Plate Tectonics Begin?[J].GSA,TODAY,2006:40-41.
[34]Watson,E.B.,and Harrison,T.M.,Zircon thermometer reveals minimum melting conditions on earliest Earth[J]Science,2005,308:841-844.
[35]Harrison T M,Blichert-Toft J,Müller W,et al.Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium:Evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5Ga[J]:Science,2005,310:1947-1950.
[36]Condie K C.Earth as An evolving planetary System[M].Elsevier Academic Press,2005:447.
[37]Nutman A P,Friend C R L,Bennett V C.Evidence for 3650-3600Ma assembly of the northern end of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex,Greenland:Implication for early Archaean tectonics[J]:Tectonics,2002,v.21,doi:10.1029/2000TC001203.
[38]Polat A,Kerrich R.Precambrian arc associations:Boninites,adakites,magnesianandesites,and Nb-enriched basalts[C]//Kusky,T M,(ed.),.Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks.Amsterdam,Elsevier,2004,p:567-597.
[39]Condie K C,Kr?ner A.When did plate tectonics begin?Evidence from the geologic record[C]//Condie K C,Pease V(eds.).When Did Plate Tectonics begin on Planet Earth?.The Geological Society of America,Special Paper,2008,440:281-294.
[40]Gerya T V.Plume-induced crustal convection:3D thermo mechanical model and implications for the origin of novae and coronae on Venus[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2014,391:183-192.
[41]Sizova E T Gerya,M Brown,et al.Subduction styles in the Precambrian:Insight from numerical experiments[J],Lithos,2010,116(3/4):209-229.
[42]陆松年,郝国杰,王惠初,等.中国变质岩大地构造图说明书[M].北京:地质出版社,2015,92.Lu Songnian,Hao Guojie,Wang Huichu,et al.A Booklet of the Geotectonic Map of China Metamorphic Rocks[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.2015,92(in Chinese).
[2]Neill C O,Debaille V.The evolution of Hadean-Eoarchaean geodynamics[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters.2014,406:49-58
[3]Mc Menamin M A S,Mc Menamin D L S.The Emergence of Animals[M].The Cambrian Breakthrough.Columbia University Press,New York,1990,(217 pp.).
[4]Rogers J J W.A history of continents in the past three billion years[J].J.Geol.,1996,104:91-107.
[5]Hoffman P F.Tectonic genealogy of North America.in Earth structure[C]//van der Pluijm B A,Marshak S(eds.).An Introduction to Structural Geology and Tectonics.Mc Graw-Hill,New York,1997:459-464.
[6]Meert J G.What's in a name?The Columbia(Paleopangaea/Nuna)supercontinent[J].Gondwana Research,2012,21,987-993.
[7]Eriksson P G,Condie K C.Cratonic sedimentation regimes in the ca.2450-2000 Ma period:relationship to a possible widespreadmagmatic slowdown on Earth?[J].Gondwana Research,2013,25:30-47.
[8]Pisarevsky S A,Wingate M T D,Powell C Mc A,et al.Models of Rodinia assembly and fragmentation[C]//Yoshida,M.,Winciley B F,Dasgupta S,et al(eds.).Proterozoic East Gondwana:Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup[J],vol.206.Geological Society of London,London,2003:35-55(Special Publication).
[9]Rogers J J W,Santosh M.Tectonics and surface effects of the supercontinent Columbia[M].Gondwana Research,2009,15:373-380.
[10]Gerya Taras.Precambrian geodynamics:Concepts and models[J].Gondwana Research,2014,25:442-463.
[11]Condie Kent C,Kroner A.When did plate tectonics begin?Evidence from the geologic record[J].Geol Soc Ame Spe Pap,2008.2014,440:281-294.
[12]Stern R J.When did plate tectonics begin on Earth?Theoretical and empirical constraints[J].Chinese Bulletin of Science,2007,52:578-591.
[13]Nutman A P,Allaart J H,Bridgwater D,et al.Stratigraphic and geochemical evidence for the depositional environment of the early Archean Isua Supracrustal Belt,Southern West Greenland[J].Precambrian Research,1984,25(4):365-396.
[14]Polat A,Hofmann A W,Rosing M.Boninite-like volcanic rocks in the 3.7-3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt,West Greenland:geochemical evidence for intra-oceanic subduction zone processes in the Earth[J].Chemical Geology,2002,184,231-254.
[15]Furnes Harald,Minik Rosing,Yildirim Dilek,et al.Isua supracrustal belt(Greenland)—A vestige of a 3.8 Ga suprasubduction zonophiolite,and the implications for Archeangeology[J].Lithos,2009,113:115-132
[16]Dilek Y,Furnes H.Ophiolite genesis and global tectonics:geochemical and tectonic fingerprinting of ancient oceanic lithosphere[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2011,123(3/4):387-411.
[17]Polat A,Hofmann A W.Alteration and geochemical patterns in the3.7-3.8 Ga Isua greenstone belt,West Greenland[J].Precambrian Research,2003,126,197-218.
[18]Terence Mc Carthy,Bruce Rubidge.The story of Earth&Life[M].Compiled by staff of the School of Geosciences,University of the Witwatersrand,Lohannesburg,2005:333.
[19]Smithies R H,M JVan Kranendonk,D C.Champion.The Mesoarchean emergence of modern-style subduction[J].Gondwana Research,2007,11:50-68.
[20]Mints M V,Ksenia A Dokukina,Alexander N.Konilov.The MesoNeoarchaean Belomorian eclogite province:Tectonic position and geodynamic evolution[J].Gondwana Research,2012.25:561-584.
[21]Li Xiaoli,Lifei Zhang,Chunjing Wei,Alexander.Slabunov.Metamorphic PT path and zircon U-Pb dating of Archean eclogite association in Gridino complex,Belomorian province, Russia[J].Precambrian Research,2015,268:74-96.
[22]Polat A,Kerrich R,Reading the geochemical fingerprints of Archean hot subduction volcanic rocks:evidence for accretion and crustal recycling in a mobile tectonic regime[J].Am.Geophys.Monogr.2006,164:189-213.
[23]Li Y B,Kimura J I,Machida S,et al.High-Mg adakite and lowCaboninite from a Bonin Forearc seamount:implications for the reaction between slab melts and depleted mantle[J].J.Petrol.2013,54:1149-1175.
[24]Manikyamba C,Jyotisankar Ray,Sohini Gangulya M,et al.Boninitic metavolcanic rocks and island arc tholeiites from the Older Metamorphic Group(OMG)of Singhbhum Craton,eastern India:Geochemical evidence for Archean subduction processes[J].Precambrian Research,2015,271:138-159.
[25]陈亮.固阳绿岩带的地球化学和年代学[R].中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所.博士后出站报告.2007:1-40.Chen Liang.Geochemistry and geochronology of the Guyang Greenstone Belt.Institute of Geology and Geophysics[R].Chinese Academy of Sciences.Post-doctoral Report.2007:1-40(in Chinese).
[26]冯艳芳,邓晋福,王世进,等.鲁西地区早前寒武纪花岗岩类中镁安山质岩石系列(MA)的识别及大陆地壳生长[J].中国地质,2010,37(4):1119-1129.Feng Yanfang,Deng Jinfu,Wang Shijin,et al.The recognition of the magnesian andesitic series(MA)in the Precambrian granitic rocks in western Shandong Province and the continental crustal growth[J].Geology in China,2010,37(4):1119-1129(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]张永忠,刘翠,邓晋福,等.五台山新太古代绿岩带中高镁安山岩(HMA)的化学特征[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):187-194.Zhang Yongzhong,Liu Chu,Deng Jinfu et al.Chemical characteristics of high magnesian and esites in the Neoarchean Wutai Greenstone Belt[J].Earth Sciences Frontiers,2012,19(5)187-194(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]Guo R,Liu Shuwen,M Santoshet al.,Geochemistry,zircon U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotopes of metavolcanics from eastern Hebei reveal Neoarchean subduction tectonics in the North China Craton[J],Gondwana Research,2013,24:664-686.
[29]Wang Wei,Shuwen Liu,M Santoshb,et al.Neoarchean intraoceanic arc system in the Western Liaoning Province:Implications for Early Precambrian crustal evolution in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150:329-364.
[30]Ishizuka Osamu,Kenichiro Tani,Mark K.Reagan.Izu-BoninMariana Forearc Crust as a Modern Ophiolite Analogue[J]. Elements,2014.VOL.10,PP.115-120.
[31]Laurent O,H Martin J F,Moyen R D,et al.The diversity and evolution of late-Archean granitoids:Evidence for the onset of“modern-style”plate tectonics between 3.0 and 2.5 Ga[J].Lithos,2014,20:208-235.
[32]赵国春.从变质作用观看板块构造何时在华北克拉通开始[J].地学前缘,2007,14(1):19-32.Zhao Guochun.When did plate tectonicsbegin on the North China Craton?Insights from metamorphism[J].Earth Science Frontier,2007,14(1):19-32(in Chinese with English abstract).
[33]Condie Kent C.,Alfred Kr?ner,Robert J.Stern.When Did Plate Tectonics Begin?[J].GSA,TODAY,2006:40-41.
[34]Watson,E.B.,and Harrison,T.M.,Zircon thermometer reveals minimum melting conditions on earliest Earth[J]Science,2005,308:841-844.
[35]Harrison T M,Blichert-Toft J,Müller W,et al.Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium:Evidence of continental crust at 4.4 to 4.5Ga[J]:Science,2005,310:1947-1950.
[36]Condie K C.Earth as An evolving planetary System[M].Elsevier Academic Press,2005:447.
[37]Nutman A P,Friend C R L,Bennett V C.Evidence for 3650-3600Ma assembly of the northern end of the Itsaq Gneiss Complex,Greenland:Implication for early Archaean tectonics[J]:Tectonics,2002,v.21,doi:10.1029/2000TC001203.
[38]Polat A,Kerrich R.Precambrian arc associations:Boninites,adakites,magnesianandesites,and Nb-enriched basalts[C]//Kusky,T M,(ed.),.Precambrian Ophiolites and Related Rocks.Amsterdam,Elsevier,2004,p:567-597.
[39]Condie K C,Kr?ner A.When did plate tectonics begin?Evidence from the geologic record[C]//Condie K C,Pease V(eds.).When Did Plate Tectonics begin on Planet Earth?.The Geological Society of America,Special Paper,2008,440:281-294.
[40]Gerya T V.Plume-induced crustal convection:3D thermo mechanical model and implications for the origin of novae and coronae on Venus[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2014,391:183-192.
[41]Sizova E T Gerya,M Brown,et al.Subduction styles in the Precambrian:Insight from numerical experiments[J],Lithos,2010,116(3/4):209-229.
[42]陆松年,郝国杰,王惠初,等.中国变质岩大地构造图说明书[M].北京:地质出版社,2015,92.Lu Songnian,Hao Guojie,Wang Huichu,et al.A Booklet of the Geotectonic Map of China Metamorphic Rocks[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House.2015,92(in Chinese).